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FAQs
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What's a safe website for fast cash loans?
Times can be tough, but that doesn’t mean you should settle for just any short-term loan you can find. Payday loans and installment loans aren’t legal in every state, and even if they are legal, lenders usually have to abide by strict regulations. Any lender that isn’t willing to comply with state law won’t be legit.Finding a legit lender doesn’t have to be difficult. All you need is a good sense of your state laws and a baseline for finding a good deal.What is a legit short-term loan?A legit payday loan is one that is offered to you legally. The lender needs to abide by the regulations set by your state, even if you are temporarily visiting somewhere else. Short-term loans can be applied for online and in-store but fall under the same regulations.Generally, short-term lenders have more relaxed criteria than banks and other lenders. You’ll be able to apply for a short-term loan if you have bad credit, are on a lower income or receive government benefits. However, the relaxed eligibility criteria does mean rates and fees are higher than other loans.Lenders still have to stick to state-mandated APR and can only lend up to the state’s maximum amount.Lenders must make a reasonable judgment on an applicant’s ability to repay the loan. The lender should assess factors such as income, housing expenses and existing debt in determining if the applicant can reasonably repay the loan.If a lender doesn’t ask you for any of that information or doesn’t attempt to evaluate if you can afford the loan, the lender probably isn’t legit. Since there are plenty of lenders that check, you should move on and find one that combines good terms with a strong lending ethic.
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Why are Chinese products cheaper?
In the words of Tim Cook: "The popular conception is that companies come to China because of low labor costs. I'm not sure what part of China they go to, but the truth is China stopped being the low labor cost country years ago. That is not the reason to come to China from a supply point of view, the reason is because of the skill."Let us look at the concept of labor or the involvement of labor in an every-day product. Let us compare 2 products: a plastic fork vs a plush toy. Although both products fall on opposite spectrums of the consumer life cycle (one disposable whilst the other one is reusable), both are sure to be made in China.A plastic fork is made from food-grade Polystyrene (PS) plastic pellets or beads through a process known as plastic inject molding. In here the pellets are heated in a molding machine to a viscous state and are injected into a mold. The mold produces multiple sets of forks within a matter of seconds and from there on it’s as simple as detaching the forks from a sacrificial (?) holder or tool (this is also made of PS and in most cases is recycled). From here the product is moved into packaging and then sent out of the factory for export. A fully automated machine can be set to run continuously 24 hours a day with very little monitoring by a worker, thus being a low labor product.Now, let us look at that plush toy. The stuffed animal is comprised of textile material for the cover, stuffing, two eyes and a nose. The material must be cut into pieces, sewn together and stuffed. The nose, eyes and mouth are sewn onto the material together and stuffed, requiring skilled labor(-). The cutting of the pieces may be done by hand or by machine, but the pieces are sewn together by a worker using a high-speed sewing machine. Next comes the insertion of stuffing – this is rather complex for a machine to do, as such the insertion is done by hand and the insertion point is also manually closed. It is evident that this requires much labor, therefore, this type of a product is considered a high labor product with labor contributing 70% of the total cost [1]. In the end, much like a fork, the product is moved and packaged for export.Because labor is only one part of the total cost of a product, and in many cases it's as low as 20% of the total cost, – this must indicate that there may be other factors at play in making Chinese products, such as the fork. If labor were the only factor, then most of the “plush toy/labor intensive” industries would have shifted to other countries – but only some industries already have e.g. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Mongolia to name just a few. To that extent, manufacturing of plastic forks could possibly return to the USA; but that’s not happening.Industrial production does not take place in isolation, but rather relies on networks of suppliers, component manufacturers, distributors, government agencies and customers who are all involved in the process of production through competition and cooperation. The ecosystem of doing business in China has evolved quite a lot in the last thirty years. Here are the additional factors, including labor, that affect the overall cost of manufacturing and thus make Chinese exports cheaper:A. Commendable supply chain: Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. No country, at present, has a supply chain more sophisticated yet flexible than China. China’s biggest advantage is their domestic availability of most of the raw materials required to manufacture a given product [2]. Not only are private entities involved in the process of outputting raw material for manufacturing. Rather, many Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SoEs) actively control and output raw materials for small factories to transform into ready-made goods. If the government is involved in such activities, it is safe to assume that this is an active industry that requires not only oversight and monitoring, but active involvement. Access to affordable raw materials helps bring down manufacturing costs to a considerable extent. As a result, having suppliers who are local to the manufacturer has gained importance as a way to cut costs[6].B. Rebate upon Export: The export tax rebate policy was initiated in 1985 by China as a way to boost the competitiveness of its exports by abolishing double taxation on exported goods[7]. China is one of over 150 countries that utilize a Value Added Tax (VAT) system. It is a tax only on the "value added" to a product, material, or service at every state of its manufacture or distribution. The VAT rate is generally 17%, or 13% for some goods. Chinese companies receive a VAT refund from the government for materials of products produced for export. Basically, factories that export do not pay any VAT on goods or raw materials used made for export – further subsidizing raw material costs. American imports to China are charged a VAT, but the U. S. doesn't have a VAT to charge Chinese imports. Moreover, Chinese manufacturers work with far lower profit margins than those in the U.S.C. Efficient Infrastructure and Logistical Access: In its fast-paced effort towards industrialization, China has built many ports (big and small), roads and railroad access. Such a system is not secluded to the big cities (Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities), it connects all of them, including Tier 4 cities or small towns used as industrial manufacturing zones. Having an efficient logistical system allows for cheaper travel costs –the cost of units (kilometers or miles) per currency (dollar or RMB) decreases. Also, an efficient infrastructure reduces overall downtime. Such is the case of India, as pointed out by Vaibhav Mandhana [3]: “Given the poor roads, a shipment from India's north can take a week or more to signNow India's south. Sometimes it is quicker and cheaper to actually get a shipment from Shenzhen than Kolkata. Time is money and all those delays add to your cost. If I could get something in two days, I could sell it immediately rather than wait two months to sell it [add up the interest costs]”"The road freight from LA to Nevada will cost you a lot more than the sea freight from China to LA."[5]D. Subsidized Utilities and Availability: Within China’s industrial areas many fixed and variable production costs are heavily subsidized. For example: electricity and water are subsidized up to 30% compared to normal household or commercial zones. Moreover, the local government gives support with land access at competitive rates, creating jobs in the area. This further helps to diminish the cost of the end product – after all you have access to cheaper land, water and light (What manufacturing does not require these? - Hell, even mining bitcoin does!). In non-industrialized or not fully industrialized countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, India), access to water and electricity remains a critical issue, until today. “In Coimbatore and other industrial places, you get power for like eight hours a day. That means the machinery lies idle for sixteen hours and that wasted capacity adds to the cost.”Do we see a trend of several factors, other than labor, which affect the overall cost of the product? Hold on, there are more!E. Bureaucracy: Barriers for entry in China, in this context, are extremely low. Although you need to fill out a huge number of papers (Customs Declaration Form, Land Annexation, Tax Filing, Compliance Related Documentation, Drawback/Rebate Forms, Annual Returns and etc.), the process is not complex. Relevant departments and accountability are there; you do not need to grease palms to get what you need; streamlined government policies are in place. Again, non-industrialized countries do not have many of these processes in place – they are in the early stages, whereas China has been through all this. I am not saying China is pure and not corrupt, there might be corruption in some cases, but the overall industrial process is so deeply rooted, that people just follow established guidelines. Greasing palms and running around places to get a stamp or a signature causes further delays (time is money) and increases overall costs. This is considered more as “Political Will” than bureaucracy; meaning the government’s will to allow you to do business is prominent thus reducing barriers for you to do business or manufacture or engage in services.F. Technology and Automation/ Skilled Labor: It would be unreasonable to discard China’s interconnectivity between technological advancement and manufacturing capacity. They work hand-in-hand. Availability of the latest technology to manufacture products of a high quality on a large scale. And let's be honest, scalability can be a very important factor in deciding price of a product. Apart from technology, China has a large population, thus having a bigger access to a wide talent pool. Availability to a greater talent pool decreases the overall demand as there is an oversupply – again, denting the costs of the product. If you recall, Tim Cook's main reason for manufacturing in China is: the depth of highly skilled labor in the manufacturing space. To rephrase what Cook said: "No other country in the world besides China has the combination of an electronic component supply chain and large pools of skilled labor needed to make iPhones on the scale which Apple needs."G. Labor: It is comparatively cheaper to many so-called “developed countries”. You can have someone do the same labor task for a comparatively lower price than say Europe or the USA for that matter. This further brings down costs. As noted before, it is not the cheapest – but it is not the most expensive either. What is important to remember here is that labor in China, is skilled – although most laborers are not trained, but have learned by doing. When you outsource to China, you’re working with time-tested factories that have been producing quality products in similar industries as yours for years on end, and in massive supply.Where a labor task might cost you $8-9 USD/hour in developed countries, it will cost you $450-500 USD for an entire month in China (8 hours a day, 28 days a month). If you do the math, that’s about $2.19 USD/hour. Countries like Indonesia a semi-skilled laborer will do it for half, $1.05 USD/hour – but the manufacturing process will be influenced by factors all the factors mentioned.H. Local Government: Local government officials are appointed, not elected. Part of their job is to help the industries and they are measured by results. Furthermore, locals compete with each other. That means Suzhou is competing with Chengdu to attract industries, and so on. Hence officials are always using their local advantages to help, attract, and grow industries, such as providing low cast land, building industrial parks, and making sure that the support infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, etc.) even local housing and schools are there. Since these officials are not elected locally, their actions are much more efficient rather than dealing a motion to go through town hall meetings or waiting for a ballot to pass for months. The downside of such efficiency could be that some environmental studies were not complete or many local concerns are not addressed fully (All credit for how to local governments operate within China go to Mr. James Yeh ).Here are few controversial factors, claimed by several sources:I. Currency: There is the ever-present theory of currency manipulation among economists, where China undervalues their currency by an estimated 30%-40%, which simply makes every product that China ships out 30-40% cheaper than those of a potential American competitor. The Yuan is manipulated and pegged undervalued to the US dollar [2]. So the price quoted in US dollars( more exports are quoted in dollars), will be cheaper than normal; (This manipulation has affected the domestic price of the product and labor wages as it has been kept much lower than it should have been. The Chinese yuan has, however, been steadily increasing in value against the dollar over the past few years.J. Compliance: The Chinese government does not bind itself with Intellectual Property issues. They allow the industry to investigate the products developed successfully elsewhere in the world. They then produce them in large quantities. Personally, there is nothing wrong in this benchmarking. Most industries do benchmark; especially in the automotive world. This saved the industry from expensive investments in R&D [4]. Although China has its own environmental protection agency, the environmental protection laws are generally lax and not enforced fully, especially at the local level. In previous years, Chinese factories cut down on waste management costs -further bringing down overall product costs. Things have been different lately, thanks to the strong efforts from the national government. Laws on IP and environmental protection are being enforced, especially after the Hangzhou G20 summit. There is still some belief that more needs to be done.If cheap labor was in itself the key driving factor, a large percentage of the labor-intensive factories would have already shifted to cheaper labor countries and lower labor-intensive jobs would have returned to the countries such as the USA - because China is not the synonym for cheap labor anymore. But that's not what we are experiencing; only certain jobs within the manufacturing field are moving to South East Asia. A huge chunk is there and is still able to reap the benefits of various factors. It will take more than a cutthroat desire for emerging economies to set up a business ecosystem that can compete with China's.Wow now over 1,000 Thanks for your upvotes! If you would be kind enough to give a like for this same article on my LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/w...Footnotes:1. https://www.industryweek.com/env...2. https://qr.ae/TUtz1K3. https://qr.ae/TUtzTO4. https://labs.ebanx.com/en/market...5. Walter Hay's answer to How expensive is it to import to Nevada from China?6. 5 Reasons Why You Should Manufacture In China With ITI[7] China Will Continue To Dominate World Production
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Do you need a loan to stop your troubles? Easy loan?
Try this site where you can find the best solutions for all your personal financial needs://creditandfinancesol.info/index.html?src=compare//RELATEDCar Insurance parked hit and run question?I have USAA as my auto insurance. Here’s the back story. I was parallel parked alongside a street here in Atlanta and a car (more than likely) was trying to get out of his/her space and hit the left driver side bumper pretty hard (ruining the paint and loosening up the bumper pretty good…and cracking the tail light). This person did not leave a note. I have my 500 deductible. I also have uninsured motorists coverage. Right now USAA is saying that I will have to pay the $500 ded. Why couldn’t they put it under the uninsured motorists coverage I have instead so I wouldn’t have to pay a dime? Is it within reason to call them and ask for this issue to be adjusted? If so, what points can I make to insure I get the deductible taken care of under the uninsured motorists coverage? Thank you for your help!”How much would insurance be on a Nissan 350z?Hi guys!! Ok so I’m soon to get a 2003–2006 Nissan 350z Touring or Enthusiast. Maybe around 9000$ to 15000. I’m almost 18 and what would insurance be like for me??? Allstate, State Farm, ect. I just need a basic monthly quote! Thanks!!”Flying insurance????????????do u need insurance if you are flying in a private jet charter (like a private jet)What are the best websites to get car insurance quotes from different companies in New York City?What are the best websites to get car insurance quotes from different companies in New York City?Geico Car Insurance?I have a 2013 Mitsubishi Lancer GT. My mother took the loan out and I was wondering can I get my own insurance (19 years old) and insurance the mitsubishi even though the loan is in her name?Co-op Health Insurance?Can anybody out there tell me how does Co-op Health insurance work. im researching for a paper in my finance class and cant find info elsewhereWhat is car insurance for a first time driver?Okay i am 18 and have never had my license before and am going to be getting it at the end of this month…soon we are going to start getting insurace quotes for my car, we have been talking about what would be the best way to go about getting the cheapest insurance…so would it be best to put the car in my name but then just be added to my parents insurance and have me as the primary driver OR would it make a difference if we put the car in one of my parents name and then had me listed as the secondary driver for the car ? OR maybe you know a better way to go about this please give me all the advice you know about this! thanks”Will taking a defensive driving class lower my insurance and take points off my driving record?Ive been in two car accidents one in Nov.2007 and the other Feb. 2008 and i was wondering if taking a defensive driving course would take points off my driving record and lower my insurance.Car insurance INCREASE every 6 months with no accidents/tickets? wtf!?Last year I had Unitrin Direct….they were charging me $85 a month…this is with NO tickets or accidents for the last 5 years of my driving record….this is also with the BASIC insurance that you need in Florida…10/10/20…NO collision…and a $1000 deductible….. So at the end of my 6 months…it was time for a renewal…they tried to bump me up to $140 a month for no reason…still no accidents/tickets…nothing had changed…i had expected my rate to DECREASE….they tell me it’s a STATEWIDE INCREASE ……so i called around… Ended up switching to Allstate who has been charging me $90 a month (better than $140 right?)…..6 months go by, everything’s cool…..now my policy renewal is coming up and they’re trying to tell me i need to pay $160 a month for their basic insurance. Are you kidding me? And according to them it’s another STATEWIDE INSURANCE INCREASE …… They also told me that it could be due to not having CONSECUTIVE insurance for the last few years, as in…I switched from State Farm to Unitrin to Allstate……they told me call the state insurance commissioner…which I did…. Got connected to some guy in Gainesville who tells me that the INSURANCE companies are the ones who decide the rates and increases…not them. Pretty much BS….Allstate’s blaming the state, state’s blaming them…feels like a huge runaround to me. Guess my questions are…. Should I stick with Allstate and pay $160 a month for this absolute BASIC insurance (keep in mind..no collision, $1000 deductible)…my car’s not even worth a YEAR of their insurance. …. Or shop around? But if I switch back to Unitrin or get Geico or whatever….will I risk having ANOTHER increase after 6 months? And is it true that one of the reasons for these statewide increases is not having consecutive insurance with the same company for so many years? Thanks all.”I’m on a fixed income with 3 cats. Does any cat owner know of a good affordable cat insurance plan?*I purr..fer to hear from people that already have a good affordable cat insurance plan.
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Can I borrow some money?
if you need money, there are ways you can get it safely and quicklyThere are times in life where you need money for a late bill or an emergency expense, but you might not know where to start on an often time-consuming and frustrating process. Our article below outlines the ways you can borrow money fast so you don’t have to spend time worrying about filling the gap between paychecks.Few month ago I need some urgent money, My friend Henry suggest me to take money from this website its reliable and you can get urgent money just after fill a form.So I did it.And get Money within 3 hours .This is the website URLOnline short term loans have less strict requirements than a traditional loan.One way to minimize interest rates how much a short term loan will cost is to only borrow the amount of money you need to cover your expenses and to choose the shortest repayment period you can afford.Here is the process3 Easy Steps1. Complete the Short Loan Request Form2. Our Network of Lenders Reviews Your Request – You Can Get a Loan Offer3. If Approved, Review and Accept Your Loan – All Conveniently OnlineRemember, our service is free and you’re not obligated to accept any loan offer.Eligibility:You do not need to have a perfect credit score to be eligible for a bad credit loan. Customers with poor credit may still qualify for a loan; however, our lenders do not typically provide loans over $1,000 to bad-credit individuals. Please note that meeting these requirements does not mean you will be connected to a lender.Requirements:Be at least 18 years old.Provide proof of citizenship, such as a Social Security number, or legal residency.Have a regular income, either from full-time employment, self-employment, or disability or Social Security benefits.Have a checking account in your name.Provide work and home telephone numbers.Provide a valid email address.Loan Process:Our loan request process is designed to connect you with the lender from our network who can assist with your financial needs. If successfully connected, our lender network will verify your information quickly and review your loan request.Depending upon the information you provide, a lender might respond with a loan offer. You should take your time in reviewing all details of any loan you’re considering. You will not be obligated to accept the offer if it is not the right offer for you!When you decide to accept your loan, just agree to the lender’s terms via e-signature. (Remember, you are under no obligation to accept any loan offered.)Once you add your electronic signature to the lender’s contract, they will distribute the loan funds to your checking account via direct deposit. All funds should be available as soon as the next business day, however, the exact availability timeframe will depend on your lender’s deposit process.Best and trusted online loanRepayment:The lender will present you with the repayment schedule and you will be able to repay your installment loan off over time rather than all at once.That’s all there is to it! Our lenders require no collateral, and you will not be denied a loan solely based on a poor credit history. Your steady income and checking account is the only security required.Note: Bad Credit Loans is not a lender; rather, They specialize in connecting borrowers with Their network of bad credit lenders and financial service providers. Bad Credit Loans cannot dictate your loan terms, conditions or interest rates/fees.
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What are the variants of the Boeing 747?
Google and Wikipedia are your friends…I’m your friend too, so let me describe the different variants of the Boeing 747 for you on Quora:747–100First flight: February 9, 1969Number built: 168We start with the first generation 747. The prototype aircraft was named City of Everett, and it took off from the Boeing Field in Washington for its maiden flight.The inaugural commercial 747 flight took place on January 22, 1970. The plane serving the flight was Clipper Victor, the 11th Jumbo Jet built.On August 2, 1970, this plane was involved in the first ever hijacking of a 747. Pan Am Flight 299 was hijacked en-route to San Juan with 379 people aboard.The hijacker had a gun and explosives, and he demanded the captain to fly the plane to Cuba. The captain complied with his order.Having been notified of the hijacking, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro visited Jose Marti Airport to witness the landing of a 747—a plane he had never seen before.Castro was intrigued by the unprecedented size of the Jumbo Jet. When the captain disembarked the plane with the terrorist, Castro bombarded the captain with questions about the jet’s capabilities, seemingly forgetting that he had just endured the sheer terror of a hijack.Unfortunately, Clipper Victor would later be involved in the worst aviation accident ever. On March 27, 1977, while operating as Pan Am Flight 1736, the plane was struck by KLM Flight 4805 on a runway, resulting in 583 fatalities.The second Boeing 747 ever built was turned into a noodle restaurant after retiring from service. However, the restaurant failed and the plane was scrapped.747–100SRFirst flight: August 31, 1973Number built: 7When Japanese airlines requested a high-capacity, domestic version of the 747, Boeing launched the 747–100 Short-Range. This variant has lower fuel capacity, and higher payload allowance. This is the first airliner to be configured to carry more than 500 passengers. Japan Airlines’ 747–100SR can carry up to 550 passengers.As the –100SR was designed to perform twice as many flight cycles as the –100, Boeing had to strengthen its airframe and landing gear.A –100SR was involved in the deadliest single-aircraft aviation accident, when Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed in 1985, killing 520 people.▲ The aircraft involved in the tragedy.747–100BFirst flight: June 20, 1979Number built: 9This variant borrowed the stronger fuselage and landing gear design from the 747–100SR. Compared to the 747–100, it has a greater fuel capacity and longer range. Boeing also offered new engine options.In 1996, an Ilyushin Il-76TD struck a Boeing 747–100B flying at about 14,000 feet, resulting in the most fatal mid-air collision in history.747–100B SRFirst flight: November 3, 1978Number built: 20The difference between this model and the regular 747–100SR is an increased maximum take-off weight.747–100B SR SUDFirst flight: February 26, 1986Number built: 2This model has the same features as the 747–100B SR, but with a Stretched Upper Deck that is around 7 meters longer, providing a 10% increase in capacity and allowing for more seats. This new upper deck also came with a pair of full-size emergency exit doors for faster evacuation.▲ This image depicts an actual 747–100, not a –300.747–100SFThe 747–100 Special Freighter is a 747–100 converted to carry cargo. A main-deck side cargo door and cargo loading mechanisms were added. The main deck was strengthened to accommodate the increased weight of the payload.If you look closely at the image below, you’ll be able to see three exit doors that are sealed off, and the side cargo door behind the wing.747SPFirst flight: July 4, 1975Number built: 45The 747 Special Performance is truly unique and quirky. It is derived from the 747–100, and it’s about 14.7 meters shorter than a regular 747. It also has one less pair of exit doors on the main deck.It has a stubby fuselage, a huge vertical stabiliser, four turbofan engines and two passenger decks. It just looks ludicrous, and wonderful.The following was stated in Boeing’s 1984 edition of “747 Airplane Characteristics — Airport Planning”:[The 747SP] can fly higher, faster and farther than any other wide-body aircraft, and as a result serves well on long-distance air routes that do not require the size of the standard 747.The 747SP apparently had a top speed of approximately Mach 0.92 (630 mph/ 1013 kmh).One plane was involved in a near-disaster. In February 1985, China Airlines Flight 6 plummeted 30,000 feet in under 2 and a half minutes, before the pilots were able to regain control and level their jet out at 9,600 feet. The flight landed safely.▲ Damage sustained by the plane’s empennageThe plane was repaired, but its wings were permanently bent upwards by 5 cm.747–200BFirst flight: October 11, 1970Number built: 225The “second-generation” 747 entered service in February 1971, just a year after the original model. It has more powerful engines, higher maximum take-off weight and longer range.The 747-200B denotes the “basic” passenger version.▲ The KLM 747–200B that collided with Clipper Victor on the runway747–200FFirst flight: Early 1972Number built: 73This is the first freighter version of the 747 to be manufactured by Boeing.Boeing stated that this plane has “virtually” the same cargo space as the 747–100SF.747–200CFirst flight: Early 1973Number built: 13Equipped with a nose cargo door, the 747–200 Convertible is capable of being quickly converted from a passenger aircraft to a cargo aircraft, and vice versa. It can also carry a mix of cargo and passengers.▲ There are passenger windows on the nose cargo door.An El Al Boeing 747–200C carried a record-breaking 1,087 passengers on a single flight during Operation Solomon in 1991 (figure excludes babies board on the flight).747–200MFirst flight: Late 1974Number built: 78Also known as the –200B Combi, this plane is functionally similar to the –200C. It was built with a passenger cabin in the front half of the plane, and a cargo compartment in the back half.This model does not have a nose cargo door. Instead, a left-side main-deck cargo door was implemented near the rear of the aircraft. Unlike the –200C, this model cannot be converted into an all-cargo configuration.747 (SUD)While Boeing built the 747–100B SR SUD from scratch, they offered the Stretched Upper Deck as a retrofit to the 747–100B, 747–100SR, 747–200B and 747–200M variants.These images show the SUD modification process:All 747s that were upgraded with the extended upper deck were designated as “SUD” models. For example, the “747–200B SUD”.▲ Top: An original KLM 747–200B | Bottom: The same plane with the SUD upgrade747–300First flight: October 5, 1982Number built: 56The 747–300 is the third-generation passenger 747, and it came with the stretched upper deck as standard. To reiterate, the upper deck was stretched to be about 7 meters longer than older, non-retrofitted 747s, and it came with a pair of full-size exit doors.Boeing gave customers the option for updated engines, or the same engines from the 747–200 models.While older 747 variants had spiral staircases connecting the two passenger decks, the 747–300 featured a new staircase design which occupied less space in the cabin, providing room for more seats.▲ Left: Spiral staircase on a 747–200B | Right: Staircase on the 747–300747–300MFirst flight: Late 1982Number built: 21As with the 747–200M, the updated –300M can carry passengers and freight on the main deck. It is also referred to as the 747–300 Combi.747–300SRFirst flight: Late 1987Number built: 4This plane was once again introduced for Japanese airlines. It has a capacity of 584 passengers.747–300SFBoeing didn’t produce a freighter version of the 747–300, but they initiated a modification program in May 2000 to turn the passenger variants into cargo planes.747–400First flight: April 29, 1988Number built: 442The fourth-generation 747 introduced numerous structural and technological advancements, providing greater efficiency. It has more range, more fuel tanks, longer wings, and new wingtips that increase fuel efficiency by 4%.More importantly, this model came equipped with a glass cockpit consisting of multifunctional digital screens, which supersede many analog instruments. More computerised flight control systems were implemented, eliminating the need for a flight engineer and largely reducing the amount of knobs, dials and switches.Additionally, the model came with new powerplants choices and a refreshed passenger cabin. With 442 planes constructed, the 747–400 is the most popular 747 model.Unsurprisingly, the 1000th 747 produced is a 747–400.▲ This plane was delivered to Singapore Airlines in October 1993.747–400FFirst flight: Late 1993Number built: 126The freighter version of the 747–400.Since an extended upper deck is redundant and adds weight to the aircraft, every 747–400F retained the same upper deck dimensions as the 747–200F.747–400MFirst flight: Mid 1989Number built: 61Otherwise known as the 747–400 Combi, this aircraft can haul passengers and cargo on the main deck. Compared to older Combi aircraft, this model came with enhanced fire protection systems.The 747th 747 was a –400M. It was delivered to Lufthansa in September 1989.747–400DFirst flight: Early 1991Number built: 19For their high-capacity, short-range 747–400, Boeing decided to drop the “SR” label in favour of a new name, the 747–400 Domestic.Yet again, this variant was produced for the Japanese market. Because it’s tailored for short-haul flights, no winglets were installed on newly-manufactured 747–400D. Boeing later offered the winglets as a retrofit.This airplane has a maximum capacity of 660 passengers in a single-class configuration.747–400ERFirst flight: July 2002Number built: 6The 747–400 Extended Range was launched with an option of one or two additional fuel tanks in the forward cargo bay. Structural modifications allowed for a higher maximum takeoff weight.▲ Qantas is the sole operator of the –400ERThe Boeing Signature Interior, which debuted on the Boeing 777, was installed on every 747–400ER.The 747–400ER is expected to be retired by 2020.747-400ERFFirst flight: September 2002Number built: 40This model can fly 525 kilometres farther than the standard 747–400F. Like the -400ER, this plane has a more robust structure, enabling higher maximum takeoff weight allowance.747-400BCFFirst flight: October 5, 2005Every 747–400 Boeing Converted Freighter was once a passenger 747–400. Boeing appoints contractors like HAECO and SIAEC to perform the conversion work.Like the –400F, it has a side main-deck door situated behind the wings.747–8IFirst flight: March 20, 2011Number built: 47 as of September 2018Initially named the 747 Advanced, the 747–8 Intercontinental was launched in 2005.This model was developed with technologies and design derived from the 787. For the first time, Boeing lengthened the 747’s airframe. As a result, the 747–8I is the longest 747, and the longest commercial aircraft to date.It is powered by GEnX engines, the same ones found on the 787.The 747–8I features a redesigned wing and raked wingtips inspired by the 787. To reduce weight and improve efficiency, parts of the wings are constructed using carbon-fibre composites.It comes with updated flight deck systems and avionics, along with the Boeing Sky Interior. Its passenger windows are 16% larger than those on the 747–400, but unlike the 787, the windows don’t dim electrically.747–8FFirst flight: February 8, 2010Number built: 82 as of September 2018This freighter aircraft shares many attributes with the 747–8I, including its record fuselage length. However, the dimensions of the upper deck remain identical to original 747.The two 747–8 models are 5.6 meters longer than older 747 models, and 20.3 meters longer than the 747SP. They were stretched in different areas to suit their purposes:DreamlifterFirst flight: September 9, 2006Number converted: 4The 747–400 Large Cargo Freighter, better known as the Dreamlifter, is an oversized cargo transporter. This colossal aircraft has three times the cargo capacity of a –400F. It was exclusively designed and used by Boeing to carry parts of the 787 Dreamliner from suppliers around the world to the assembly plant.Like the –400BCF, this airplane model was converted from passenger 747–400s.▲ This 747–400 is one of the 4 aircraft to be modified into Dreamlifters.The first Dreamlifter rolled out of the hangar in August 2006, and it wasn’t particularly sightly. Then-president of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Scott Carson, was reportedly heard apologising to the designer of the 747, Joe Sutter, by saying:[Sorry] for what we did to your plane.VC-25AFirst flight: May 16, 1987Number built: 2Commonly mistaken as the “Air Force One”, the VC-25A is a heavily modified version of the 747–200B. It’s only known as Air Force One when the POTUS is on board.In recent years, it has made many cameo appearances in tabloid newspapers.VC-25BFirst flight: July 8, 2016 (as a 747–8I)Number to be converted: 2The VC-25B will supplant the ageing VC-25A. It should be operational by 2024.To keep costs low, the US Air Force purchased two 747–8I airplanes that were originally built for a Russian airline which went bankrupt.▲ The two undelivered 747s destined to be VC-25Bs, stored in the Mojave desert747 SupertankerFirst flight: February 19, 2004Number converted: 3This is a Boeing 747 variant that was transformed into an aerial firefighting air tanker. It can carry up to 74,000 litres of fire retardant or water, and holds the record for the largest firefighting aircraft.Three Supertankers were built from a 747–100, –200C and –400BCF. However, only two entered service. This image below shows the 747–100 Supertanker:Presently, only the 747–400BCF Supertanker is in service.▲ This passenger plane was first converted into a freighter, then an air tanker.SOFIAFirst flight: April 26, 2007The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy is a heavily retrofitted 747SP. It has a telescope installed near the rear of the airframe, and flies at up to 45,000 feet during its missions.This 747SP was formerly owned by Pan Am, and subsequently United.▲ SOFIA, before make-up▲ SOFIA, after make-upBoeing YAL-1First flight: July 18, 2002This plane was once a 747–400F, before becoming the YAL-1 Airborne Laser. It has an infrared chemical laser mounted on its nose, which was intended to destroy tactical ballistic missiles.▲ This plane gives Rudolph a run for its moneyThe plane successfully destroyed two test missiles. However, it was expensive and not operationally feasible. Hence, it was scrapped in 2014.Boeing E-4First flight: June 13, 1973Number built: 4The E-4 is an airborne strategic command and control post. It is derived from the 747–200B. When in operation, the E-4 is identified as a “National Airborne Operations Center”.This plane is capable of aerial refuelling, and was designed to remain airborne for a week during an emergency.▲ This 747 variant has a hump on top of its hump, which houses an antenna.There are two versions of the model, the E-4A and E-4B. The US Air Force initially had three E-4A planes. In 1979, Boeing delivered a new E-4, with upgraded equipment, which was designated as the E-4B. Thereafter, the E-4A jets were refurbished to become E-4B models.Shuttle Carrier AircraftFirst flight with a space shuttle: February 18, 1977Number converted: 2The Shuttle Carrier Aircraft was designed to transport space shuttles from landing sites back to the launch complex. In 1974, an American Airlines 747–100 was acquired by NASA and turned into the SCA.During the maiden flight with an orbiter, Enterprise, the SCA signNowed a speed of 462 km/h (287 mph), and an altitude of 16,000 feet.In 1988, a 747–100SR was obtained from Japan Airlines and converted into a second SCA.▲ The SCA piggybacking Space Shuttle Enterprise▲ Space Shuttle Endeavour riding on the SCAAfter the conclusion of the space shuttle program, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft carried the shuttles from the Kennedy Space Centre to various museums.Thereafter, the SCA were sourced for spare parts that could be reused on SOFIA. Both planes are now preserved at museums.▲ The 747–100 SCA on display at Space Center HoustonJumbohostelFirst night: January 15, 2009This 747–200B was transformed into a hostel.After some additional work, the engine nacelles were turned into small rooms.Let’s move on to some 747 variants that were conceptualised but never built.747 trijetPeriod of study: Late 1960s — Early 1970sBoeing engineers crafted a concept for a 747 trijet to compete with the DC-10 and L-1011, but they realised it was too costly to develop. Boeing engineers figured that making a three-engine version of the 747 would require a redesign of the wings and the vertical stabiliser, along with other hassles that made the concept uneconomical.So, Boeing scrapped the 747 trijet.747–500X/ –600X/ –700XAnnounced: September 2, 1996Boeing proposed three versions of the 747 with longer fuselages as potential competitors to the hypothetical A3XX plane, which would later become the A380.The concept models were to feature an improved wing design taken from the Boeing 777, more landing gear wheels and a new interior design.▲ 747–400 (Top) compared to the 500X and 600XThe 747–600X and –700X were planned to receive longer and wider fuselages, while retaining the existing wing dimensions and landing gear structures. Furthermore, Boeing stated that the –700X would potentially have a capacity of 650 passengers in a typical three-class configuration.The –500X and –600X were offered for sale at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, but they didn’t receive any orders. Thereafter, Boeing axed these three models.Oh and one last variant…747–8 PSPImagined: October 18, 2018The Boeing 747–8 Photoshopped Special Performance is the chubbiest 747 ever.Thanks for viewing.// //If you’re interested to know how the worst aviation accident in history happened, and learn about other mid-air disasters, check out Isaac Low's answer to Have planes crashed into each other?Image sources1st — General Aviation News2nd — Aviation Safety Network3rd — The Pan Am Historical Foundation4th — Vecamspot5th — SOBIFY6th — Wikimedia Commons7th — National Geographic8th — Wikimedia Commons9th — Dennis HKG/Flickr10th — Wikimedia Commons11th — Wikimedia Commons12th — Wikimedia Commons13th — Airliners[.]net14th — Cargo Facts15th — NACOE16th — Airline Reporter17th — Top: Airport-Data[.]com | Bottom: Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives18th — Airlines Inform19th — Left: Sam Chui | Right: Airliners[.]net20th — Airplane-Pictures[.]net21st — Wikimedia Commons22nd — Rohan Patel/Flickr23rd — Wikimedia Commons24th — Air Charter25th — (Thumbnail of YouTube video by akino33 Aviation Video Channel)26th — Wikimedia Commons27th — Airliners[.]net28th — Airplane-Pictures[.]net29th — Wikimedia Commons30th — Wikimedia Commons31st — Wired32nd — Modern Airliners33rd — Wikimedia Commons34th — australianaviation[.]com[.]au35th — JetPhotos36th — indicator[.]gr37th — unilad[.]co[.]uk38th — Defense One39th — Planespotters[.]net40th — The Gazette41st — Wikimedia Commons42nd — Wikimedia Commons43rd — SOFIA Science Centre44th — Wikimedia Commons45th — Wikimedia Commons46th — Wikimedia Commons47th — NASA48th — Wikimedia Commons49th — Amusing Planet50th — Hostelworld[.]com51st — robertcatanescu[.]wordpress[.]com52nd — Simple Flying53rd — Boeing Images54th — Wikimedia Commons (photo edited by me)Note: Due to Quora’s policy, I cannot add the image URL sources in my answer. To view the image links, click here.
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What are the various types of alcoholic beverages in the world?
The highest-level categories are fermented beverages like beer and wine, and distilled beverages, like liquor. The former are made by allowing yeasts (a type of fungus) to consume sugars and excrete alcohols. There is a theoretical upper bound to the concentration of alcohol that can be produced by this process, since the yeast cannot survive in alcohol and will eventually drown in its own excrement. (Lovely image, right?) In order to produce beverages above, let's say, 15% alcohol by volume, it's necessary to distill some of the water off of a fermented beverage.Of course, after the actual alcohol has been produced, it's possible to mix things together and add additional flavorings. There is a hybrid category of fortified wines, for instance, which are blends of fermented and distilled beverages. Gin is made by producing a distilled liquor, somewhat similar to vodka, and then infusing it with herbs. Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugars to distilled liquors.Fermented BeveragesIn order to carry out fermentation, we need to feed some kind of carbohydrates to the yeasts. The choice of carbohydrates determines a great deal about the final product.Beers are produced by fermenting grains -- usually barley, but also wheat, corn, millet, or rice. (The Japanese drink sake, while usually described as "rice wine," is essentially a beer made from rice instead of barley.)Pictured: Hops, a flower added to beer before fermentation to impart a bitter taste.For more on beer:What are the characteristics of the major types of beer?How many different types of craft beer brands exist in the US?What's a simple, one-sentence breakdown of the difference between an ale and a lager?Wines are produced by fermenting fruits; generally, the word "wine" alone means "grape wine," while other wines will be referred to by the name of the fruit -- e.g. "plum wine," "blackberry wine," etc. [1] Grape wines come in two main types, red or white, depending on the type of grape used and whether the skin is left on. Given that more has been written about these kinds of wines than all other beverages put together, I'll refrain from going into detail about this subject.Pictured: Amarone, a wine made from raisins.For more on (traditional, grape-based) wines:What are the differences between different types of red wines?What is the best way for a beginner to learn the basics about wine?These are the two most common types of fermented beverages, but there are other types of high-carbohydrate foods that can be fermented. Mead is made by fermenting honey. It was very popular in Western Europe hundreds of years ago, then fell from favor for a long time, but is currently enjoying something of a resurgence. Milk, too, can be fermented, although there is to my knowledge no common English word for this category of beverage; it's generally called something like koumiss in the local languages where it's drunk. Some tree and plant saps can be fermented as well; again, I don't know of an English word for the category, but pulque is the most prominent example.Pictured: Pulque, a drink made by fermenting the sap of the Maguey agave plant.Distilled beveragesWe can produce higher-alcohol beverages by distilling fermented alcohols. (Distillation is the chemical name for any process that separates particular chemicals out of a mixture. In this case, we're removing water from a mixture of alcohol and water, resulting in a higher alcohol concentration). There are different kinds of distillation processes, and they do matter, but I'll skip over them for the most part here.Usually, you do not just drink these right after distilling them -- they'll often be aged in casks made of specific types of wood (where they pull flavor from the wood), or have additional flavors added to them after fermentation. [2]One example is brandy (short for brandywine, meaning "burnt wine"), which is made by distilling wine. Again, there are all kinds of fruits, so there are all kinds of brandies; the word "brandy" alone usually refers to brandies made from (grape) wine which have been aged in casks. Cognac and Armagnac are two types of this sort of brandy. Unaged brandies may be known as eau de vie ( "water of life" in French), generally together with the name of the fruit, e.g. "eau de vie de framboise" would be an unaged raspberry brandy. Other notable brandies include Pisco, an unaged grape brandy from South America; Calvados, a French apple brandy aged in oak casks; Kirschwasser, an unaged brandy made from cherries without the pits removed; and Grappa, an unaged brandy from Italy made from grapes with their skins and stems left intact.Pictured: Poire William, a pear-based eau de vie. (The pear inside the bottle is primarily decorative.)Whiskey, (or sometimes whisky), on the other hand, is essentially distilled beer, though the sort of "beer" you distill to make whiskey is a bit different from the sort of beer you would normally drink; for instance, it doesn't contain hops (a flower added to beer to give it a bitter flavor). Common types of cask-aged whiskey include Scotch (malted barley), Irish whiskey (malted barley or grain), Bourbon (corn), Rye (rye), Canadian whiskey (rye), and Tennessee whiskey (corn). [3] Of course, these styles come down to more than just the grains used. For instance, Islay Scotches -- my favorite of all alcoholic beverages -- use malt dried over a peat fire, which gives them a unique smoky taste that's not present in other whiskies, and Tennessee whiskies (of which there are exactly two, namely Jack Daniel's and George Dickel) are put through a charcoal mellowing process. The most common unaged whiskey is Corn Whiskey. I personally do not recommend drinking this.Pictured: A peat stack, used to dry and flavor the malt used in the type of Scotch whisky made on Islay and the outer Hebrides.Let's pause for a brief tangent about styles of whiskey. Scotch will tend to have the most complex flavors and less sweetness than other styles of whisky. There are different regions of Scotland that make different styles of whiskey. Islay (and the rest of the Hebrides), as mentioned above, make smoky-tasting malts. Highlands and Speysides seem to be a bit more beginner-friendly.For the longest time, rye was pretty much the official whiskey of America. George Washington made his own at Mount Vernon. It's sharper and less cloying than bourbon. The Manhattan cocktail (whiskey, red vermouth, and bitters) would have originally been made with rye. Prohibition changed all that by giving America a good sock right in the sophistication. Coming out, we preferred sweeter and less subtle drinks like bourbon and Tennessee whiskey, which pretty much took rye out of the running. Fortunately, it has been seeing something of a resurgence recently.Pictured: Rye.More on whiskey:What are the differences between scotch, bourbon, and Tennessee whiskies?What is the difference between whisky and whiskey?Rum is a liquor distilled from fermented sugarcane byproducts. [4] The word "rum" alone usually refers to liquors made from molasses, which is a by-product of extracting sugar from sugarcane. It can be cask-aged for varying amounts of time, resulting in light rums and dark rums. Some types of rum, like Cachaça and Rhum Agricole, are instead made from sugarcane juice. (Some people might just use "rum" to denote molasses liquors, and put the sugarcane juice liquors in their own category.)Pictured: A Caipirinha -- the national drink of Brazil -- which is a cocktail of Cachaça, sugar, and lime. A stick of sugarcane (for decoration or stirring) is visible in the glass.Tequila is a liquor distilled from fermented agave hearts. (Agave is a plant in the same family as the asparagus and the yucca.) Like rum it can be aged for different amounts of time. The tequila you normally see is made from the blue agave plant; Mezcal is a tequila made from the Maguey agave.Pictured: A blue agave plant.Neutral spirits are a bit different. This term refers to alcohol produced by any method in such a way that any residual flavor is removed and the result is simply pure alcohol and water, or as close as can be efficiently achieved without undue burden. Neutral spirits can be used as the base for a liqueur. Some cheap gins and vodkas are also made from neutral spirits.Vodka is traditionally made by distilling fermented potato juice. However, due to its neutral flavor, the term is also used nowadays for neutral spirits or similar products. Gin is made by adding juniper berries to neutral spirits, running some kind of "re-distillation" process that I don't even pretend to understand, and then infusing with various herbs and botanicals.Chinese liquor, or "baijiu" in Chinese, technically belongs to the whiskey family, as it's made by distilling fermented sorghum. (Sorghum is a type of grain grown in China.) Most westerners are not used to the flavor of sorghum, and when I've taken my white friends to Chinese bars in SF they often aren't able to stomach these, but I've developed a taste for at least some of them. This is a very wide category, but I don't know anywhere near enough about it to do it justice. The ones I've tried are Erguotou, an inexpensive, clear liquor, and Maotai, which is what they serve the President of the United States at formal dinners when he visits China. [5]Pictured: Maotai, a sorghum-based liquor of the "sauce-fragrance" type.Hybrids: Liqueurs, fortified wines, etc.The beverages above get their flavor primarily or even exclusively from the process by which the alcohol was produced. When they do have additional flavors, they're usually in some sense a byproduct of the process used. Hops are added to beer prior to fermentation, for instance; similarly, while casked liquors do pull a considerable amount of flavor from their casks, the aging is actually required for other reasons as well.There are many classes of alcoholic beverages, however, which do not get their signature flavors primarily from the process which produces the alcohol, or which contain several types of alcohol made by different processes giving a composite flavor. This is a very broad category and spans some of the best and worst kinds of beverage.The oldest beverage of this type is probably fortified wine, which is made by mixing wine and liquor, possibly with additional herbs or spices infused. Originally the liquor was added as a preservative, but the style has now evolved to the point that certain fortified wines are among the most valuable wines out there. There are a few important types. Desert wines like Port, Sherry, Madeira, and Marsala are barrel aged and fortified with brandy. Vermouth is fortified with neutral grape spirits and infused with herbs and botanicals. (Sugar is often added as well.) Vermouth is extremely important in cocktails, being integral to the Martini and the Manhattan, which are two of the oldest and best cocktails.Another important class of beverage are flavored spirits. These are made by infusing various flavors into neutral spirits (or, rarely, into other liquors). Unlike liqueurs, flavored spirits do not have added sugar or juices. Gin is probably the most important; it's made by adding juniper berries and other herbs and botanicals to neutral spirits. (Gin is short for Genever / Jennifer / Guinevere, a name derived from the Juniper plant.) Absinthe, too, was among the most important flavored spirits in its heyday, when it was roughly as popular in Paris as Coca-Cola in the U.S. today. It's made by infusing neutral spirits with anise and a number of herbals and botanicals, including grand wormwood (artemisia absinthium) from which it takes its name. Absinthe was for a long time banned in much of the world after a campaign that associated what were in retrospect effects of severe alcoholism with the wormwood in absinthe. It's now known that drinking absinthe is perfectly safe, and the drink is once again available on store shelves and in bars. [6] Pictured: a grand wormwood plant, used in flavoring absinthe.Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugar to neutral spirit base (or, rarely, another liquor.) This is an absolutely huge category in and of itself, comprising both the relatively obvious choices like creme de menthe (mint), creme de cacao (chocolate), coffee liqueur, amaretto (bitter almond and/or apricot kernel liqueur), raspberry liqueur, and so forth, as well as aperitif and digestif bitters such as Italian amaros, Campari , Cynar, Fernet, and Suze.Pictured: Suze, a type of bitters predominantly featuring the flavor of the gentian flower. My favorite liqueur of all.SummaryAs mentioned in Naomi P Saphra's answer , this is not a clear-cut question since there are piles of categories and subcategories, and it's not clear where to draw the lines. As a consolation prize, here's a picture of part of the tree discussed above which may also function as a handy reference.Fermented beveragesBeerAlesPale alesBrown alesBelgian-style alesLagersMalt beveragesSakeWineGrape winesRed wineWhite wineRose wineSparkling wineStraw wineIce wineNon-grape winesApple ciderPerryCountry winesMeadFermented milk beveragesFermented sap beveragesDistilled beveragesBrandyCasked grape brandiesEaux de vieWhiskeyCasked whiskeyScotchSingle-malt ScotchIslayHighlandSpeysideCampbelltownBlended ScotchIrish whiskyBourbonRyeTennessee whiskeyCanadian whiskyUncasked whiskeyCorn whiskeyUncasked ryeBaijiuLight fragranceHeavy fragranceSauce fragranceRumMolasses rumsSugarcane juice rumsTequilaBlue agave tequilaMezcalNeutral Spirits(Some) vodkaHybridsLiqueursCordialsFruit liqueursNut liqueursAmarettoCoffee liqueursAnise-flavored liqueursAnisetteGallianoSambucaDrambuieAperitif / Digestif Bitters (may overlap other categories)Amer PiconAvernaAmaro MontenegroCampariCynarFernet BrancaSuzeUnicumHerbal liqueursBénédictineChartreuseJägermeisterKümmelMetaxaStregaFortified winesDesert WinesPortSherryMadeiraMarsalaVermouth and friendsRed vermouthWhite vermouthLilletPunt e mes"Bum wines"Flavored spiritsGin and Genever"X-flavored Y"Coconut rumFlavored vodkasAnise-flavored liquorsAbsintheArakOuzoAkvavitResinated wines[1] "Beer" and "wine" have technical meanings, but they're not always used in this sense. In particular, since beer tends to have lower alcohol content than wine (say ~6% versus ~10% by volume), sometimes wines with low alcohol contents will be referred to as beers or vice-versa. For instance, barley wine is a type of beer with exceptionally high alcohol content, while apple cider is often considered like a beer despite essentially being a sparkling wine.[2] You can also age liquors for a short time in non-reactive containers, say glass or steel, in which case they go through some chemical reactions but don't interact with the container. I'll call these "unaged" here for simplicity, despite the fact that it's not strictly true.[3] Note that many of these whiskeys are made from more than one grain, e.g. bourbon may be half corn and half wheat. When I've indicated a grain I've just indicated the predominant one.[4] Sugarcane is actually a type of non-grain-bearing grass, not a fruit, explaining why rum doesn't count a type of brandy or whiskey.[5] If, like most of Quora, you're in the San Francisco Bay area, go to Red's Place at Jackson and Grant to try this stuff, then go a block over to Kearny where there's a Chinese liquor store to buy it. I don't know of any other U.S. importers (UPDATE: There's also one in Chicago's Chinatown called China Palace Liquor City); if you do, add a mention in the comments.[6] The kind of wormwood used to make absinthe was correctly known to contain the extremely potent neurotoxin thujone in its essential oil. However, the amount of thujone present in absinthe is so low that you'd die of alcohol poisioning long before you could drink enough absinthe to have any effect from it. As a result of the anti-wormwood campaign of a century ago, there's been a persistent misconception that thujone can be used as a recreational drug, which is false -- it doesn't cause hallucinations or any other desirable effects; it's just a poison. (Note, by the way, that many essential oils are similarly toxic, and should be treated with extreme care. Several people have permanently damaged their health or died by drinking concentrated wintergreen oil out of the bottle while making candy. A single ounce of it contains the equivalent of 200 aspirin pills.) I am not a physician and this does not constitute medical advice of any kind.
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How is the ICSE essay checked?
1.Teachers try to find out the key points in the essay and accordingly marks are allotted.2.Write the essay on the subject matter which the question is asking for instead of deviating from it.3. Do not repeat the same sentences again and again because it may create a wrong impression on the person who is checking your paper.4. Write quotation and highlight them.5. Provide examples if required.6. Teachers look for content and valid point suiting the essay so write the essay accordingly instead of writing 6-7 pages.7. Make less grammatical errors.8. First sketch the point of the essay and then prepare the essay.9. Do not try to copy essay from essay books.10. Write essay which is simple and understandable.11.Make your essay distinct from other candidates.12. Relate it with the current scenario, if required.13. Try to keep yourself aware of current affairs as it can majorly help you in english language exam.14. Practice essay from last ten years it will help you a lot and who knows you may get similar essay to write.15. Read good book of various genre this will help you in increasing your knowledge on various topics and in turn write a good essay for example: biography of some good personality.16. Give mock test which are conducted and get it checked through experts who have vast experience of teaching as they are well aware of marking scheme.17. Practice all type of essay covered in the syllabus so it will help you in the better selection of essay to be attempted.18. You can also prepare your own essay question seeing the current affairs and write on it and get it checked by teachers.19. Revise your essay once you complete your language paper.Suggestions are always welcomed so some more valuable points can be added.Study smart.Good luck.
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What are some little-known facts from World War II that fascinate you?
Personal favourite - how a bit of very clever thinking by a mathematician saved hundreds of B17 bomber crews in Europe.A B17 bomber going down, before Abraham Wald’s mathematics solution signNowed squadronsI first heard this in a Q&A session by Robert McNamara - as well as being the Secretary of Defence during the Cuban missile crisis and president of Ford motor company, he was a statistics guy for the American airforce in WW2.In the story he told, the Americans did a huge analysis of data from repair reports on B17 bombers, the plan being adding armour to the areas of the aircraft most commonly damaged, because bomber losses were so high. You can’t armour the whole plane, because of weight, so it was incredibly important that the armour went in the right place.As McNamara told the story, one of the guys on the team, a Jewish mathematician named Abraham Wald (who had been thrown out of Austria because of Nazi anti-semitism), discussed the project with an armourer who’d been shipped back from overseas, who was helping the design team with the armour kits.The armourer told Wald the project was all wrong; that he’s seen planes fly home with damage in all the areas they were armouring. Then Wald had a eureka moment - he drew a diagram of the bomber, and ruled out every area where a plane had come home with a bullet hole in that part.The diagram was stark - no plane had ever come home with damage in certain angles of the cockpit (where a bullet would kill both pilots) or at the base of the vertical stabiliser.Wald had realised that the planes that had been shot in these bullet-free zones never made it home to be accounted for.They changed the armour, and crew survival rates shot up.McNamara told the story to make a point about data - he said had they just followed the data, it would have led them to armour the places the plane could survive a hit & get back, not the places that would always bring the aircraft down if they were shattered.He was saying that there’s nothing wrong with anecdotal evidence; that qualitative data is as relevant as quantitative, even if it’s harder to collate or analyse.
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