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FAQs
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Trump is winning on all fronts. The “Stormy” story was the last straw that Liberals were clutching at. But it isn’t paying off l
Well, we will see, won’t we. None of us are prophets, and we all seem to be reading the tea-leaves differently. However, this is how I see it.I believe that Trump is broke but has a massive cash flow. It must be remembered that being “bankrupt” is a position that a creditor has to force or the debtor has to claim. Until that time, the company/person/group can continue to spend money like there is no tomorrow. It is only when a creditor forces the money to be returned that the party stops.In this case, we know that Trump has borrowed billions; not only has he bragged about it, “I am the King of Debt”, but the Idiot Son Eric told Forbes magazine that Russia was the source of much of their funding.Suppose now that you were Russia, a country that has little space between the government, banking and industrial sectors. Beyond your wildest dreams, a man to whom you had imprudently lent billions was going to become the president. “Impossible,” you think, “this could never happen in Russia”, but in the USA, this dolt is going to become The Boss.Obviously you don’t call in the loans; you let him ride around in his planes, gold plate his apartments and buy extraordinarily long ties; spend, spend, spend. No loan will be called. However, we will hold this threat over you, your family and your businesses as long as you do our bidding.Now the Russians are far from stupid, and won’t go beyond the realm of “reason”; they know his weaknesses and have played him well. I don’t believe there was originally any collusion, but I most certainly think that the Russians did everything in their power to push “their man” over the finish line once the outcome became so possible.And we have seen his corruption ever since; Saudi billions to Jared and the arms trade in return for a blind eye to the Yemen, and pulling out of the Iranian deal. He is not a worldly man by any means, and has absolutely no clues of the nuances of global foreign policy; sadly, he disregards most advice from the professionals.How this will all play out is anybody’s guess, but it is certain that his businesses will be again filing for bankruptcy when he is no longer of use to the Russians, Saudis or Israelis, and the rest of the world will be picking up the pieces for a long time.The saddest this about it is that reasonable Republicans, both politicians and voters, are left with no choice about their representation. Trump does not represent the views of most republicans, but he is all they they have. At the moment.
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Why do people quit Quora?
This is my final answer on Quora. I'm leaving. I'm writing this more as a farewell to my friends than a rant against Quora. I didn't want to disappear into the darkness without leaving an explanatory note behind.I've had a fantastic time on Quora. I've found it a perfect unwind after work and a welcome alternative to television. I've also developed some amazing new knowledge from the answers of others and I've met some wonderful people.I tended to focus on answering questions that I knew something about or those that were amusing for me respond to - with a hope that others would be amused by the same stuff as me. I resided in an unpopular region of Quora (medical questions) and usually wrote answers with the assumption they would be read by nobody other than the OP. On several occasions I was shocked to discover a question I had answered was linked to a "popular topic" and that my response was exposed to far more people than I'd expected.I've also gained a lot of enjoyment from lengthy discussions in the comments section with a wide variety of people from around the globe. I've found almost every interaction on Quora to be a worthwhile experience and a valuable learning opportunity. I think the group on Quora is an amazing collection of people.Unfortunately, it's time for me to move on.The impetus for my decision has been receiving a violation of Quora's "Be Nice, Be Respectful" policy a week ago. It's a warning that I cannot understand and, at the time of writing, neither can anyone who read the answer. If you'd like to judge for yourself then it's here - Ben Howell's answer to How do nurses feel about the "doctor's stethoscope" comment made on The View?The problem I have with this warning is not having my answer hidden from the world. After all, most of my answers only get seen by a handful of people looking at medical questions. I don't care if my removed answer gets no views and receives no Upvotes.What I am irritated about is the automated censorship that has probably resulted from my sarcastic humor. I'm also offended by the delivery of the warning and the handling of my appeal. When you are deemed to have violated the BNBR rule you are automatically sent a warning which includes ..."We recently found some of your content that violates Quora's Be Nice, Be Respectful policy.If you continue posting content that violates this policy, you may be banned from using Quora".WTF!?! So ... not only has my answer been wrongly judged to have transgressed Quora's BNBR rule, I also face being kicked off the site should Quora make a similar mistake with another of my answers?!? How about you get the facts of this case correct before you start throwing around threats? Who exactly, isn't being respectful or nice here?Now, if you receive notice of a violation you have the option to appeal. I did so immediately. I've also been contacted by other kind Quora users who have appealed the decision on my behalf. But, I've heard nothing after a week. I've subsequently sent an email directly to their appeals email address. I have no idea how long I'm supposed to wait? Do I just sit around on one warning, not knowing what I've done wrong, waiting to get automatically kicked the next time I use the word feminist? I'd suggest that if Quora's appeals team cannot fix mistakes quickly then it would be great if the system was very careful not to make these mistakes!Anyway, I'm afraid that this censorship of a perfectly reasonable answer, an automated threat of a ban and a failure to undo the mistake within a reasonable timeframe has forced me to reconsider the time and effort I'm dedicating to this site. If the Quora team only wants answers they agree with then maybe they should just write the answers themselves?I recently had a discussion with a new user to Quora - who was mystified as to why my answer to a question automatically jumped above his on the page, and began gaining Upvotes, while his stagnated on very few views and with only my Upvote. I found myself explaining the whole "popularity contest" aspect of Quora and how the number of people who see, and upvote, your answers depend less upon the quality of your response and more on number of friends you already have on the site. It led to an explanation about the Twitter aspect of the site - people following and upvoting celebrities - and the fact that a perfect answer about a topic in which you hold a PhD will be irrelevant if an astronaut or an actor feels inspired to throw in their opinion. We discussed the Quora Top Writers who follow and upvote each other - thereby advertising all the Top Writer's answers to all the Top Writer's followers - ensuring that Top Writers will remain Top Writers. I explained how the path to these lofty heights is better paved by posting lots of quick witty answers on popular topics rather than answers of substance within lesser read sections.And, I then went on to explain how none of the above matters and that it's not why this site is amazing. I advised him to ignore Upvotes and popularity. I explained that there are hidden gems within Quora on any subject that you care to imagine - beautiful answers, that will never be popular, written by sub-specialists in the field that you are interested in learning more about. People who will donate their time and effort to share their knowledge, in a way that all of us can understand, without caring that their area of expertise pales beneath the importance of Dating and Relationships.I explained how I'd long ago stopped caring about Upvotes, or views, or the popularity of questions about television shows, atheism and dating. Nor do I care about the circle-jerk that is popular writers being advertised to everyone whilst quality answers remain hidden unless you actively search for them. I loved my corner of Quora and wasn't affected by any of the above.However, what has caused me offence is the idea of dedicating hours to creating detailed, endlessly edited and thoughtful answers whilst knowing there is a threat of this work being automatically discarded by a bot that takes offence to a phrase without anyone actually reading the answer. I also dislike nobody taking notice of this mistake because I'm not one of the elite who writes pithy answers about dating or is a celebrity. If I'm unimportant enough to ignore, then I'm robbed of any motivation to contribute to the worth of this site. Don't demand that I'm respectful if there's no respect in return.So with my note written, and left in the middle of the dining table to be discovered after I've gone, I'll say goodbye. Thanks to all for the fantastic memories. Much love to all the friends I'm leaving behind.
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How did the WWII Navajo code talker program get up and running?
Philip Johnston (1892 - 1978) thought up and presented the idea of the Navajo Code Talkers to the Marines. 29 Navajo with help from a Marine cryptographic officer created the code.Philip was the son of a missionary, William Johnston. His brought them from Kansas to the Leupp (Tsiizizii in Navajo), Arizona area in 1896 when Phillip was 4. It is on the Navajo Reservation east of Flagstaff. He learned Navajo from playing with Navajo kids. In that time and place almost all Navajo were Navajo as a first language, and most were not comfortable with English or did not speak it at all. The area was 98% or more Navajo.Phillip’s father helped broker a peace in the Padre Canyon Incident in 1899. This was when three white cowboys and county lawmen went off and killed two Navajo and one ranch hand was killed. This was on land that the Anglo cattle people moved into and were trying to take from the Navajo. Rev. Johnston acted as mediator between the Navajo and the authorities in Flagstaff. He promised the accused for Native American men that they would get an adequate defense.They surrendered and were brought trial at the Coconino County Courthouse in Flagstaff in September, 1900. On April 11, 1900 an indictment was handed down by the grand jury for the three surviving Navajos for the murder of Montgomery and the serious wounding of two of the posse members. U.S. Attorney for Arizona Territory Robert E. Morrison was assigned to defend the Navajo. He was assisted by E. S. Clark, an attorney provided by the Indian Rights Association of Philadelphia. District Attorney James Loy handled the prosecutionThe injured Navajo, Haastiin Biwoo Adini, addressed presiding territorial Judge Richard E. Sloan and Johnston's son, Philip, 9, translated the speech for the judge. Impressed with the Navajo's stature and words, Judge Sloan found all the Navajo men innocent. On Sept. 20, they were acquitted of all charges. They were acquitted in a town that was mostly made up of white ranchers and lumber people who had not looked favorably on the Indians prior to the trial. This gave the family, and Phillip, good will among the Navajo in the area.Here is Biwoo AdiniBelow 1904 picture with Biwoo Adini at far right with Rev. William Johnston next to him. Mrs. William Johnston is at far left with son Philip Johnston next to her on her right.The incident got national publicity. News went to Washington D.C. In October, Johnston and a contingent of interested parties, met with President Theodore Roosevelt. They carried a map showing where the Navajos lived and how long they could remember their ancestors being there. Philip Johnston translated the Navajo message for the president.The president issued an executive order on Nov. 14, 1901, setting aside the land between the Hopi reservation and the Colorado River and putting it into the Navajo reservation boundaries. These lands became known as the Leupp ExtensionIt was named in English for Francis E. Leupp who helped get the reservations lands increased in this area in 1901 (the the Leupp Extension). Leupp was a member of the Indian Rights Association, a former muckraking journalist, he was appointed Indian Commissioner by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905. The Navajo name, , means “hair sack”. It was the Navajo name for a BIA official named Joseph E. Maxwell who was famous for his toupee.As a gesture of appreciation for Rev. Johnston's mediation efforts, Leupp residents invited him and his family to establish a mission settlement at Tolchaco, seven miles downstream from the present-day community of Leupp on the Little Colorado River. That is where Phillip spent the rest of his childhood.Phillip Johnston went the Northern Arizona Normal School,(now NAU). In 1918 he enlisted in the U.S. Army for WWI. He trained in Camp Fremont at Menlo Park, California and then went to France as part of the AEF. He might have heard about Comanches being used to talk on radios (not in code) in WWI France.After the war he went to USC and got a graduate degree in civil engineering degree in 1925. Then he worked for the city of Los Angeles water department.Here is Phillip JohnstonHe continued to keep contact with his Navajo friends both on the Navajo Nation and in the LA area. After the start of WWII and Pearl Harbor, Johnston heard of the American codes being broken. Secure front line radio communications quickly became an issue since many of the Japanese military were proficient at English and traditional codes were too slow and cumbersome for battlefield use and Japanese code breakers had success.He had the idea to use Navajo language. He was still fluent and knew that no one spoke it outside of America. He presented this idea to the Marine Corps. They asked for a demonstration. He recruited four Navajos who were working in the Los Angeles shipyards. By the end of the war, over 24,000 reservation Natives and another 20,000 off-reservation Natives had served. In addition, another 40,000 left the reservations to work in the defense industry.Here are some Native Americans in WWII.Philip’s idea at first was that Navajo language could be used unmodified to transmit military communications. Before the demonstration, after the four Navajo men got some sample messages, the Navajos said that the would need to use word and letter substitution methods to convey the messages. The men discussed it a while and came up with some agreed words.At the demonstration was Communications Officer Major James E. Jones, USMC at Camp Elliott (next to Camp Kearny, now Miramar) in San Diego and Pacific Fleet General Clayton Barney Vogel. The test was done by installing a telephone connection between two offices. Vogel wrote out six messages that were typical of ones during combat. One read "Enemy expected to make tank and dive bomber attack at dawn." This was transmitted as: "Enemy tank dive bomber expected to attack this morning." The remaining messages were translated with similar proficiency. It was done in a few minutes. The codes at the time took a long time with a code book on both ends. After the demonstration someone (it is not clear who) decided as coding system for Navajo had to be created instead of conversational Navajo.General Vogel was convinced and wanted to have the code made. He asked for the Marine Corps to recruit 200 Navajos. He was given authorization to recruit 30 for a pilot project. At the time, military field radios were not equipped with encryption/decryption technology. The enemy to listen to radio traffic. The Japanese were continually breaking the American codes, often with terrible results.In the letter above Vogel says they were the only "tribe that has not been infested with German students during the past twenty years. These Germans, studying the various tribal dialects under the guise of art students, anthropologists, etc., have undoubedtly obtained a good working knowledge of all tribal dialects except Navajo."Here is Phillip Johnston on a recruiting tour of the Navajo Nation in Oct 1942.Here are the first Navajos enlisting for the Code project 1942.Here is First 29 Code Talkers of 382nd Platoon after boot camp at Camp Pendleton in OceansideHere are some of the Navajo Marines at Camp Elliot where they worked out the Code.The first group of 29 that were recruited first did seven weeks of standard Marine recruit training (boot camp). The first all-Navajo Platoon 382 graduated from MCRD, SD on June 27, 1942. The Platoon was then sent to Camp Elliott for about eight weeks of basic communications training. In that time the men were to develop the code. Three more Navajo joined them. The men were guided by a cryptographic officer in the basics of employing letter and word substitution encryption methods. The 32 Navajo created the code.The names of the first 29 Navajo who used the code in battle are: Charlie Sosie Begay, Roy Begay, Samuel H. Begay, John Ashi Benally, Wilsie Bitsie, Cosey Stanley Brown, John Brown Jr., John Chee, Benjamin Cleveland, Eugene Crawford, David Curley, Lowell Damon, George Dennison, James Dixon, William McCabe, Carl Gorman, Oscar Ilthma, Allen June, Alfred Leonard, James Manuelito Sr., Chester Nez, Jack Nez, Lloyd Oliver, Frank Pete, Balmer Slowtalker, Nelson Thompson, Harry Tsosie, John Willfe Jr. and Yazzie William.The Navajo code had at its base a letter substitution code. A teaching code book was developed in San Diego, but it was never taken into the field. There was not code book to be captured. The Navajo had to memorize the whole code. Each letter in English had three possible English words that started with that letter. Then each word was translated into Navajo. For example, “A” was for ant, apple, or axe. That was translated into Navajo. In this example, “ant” was red ant = wóláchííʼ. “Axe” was tsénił. And “apple” was bilasáana. The words were randomly rotated for each letter. nahashchʼidí, shash, and tóshjeeh all translated to words that started with B in English (badger, bear, and barrel). The coders had to memorize 78 letter substitutions.Then, for some words, the translation being used was difficult to decide. For example one of the words for “D” was chʼįįdii. This is normally translated as ghost. It is the bad disease causing spiritual residue that remains on or near a person’s bones. It is a Navajo cultural idea. However, the coders used it for Devil=D. The others for D were bįįh=deer and łééchąąʼí =dog. Personally, I would have never guessed that a chindi stood for D.Then there were word substitutions to speed transmission. There were about 211 of these at first, and eventually 411 or so. For example, the word “submarine” was “metal fish”= béésh łóóʼ. A fighter plane was a “hummingbird”= dahiitįhii. For a Navajo speaker who did not know the code, and there were a lot of other Navajo on the military in WWII, the code sounded like a long list of words with no grammar or verbs. For non-Navajo the phonemes and tones are very difficult. For speakers of Japanese or English it is hard to tell where one word ends and hard to verbally reproduce or write down.The insertion of code words instead of letters in places made it a little harder. So one would need to know that "cha" (beaver) did not stand for B but was for a cruiser (naval ship). And then one needed to tell it from “chʼah” which means hat and was one of the words for H. The others for “H” were atsiighaʼ (hair), and łįį́ʼ (horse).After the creation and memorizing of the Navajo code, about half the men were assigned to the 1st Marine Division, and 16 were assigned to the 6th Marines and the 2nd Signal Company of the 2nd Marine Division. Three men stayed in San Diego to recruit and train Navajos to become code talkers. Around 400 learned and used it over the war, occupation of Japan and into the Korean War.On Aug. 7, 1942, the first Marine division hit the beaches of Guadalcanal with 15 Navajo Code Talkers. This was the first offensive move in the Pacific arena. The battle was the first where the Navajo code would be tested in actual battle. The Coder worked in teams of two on each end of the radio. One to work the radio and one to transmit the code.“ The Code Talkers successfully translated, transmitted and re-translated a test message in two and a half minutes. Without using the Navajo code, it could take hours for a soldier to complete the same task....the Code Talkers were used in every major operation involving the Marines in the Pacific theater. Their primary job was to transmit tactical information over telephone and radio.During the invasion of Iwo Jima, six Navajo Code Talkers were operating continuously. They sent more than 800 messages. All of the messages were transmitted without error.The Navajo Code Talkers were treated with the utmost respect by their fellow marines. Major Howard Connor, who was the signal officer of the Navajos at Iwo Jima, said, “Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima.” From the CIA website—Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable CodeMost the Navajo had traditional ceremonies done for them. These ceremonies are designed to protect them physically, emotionally and spiritually. A study found that “surprisingly little evidence of serious psychological problems or combat fatigue among the returning Navajo veterans. On the battlefield, they carried medicine pouches containing an arrowhead and corn pollen. Most prayed in Navajo every day.Philip Johnston was not yet on active duty with the USMC and was not present during the creation of the code even though it was his idea. He asked the USMC to serve in the Navajo Code Talking Program as a Staff Sergeant. He then served as a school administrator for the "confidential" program and a recruiter with a Navajo man, Corporal John A. Benally. The next all-Navajo platoon to go through boot camp was Platoon 297 in March 1943.The work of the Navajo Code Talkers was not recognized until after the declassification of the operation in 1968. until then the men were not allowed to even tell their families what the had done in WWII. For a lot of the 400 men who were Code Talkers, this was hard because the were not allowed to say what they had done in the war, even to family members, until 23 years after it ended. As of 2019 there are 5 still alive.When we got out, discharged, they told us this thing you that you guys did is going to be a secret. When you get home you don’t talk about what you did; don’t tell your people, your parents, family, don’t tell them what your job was. This is going to be a secret; don’t talk about it. Just tell them you were in the service, defend your country and stuff like that. But, the code, never, never, don’t mention; don’t talk about it. Don’t let people ask you, try to get that out of you what you guys did. And that was our secret for about 25, 26 years. Until August 16th, 1968. That’s when it was declassified; then it was open. I told my sister, my aunt, all my families what I really did. —Chester Nez, Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004President Ronald Reagan gave the Code Talkers a Certificate of Recognition and declared August 14 “Navajo Code Talkers Day” in 1982.In 2000, the United States Congress passed legislation to honor the Navajo Code Talkers and provided them with special gold and silver Congressional Medals. The gold medals were for the original 29 Navajos that developed the code, and the silver medals for those that served later in the program. A statement in the Navajo language on the back of the medals translates to: “With the Navajo language they defeated the enemy.” President Bill Clinton signed the law which awarded the Congressional Gold Medals. President George W. Bush presented the medals to the four surviving Code Talkers at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington in July 2001.Oh, yes, I’m proud of it, particularly when I shook hands with President Bush in Washington three years ago. He gave me the gold medal. He shook hands with me and then afterwards I spoke. So I spoke in English and then when I got through with my speech I spoke in Navajo, it amounted to about 3 minutes. I said, “You Navajo people that are now on the reservation between the four sacred mountains, I want the people should thank you for using our sacred language. This language was given to us by the Holy People, I don’t know how many thousand years ago,” I said. “We use it for they, to help win for the United States.”—John Brown, Jr., Navajo Code Talker, National Museum of the American Indian interview, 2004Here are some of the remaining Navajo code talkers in 2014. In 2018 some of the Navajo Code Talkers who were still alive included Thomas H. Begay, John Kinsel, Sr., Peter MacDonald, Samuel Sandoval and Joe Vandever, Sr. There were eight alive at that time.Here, below, is Chester Nez (1921 – 2014). He was the last surviving man of the original twenty-nine Navajo Code Talkers and one of the Code creators. He was born in Chichiltah, NM (Chéch'il Łání). He was Dibéłizhiní clan (Black Sheep), and born for Tsénahabiłnii clan (Sleep Rock).He was sent to boarding schools, where he’d had his mouth washed out with soap for speaking Navajo. At BIA boarding school in schools, in Tuba City, Arizona, Nez was recruited into the Marine Corps. He was 122 pounds in 10th grade, and he barely met the minimum weight requirement for the Marines. The volunteers went directly into basic training without any goodbyes. Nez left behind his sister Dora, his father and his grandmother, who wouldn’t know he was fighting until two years after he left.He saw combat first in Guadalcanal. He said that sometimes, on the battlefield, he could hear the bells of the sheep back home and knew people there were praying for him. Nez wrote in his memoir, “Their prayers were carried across the miles as the pure, bright chime of the bells.” When a battle was over, Marines in their division got R&R while Nez and his fellow code talkers shipped off to another battlefields: Bougainville, Guam, Peleliu. He was at the Battle of Bougainville in New Guinea on November 3, 1943, and then Guam on July 21, 1944, and then on to Peleliu and Angaur in September 1944. He was honorably discharged in 1945.When the Code Talkers got out of the service, “they told us not to talk about what we did,” Nez said. The mission was top secret. He couldn’t talk about it even with other Marines with whom he served; not with his family, even after the war; not with the paper-pusher back home who, when Nez applied for a civilian ID card, smugly told the decorated war veteran that he still was not a full citizen of the U.S.From 1946 to 1952, Nez used the GI Bill to attend the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kan., to study commercial arts. Nez also served in the Marine Corps Reserves and returned to combat in the Korean War.He worked as a painter for 25 years at a V.A. hospital in Albuquerque. Nez retired in the mid-1970s and moved back to Chichiltah to help care for his sister, Dora. In his later years he lived in Albuquerque with his son Mike, daughter-in-law Rita, and their children.In 2001, Nez was one of the four of the five living code talkers who received the Congressional Gold Medal from President George W. Bush. He died at age 93 of kidney failure.Nez's story was published in the 2011 memoir, "Code Talker: The First and Only Memoir by One of the Original Navajo Code Talkers of WWII," which he wrote with author Judith Avila.“Writer Judith Schiess Avila met Nez in January 2007 “through the friend of a friend.” Their friendship grew and he shared his story with her. Captivated by his story, she asked Nez to let her help him write his biography.“He kept saying to me, ‘What if it’s not interesting? I just did my duty,’” she said. “After thinking about it for a couple of days, he agreed to tell his story.”In an earlier interview with ICTMN, Avila said, “I think it was hard for him to talk about himself. [During our interviews] he often stopped and reflected: Was he building himself up? Was he being fair to others? Was he being accurate?”Here is the Navajo Code Talker monument in Window Rock, the capital of the Navajo Nation. The s
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What is the Gorkhaland issue?
Many people across India are curious about the Gorkhaland issue, but most of them do not know about the issue very well and are of the false impression that Gorkhaland is a demand by the Gorkhas for separation from India.Hence, the following paragraphs below would help those, who are not familiar with the Gorkhaland issue. As one will read the story, they can view that the demand for Gorkhaland is a just and moral demand for the creation of the state of Gorkhaland within the geographical and constitutional contours of India.To make it for an easy read, I have made a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), which has been answered, thus acting as a guide to Gorkhaland issue.Q. Who are Gorkhas in the Indian context?A.The 'Gorkhas' in the Indian context are Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity, who live across the length and breadth of India. The term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is used to differentiate the Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity from the citizens of Nepal, who prefer to be called 'Nepalese.'Many a time, people mistake the Indian 'Gorkhas' with Nepalese 'Gorkhali'. It is to be noted that in terms of Nepal, 'Gorkhali' refers to the people from the 'Gorkha' region. However, the use of the term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is very different than in Nepal's context. Therefore, the term 'Gorkha' refers to different groups of people depending on the country they are being used in reference to.Q. Did the Gorkhas immigrate to India?A. Majority of the people who identify themselves as 'Gorkhas' in India are sons and daughters of the soil, and their forefathers 'came with the land.' They did not immigrate to India. However, it is well recognized that there are many immigrants from Nepal, who have also settled in India, post-independence.Q. What do you mean by 'came with the land'?A.The Nepali kingdom in the 17th and 18th Century was spread all over the Himalayas. In the year 1777, Nepal had appropriated the Kingdom of Sikkim (that included most of the present day Darjeeling district) in the east and had also successfully invaded and conquered the Kingdoms of Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra in the west. The Nepali Kingdom was spread from the east of rivers Teesta to the west of river Sutlej.However, following the Anglo-Nepal war of 1814-1816, Nepal agreed to cede most of the Terai region, the lands of Sikkim, Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra to the British through the Treaty of Sugauli (Sugauli Sandhi), which was signed on 4 March 1816. After the Anglo-British war of 1865, the British appropriated the lands that are today known as Kalimpong and Dooars. Therefore, all the people of Nepali, Sikkimese and Bhutanese origin, who were living in these tracts automatically came under the British and subsequently under India (after the British left), hence the term – 'came with the land.'Q. Were there Gorkhas in Darjeeling region prior to the British coming to India?A.Recorded history shows that the region was inhabited as early as the 9th century. When Guru Padmasambhava had passed through this region in the 9th century, he had established Buddhism in the region – which indicates the presence of people living in the area way, before the British ever landed in Asia.In the Indian context, the word 'Gorkha' is an umbrella term used to identify a varied group of people, as one unified entity, in terms of Darjeeling, communities such as the Róng – Lepchas, the Tsong – Limbus, the Kirat – Rai, the Dukpas and the Magars are the aboriginal/ethnic/native people of the region, who constitute a large chunk of the 'Gorkha' people living in the Darjeeling region. Hence, it can be safely said that the majority of the 'Gorkhas,' who belong to these communities and are living in Darjeeling, ethnic to the region.In addition, other groups of people such as the Gurungs, Thapas, Chettris, Newars, Sunwars, Bahuns, Kamis, Damais, Sarkis, Bhutias, Thamis etc., came to the region following subsequent wars. For instance, the establishment of the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1642 brought in a large Bhutia population from Tibet and Bhutan into the region. Similarly, the Nepali incursions starting from as early as 1700s brought many present day Nepalis to the region. Hence, it can be safely concurred that the 'Gorkha' presence far supersedes the British arrival in the region.Q. What historical claims does West Bengal have over the Darjeeling-Dooars region?A.Ironically None! There is no shared history between the Darjeeling-Dooars region, and the rest of West Bengal till the year 1935. The only common thread that connects Darjeeling and the rest of Bengal prior to 1935 is that they shared a common Governor (for administrative ease).It is interesting to note that following the partition of Bengal in 1905, the administration of Darjeeling was handed over to the Bhagalpur Division in Bihar Presidency between 1905-1907, following which a demand for a separate administrative unit for the Darjeeling-Dooars region (a la Separate State in today's term) was first raised by the Hillmen's Association in 1907, making the demand for a separate state constituting the hills, Terai and Dooars region the oldest demand for statehood in India.The only reason as to why such a demand was not entertained by the British Government, is because the Darjeeling and Dooars region were already declared a "non-regulated area", which meant that the rules and laws developed for the rest of India would not be automatically applicable to the region.Q. Why is Darjeeling a part of West Bengal?A.The Darjeeling region only became a part of West Bengal Presidency in the year 1935, when it was required to send an elected member to the Bengal Legislative Assembly. It was done purely for the then administrative ease, as the British could control the Darjeeling region better from Bengal than from Bhagalpur in Bihar.Q. Why are people in Darjeeling demanding Gorkhaland?A.The demand for a separate administrative unit (separate state in today's term) for the Darjeeling region had started as early as 1907. However, the influx of Bangladeshi refugees starting in 1965 and later state sponsored illegal immigrants from Bangladesh post-1971 for vote bank by subsequent West Bengal governments led to marginalization of the ethnic Gorkha, Kamtapuri and the Rajbanshi communities of the region. The demand for Gorkhaland is a demand to protect the identity, culture, history, traditions and the rich bond of people from Darjeeling region, which they share with their land.Furthermore, the Gorkhas from the Darjeeling region have continued to be labeled by the fascist and state sponsored Bengali organizations such as Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Samity, Amra Bangali, Jan Jagaran Morcha, Jan Chetna Morcha as illegal immigrants and the demand for Gorkhaland illegal. They have rendered the ethnic Gorkha people as an intruder in his/her own ancestral lands. This has caused widespread socio-economic and political marginalization of the Gorkhas. All these factors have resulted in the Gorkhas being under-represented, stereotyped and communally discriminated in almost all sectors.Moreover, Bengal has always been colonial in its approach to this region. The large revenues collected from Darjeeling region have been used to develop other parts of Bengal, while neglecting even the basic infrastructure in the region.Case in point: the National Highway 55, which used to be the artery connecting the hills of Darjeeling to the rest of India, has been closed due to land slide since 2009 and the West Bengal government has done nothing to rebuild it. Last year alone, there were over 20 malnutrition related death (death due to starvation) reported from the Dooars region and yet the West Bengal government did nothing to alleviate the sufferings of the people in the region.Q. Is the proposed Gorkhaland region economically viable?A.The proposed Gorkhaland region is rich in bio-diversity, scenic views, hydro potentials, tourism, NTFP, Tea and numerous other resources. Darjeeling Tea has been accorded the Geographical Indicator status recently by the WTO, which has caused the price of Darjeeling Tea to double in the world market. The demand for tea from the Dooars region is also at an all time high. Even the most conservative estimates put the revenue potential from tea, tourism and hydro from the proposed Gorkhaland area at over 1600 Crores per annum. It is estimated that the revenues from Tea and Tourism alone will make the proposed Gorkhaland region a revenue surplus state. The revenues collected from hydro development, NTFP, cross-border trades and other resources will make the proposed state of Gorkhaland as one of the most economically vibrant states in India.Q. Is the demand for Gorkhaland illegal?A. No, to demand for a separate state is the democratic right of every Indian citizen, and the formation of new states is enshrined in our constitution.Article 3 of the Indian constitution specifically deals with the issues regarding the formation of new states:Article 3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States—Parliament may by law—(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;(b) increase the area of any State;(c) diminish the area of any State;(d) alter the boundaries of any State;(e) alter the name of any State:Hence, the demand for Gorkhaland is a legitimate demand.Q. Why is West Bengal opposed to the formation of Gorkhaland?A. The state of West Bengal is one of the most economically backward states in India. Even though, it is the 5th largest in terms of its size, but due to the high debt burden of over Rs. 2.5 lakh Crores, West Bengal is practically bankrupt and is highly dependent on the Central Government and the revenues generated from the proposed Gorkhaland region for its sustenance and economic survival. A conservative estimate indicated that if the proposed Gorkhaland state is formed, West Bengal is expected to lose over 40% of its revenue stream.So despite all the rhetoric stating, "Darjeeling is Bengal's Abhinno Aanga," Bengal is scared of loosing its hen, which is currently laying the golden eggs. It is scared of losing the cash cow that has continued to discount the development of Bengal's other regions over and over since independence.Further, Bengal has always held a parochial, colonial and discriminatory attitude towards the proposed Gorkhaland region and continues to do so. Late. Subash Chakraborty a Minister in the CPI(M) Government had said to the Gorkhas "khetey diyechi, sutey chai?" [Meaning: "we have given you food to eat, now you want a space to sleep?"] Hinting that the Bengalis have been benevolent towards the Gorkhas in allowing the Gorkhas to live in Bengal, while ungraciously ignoring the fact that the Gorkhas are ethnic to the land. Similarly, many Bengali scholars [such as Sumanta Sen of The Telegraph] and politicians [such as Dr. Mukund Majumdar and Mr. Ashok Bhattacharjee] continue to call the ethnic Gorkhas foreigners and intruders, which gives a sense of insecurity amongst the ethnic Gorkhas – thus, the demand for Gorkhaland.Compiled by Upendra Mani Pradhan, Meri News
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What are some great business ideas that you wouldn't mind giving away for free?
So far 'Import-Export' model has been worked really well for many people.Here are few examples..(Note: As I am from India, my answer might look like India specific. However, you can implement it anywhere with little or no variation I guess.)Luxurious looking watches in China cost $4-$5/piece. In India, you can easily sell it at $10-$15/piece. (People would happily pay).If you buy 1000 watches from China, it would cost you $5000 (3,00,000 Rs.), & sell it at above described price, you will make nearly ~ $14,000 (8,40,000 Rs.). Profit = 5,40,000 Rs. ($9000) - Some Custom Duty.I live in Surat, Gujarat (India). You will easily get raw cotton fabric at a rate of Rs. 30 ($0.5) per meter from Surat Textile Market. If you somehow export it to Dubai, you will get Rs. 170 per meter ($2.85). If you buy 10,000 meters from Surat Textile Market, it would cost you $5000 (300,000 Rs.) & sell it at above described price, you will make nearly ~28300$ (17,00,000 Rs.)Profit = 14,00,000 Rs. ($22700) - Some Custom Duty.On a side note, I know one guy from Surat Textile Market who has implemented this model & makes sky rocketing high profit of around $133,333 (80,00,000 Rs.) daily. He imports millions of meters daily. He is having hummer in Dubai. ;)Buy non-branded earphones at very cheap price. Sell it on e-commerce sites with good margin. One of my friend is currently doing this. He buys earphones at just 40 Rs. ($0.67) per piece & sells at 250 Rs. ($4.16) per piece on various sites.If you buy 500 piece, it would cost you 20,000 Rs ($333) & sell it at above mentioned price, you will make 1,25,000 Rs. ($2083).Profit = 1,05,000 Rs. ($1750).Mangoes cost $5 per 10 pieces in Gujarat (Gir/Junagadh). In USA (New Jersey), it costs $35 per 10 piece. If you buy 10,000 pieces from Gir, Gujarat, it would cost you $50,00 (3,00,000 INR) & sell it at above mentioned price, you will make nearly ~$35,000 (21,00,000 INR).Profit = 18,00,000 Rs. ($30000) - Some Custom Duty.If you go to Dakor, which is one of the very famous pilgrimage place located in Gujarat (India), you will find musical instruments at very low price. There are street markets where plethora of various kinds of instruments (Drums, Mouth Organs, Flutes, Guitars etc) are being sold. One Guitar will cost you around just 2500 Rs. ($41.67) Now when you go to some shop at mall with awesome interior and lighting, that same Guitar would cost you around 10,000 Rs. I have personal experience with this when I wanted to gift Guitar to my brother on his birthday, at every other shop it was around 9000-10000 Rs. Eventually I came to know about Dakor, I bought one for 3200 Rs. from there. If you buy 1000 guitars from Dakor, it would cost you around 25,00,000 Rs. ($41,667) & sell it at above mentioned price, you will make nearly 90,00,000 Rs. ($150,000).Profit = 65,00,000 Rs. ($108,334) - Some Transportation CostWell, if you don't want to go outside from India, given the addiction of us Indian people for tea, business of tea can be the best one if done smartly.Wholesale price of tea in Assam, India is Rs. 90 per kg ($1.5). Here in Gujarat, it costs around Rs. 190 per kg ($3.17).If you buy 10 ton (10000 kg.), it would cost you Rs. 9,00,000 ($15000) & sell it at above mentioned price, you will make nearly ~Rs. 19,00,000 ($31600).Profit = Rs. 10,00,000 ($16667) - Some Transportation Cost.& many more...However it isn't as easy as it seems. It involves lots of hurdle & hustle. But business is not a business if there is no hustling.
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Why has the demand for Gorkhaland erupted all of a sudden after remaining dormant for long? Is it a ploy to discredit Mamta prio
This answer was a forward from a friend of mine and even though I could not verify about Col Sarabjit Singh, the content of the article is an eye opener to the issue of Gorkhaland.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Who are Gorkhas and why Gorkhaland? Excellent article written by a non Gorkha Col Sarbjit Singh. Please share it with your non Gorkha friends to let them know about our history and about the Gorkhaland movement.Gorkhas are Very Much Indians like you and me. They are backbone of Indian Army from Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times . Do not be misguided by politicians, issue needs to be resolved before it takes ugly turn .Many people across India are curious about the Gorkhaland issue, but most of them do not know about the issue very well and are of the false impression that Gorkhaland is a demand by the Gorkhas for separation from India. Hence, the following paragraphs below would help those, who are not familiar with the Gorkhaland issue.As one will read the story, they can view that the demand for Gorkhaland is a just and moral demand for the creation of the state of Gorkhaland within the geographical and constitutional contours of India.To make it for an easy read , someone has made a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), which has been answered, thus acting as a guide to Gorkhaland issue.Q. Who are Gorkhas in the Indian context?A. The 'Gorkhas' in the Indian context are Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity, who live across the length and breadth of India. The term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is used to differentiate the Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity from the citizens of Nepal, who prefer to be called 'Nepalese.'Many a time, people mistake the Indian 'Gorkhas' with Nepalese 'Gorkhali'. It is to be noted that in terms of Nepal, 'Gorkhali' refers to the people from the 'Gorkha' region. However, the use of the term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is very different than in Nepal's context. Therefore, the term 'Gorkha' refers to different groups of people depending on the country they are being used in reference to.Q. Did the Gorkhas immigrate to India?A. Majority of the people who identify themselves as 'Gorkhas' in India are sons and daughters of the soil, and their forefathers 'came with the land.' They did not immigrate to India. However, it is well recognized that there are many immigrants from Nepal, who have also settled in India, post-independence.Q. What do you mean by 'came with the land'?A.The Nepali kingdom in the 17th and 18th Century was spread all over the Himalayas. In the year 1777, Nepal had appropriated the Kingdom of Sikkim (that included most of the present day Darjeeling district) in the east and had also successfully invaded and conquered the Kingdoms of Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra in the west. The Nepali Kingdom was spread from the east of rivers Teesta to the west of river Sutlej.However, following the Anglo-Nepal war of 1814-1816, Nepal agreed to cede most of the Terai region, the lands of Sikkim, Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra to the British through the Treaty of Sugauli (Sugauli Sandhi), which was signed on 4 March 1816. After the Anglo-British war of 1865, the British appropriated the lands that are today known as Kalimpong and Dooars. Therefore, all the people of Nepali, Sikkimese and Bhutanese origin, who were living in these tracts automatically came under the British and subsequently under India (after the British left), hence the term – 'came with the land.'Q. Were there Gorkhas in Darjeeling region prior to the British coming to India?A.Recorded history shows that the region was inhabited as early as the 9th century. When Guru Padmasambhava had passed through this region in the 9th century, he had established Buddhism in the region – which indicates the presence of people living in the area way, before the British ever landed in Asia.In the Indian context, the word 'Gorkha' is an umbrella term used to identify a varied group of people, as one unified entity, in terms of Darjeeling, communities such as the Róng – Lepchas, the Tsong – Limbus, the Kirat – Rai, the Dukpas and the Magars are the aboriginal/ethnic/native people of the region, who constitute a large chunk of the 'Gorkha' people living in the Darjeeling region. Hence, it can be safely said that the majority of the 'Gorkhas,' who belong to these communities and are living in Darjeeling, ethnic to the region.In addition, other groups of people such as the Gurungs, Thapas, Chettris, Newars, Sunwars, Bahuns, Kamis, Damais, Sarkis, Bhutias, Thamis etc., came to the region following subsequent wars. For instance, the establishment of the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1642 brought in a large Bhutia population from Tibet and Bhutan into the region. Similarly, the Nepali incursions starting from as early as 1700s brought many present day Nepalis to the region. Hence, it can be safely concurred that the 'Gorkha' presence far supersedes the British arrival in the region.Q. What historical claims does West Bengal have over the Darjeeling-Dooars region?A.Ironically None! There is no shared history between the Darjeeling-Dooars region, and the rest of West Bengal till the year 1935. The only common thread that connects Darjeeling and the rest of Bengal prior to 1935 is that they shared a common Governor (for administrative ease).It is interesting to note that following the partition of Bengal in 1905, the administration of Darjeeling was handed over to the Bhagalpur Division in Bihar Presidency between 1905-1907, following which a demand for a separate administrative unit for the Darjeeling-Dooars region (a la Separate State in today's term) was first raised by the Hillmen's Association in 1907, making the demand for a separate state constituting the hills, Terai and Dooars region the oldest demand for statehood in India.The only reason as to why such a demand was not entertained by the British Government, is because the Darjeeling and Dooars region were already declared a "non-regulated area", which meant that the rules and laws developed for the rest of India would not be automatically applicable to the region.Q. Why is Darjeeling a part of West Bengal?A.The Darjeeling region only became a part of West Bengal Presidency in the year 1935, when it was required to send an elected member to the Bengal Legislative Assembly. It was done purely for the then administrative ease, as the British could control the Darjeeling region better from Bengal than from Bhagalpur in Bihar.Q. Why are people in Darjeeling demanding Gorkhaland?A.The demand for a separate administrative unit (separate state in today's term) for the Darjeeling region had started as early as 1907. However, the influx of Bangladeshi refugees starting in 1965 and later state sponsored illegal immigrants from Bangladesh post-1971 for vote bank by subsequent West Bengal governments led to marginalization of the ethnic Gorkha, Kamtapuri and the Rajbanshi communities of the region. The demand for Gorkhaland is a demand to protect the identity, culture, history, traditions and the rich bond of people from Darjeeling region, which they share with their land.Furthermore, the Gorkhas from the Darjeeling region have continued to be labeled by the fascist and state sponsored Bengali organizations such as Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Samity, Amra Bangali, Jan Jagaran Morcha, Jan Chetna Morcha as illegal immigrants and the demand for Gorkhaland illegal. They have rendered the ethnic Gorkha people as an intruder in his/her own ancestral lands. This has caused widespread socio-economic and political marginalization of the Gorkhas. All these factors have resulted in the Gorkhas being under-represented, stereotyped and communally discriminated in almost all sectors.Moreover, Bengal has always been colonial in its approach to this region. The large revenues collected from Darjeeling region have been used to develop other parts of Bengal, while neglecting even the basic infrastructure in the region.Q. Is the proposed Gorkhaland region economically viable?A.The proposed Gorkhaland region is rich in bio-diversity, scenic views, hydro potentials, tourism, NTFP, Tea and numerous other resources. Darjeeling Tea has been accorded the Geographical Indicator status recently by the WTO, which has caused the price of Darjeeling Tea to double in the world market. The demand for tea from the Dooars region is also at an all time high. Even the most conservative estimates put the revenue potential from tea, tourism and hydro from the proposed Gorkhaland area at over 1600 Crores per annum. It is estimated that the revenues from Tea and Tourism alone will make the proposed Gorkhaland region a revenue surplus state. The revenues collected from hydro development, NTFP, cross-border trades and other resources will make the proposed state of Gorkhaland as one of the most economically vibrant states in India.Q. Is the demand for Gorkhaland illegal?A. No, to demand for a separate state is the democratic right of every Indian citizen, and the formation of new states is enshrined in our constitution.Article 3 of the Indian constitution specifically deals with the issues regarding the formation of new states:Article 3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States—Parliament may by law—(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;(b) increase the area of any State;(c) diminish the area of any State;(d) alter the boundaries of any State;(e) alter the name of any State:Hence, the demand for Gorkhaland is a legitimate demand.Q. Why is West Bengal opposed to the formation of Gorkhaland?A. The state of West Bengal is one of the most economically backward states in India. Even though, it is the 5th largest in terms of its size, but due to the high debt burden of over Rs. 2.5 lakh Crores, West Bengal is practically bankrupt and is highly dependent on the Central Government and the revenues generated from the proposed Gorkhaland region for its sustenance and economic survival. A conservative estimate indicated that if the proposed Gorkhaland state is formed, West Bengal is expected to lose over 40% of its revenue stream.So despite all the rhetoric stating, "Darjeeling is Bengal's Abhinno Aanga," Bengal is scared of loosing its hen, which is currently laying the golden eggs. It is scared of losing the cash cow that has continued to discount the development of Bengal's other regions over and over since independence.Further, Bengal has always held a parochial, colonial and discriminatory attitude towards the proposed Gorkhaland region and continues to do so. Late. Subash Chakraborty a Minister in the CPI(M) Government had said to the Gorkhas "khetey diyechi, sutey chai?" [Meaning: "we have given you food to eat, now you want a space to sleep?"] Hinting that the Bengalis have been benevolent towards the Gorkhas in allowing the Gorkhas to live in Bengal, while ungraciously ignoring the fact that the Gorkhas are ethnic to the land. Similarly, many Bengali scholars [such as Sumanta Sen of The Telegraph] and politicians [such as Dr. Mukund Majumdar and Mr. Ashok Bhattacharjee] continue to call the ethnic Gorkhas foreigners and intruders, which gives a sense of insecurity amongst the ethnic Gorkhas – thus, the demand for Gorkhaland.
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How can I make 100 dollars a day online with no investment?
My current hobby project has 29k subscribers on YouTube, 3500 subscribers on Telegram and circa 1000 on other platforms. Yesterday I made a short video about Nano Ledger S cold crypto wallet on my channel. I left affiliate link in videos description and only with this affiliate link I've already made 50 USD (I expect this video to attract at least double as that before year-end).Last week I made a short post about Brave browser on Telegram channel. Again, this is a super product I'm using, and I made a review of it. Brave pays 5$ for every browser install through their affiliate program. My blog post attracted 330 installs and generated me $1,650 during the first five days, and I expect this figure to signNow $5,000 before year end.To signNow your $100 per day online goal I suggest you create a loyal audience on Youtube, FB, blog, and/or Podcast. But before selling something you need to build trust. I did the following steps.Ten months ago Youtube channel in a very narrow financial niche was created. It grew from zero to 29k subs during this year.My focus was on content and video optimization. Quality content attracted views, views resulted in subs; subs drew new subs.I did not sell anything before this months, did not any affiliate product review. The focus was and is on providing super value to my subscribers.It took me ten months and 150 videos to signNow 29k subs, and I expect to achieve 100k subs in 2019.I rejected at least $50k offers from advertisers since they do not provide value to my audience.The main mistake most bloggers do is selling too early before building trust. My experience says you will get at least 10x more if you are consistent and providing super value.Good luck.Dee
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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
When a client enters information (such as a password) into the online form on , the information is encrypted so the client cannot see it. An authorized representative for the client, called a "Doe Representative," must enter the information into the "Signature" field to complete the signature.
How to make an electronic signature from a scan?
The only place I found information about this was in the State University's "Electronic Security (CEC) Course". It is not a prerequisite, so the only thing you need to do is read the entire class description and then just start working on getting the software, which is freely released, on your phone. If you are a student with an iPhone, just scroll to Chapter 3 and start doing stuff. There are a lot of cool apps for this.
Why is it a big deal to have an "electronic signature" on my files?
In the world of digital signatures, it is the most important thing.
For an image, you do this by signing it with an image signature.
What is an image signature?
You can imagine your document as a digital signature, but it's made by signing an image with an image.
This method is used by the federal government when they print out documents and when they scan documents to keep them in digital form. In general, any digital information, from your passport to a document in the state DMV, is an image signature.
So, let's say that I have a document I scanned that says "The State of New York Department of Transportation" and I want people to know that it is an actual document that contains my name, my signature, and my image. How do I do this?
You can use an image signature on your scanned document.
If you don't have an image to use, you can use "Digital signature" to use the same image. You just need to sign off using your name, your signature, and the image on your document.
So, ho...
How to have a client electronically sign a pdf?
I don't know if you are interested in what I have been doing, but I just got back from a trip to Thailand where I met a woman who sells her clients on how to do that in English.
It is the same as the one in the US but they have the client on video so they don't have to have her actually speak the information on screen to the customer.
I think in the UK, it is a bit more complicated for my clients in the beginning, but then they are able to have an interpreter on board to help them.
I would have liked to go back with you to the beginning of your journey of finding clients. When are things going well with your online bookings?
As you can see from my online bookings page, I do quite well with the English speaking clients.
I get a few enquiries on a daily basis from American clients to book in Thailand and this is something I am really happy with.
I have been really lucky with clients in the and they really enjoy their time in Thailand because in the time it takes them to be in a hotel, I already have a room for them to stay in for about 1,3 or 2 nights.
They are also very happy to find me on Skype so I am also a lot happier for the time it takes me to get to the clients, and they will be able to enjoy my house too.
I also get a lot of enquiries from French/Czech/German/Spanish speaking clients. These clients are not as happy with Thailand as English speaking clients because they feel the accommodation is way too expensive so they are looking for something cheap.
My...
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