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FAQs
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Who are the 2013 Top Writers on Quora?
I am, strangely enough. My output has waned over the last year as I've become busier. But I'm happy to take the fleece. In the meantime, enjoy some of my greatest hits of the past year, most of which are not that great: Biology * Shan Kothari's answer to Is it a good idea to interbreed the various endangered tiger subspecies like the Sumatran, Malayan, Indo-Chinese, South China, Bengal and Siberian tigers so that they have more genetic variation? [ https://www.quora.com/Is-it-a-good-idea-to-interbreed-the-various-endangered-tiger-subspecies-like-the-Sumatran-Malayan-Indo-Chinese-South-China-Bengal-and-Siberian-tigers-so-that-they-have-more-genetic-variation/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Can giraffes swim? [ https://www.quora.com/Can-giraffes-swim/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Ecology: What do ecologists think of Lotka-Volterra? [ https://www.quora.com/Ecology-What-do-ecologists-think-of-Lotka-Volterra/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is the future of big data in ecology? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-future-of-big-data-in-ecology/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is hermatypic coral? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-hermatypic-coral/answer/Shan-Kothari ] Philosophy * Shan Kothari's answer to Why did Blaise Pascal not immediately understand the "which god" problem with his wager? [ https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Blaise-Pascal-not-immediately-understand-the-which-god-problem-with-his-wager/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Philosophy of Mind: What is functionalism? [ https://www.quora.com/Philosophy-of-Mind-What-is-functionalism/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Do ethical philosophers tend to be more ethical? [ https://www.quora.com/Do-ethical-philosophers-tend-to-be-more-ethical/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Can you be a philosopher and still believe in god? [ https://www.quora.com/Can-you-be-a-philosopher-and-still-believe-in-god/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What are the main differences between epiphenomenalism and materialist reductionism? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-main-differences-between-epiphenomenalism-and-materialist-reductionism/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What has philosophy contributed to society in the past 50 years? [ https://www.quora.com/What-has-philosophy-contributed-to-society-in-the-past-50-years/answer/Shan-Kothari ] Other: * Shan Kothari's answer to What are some famous pictures that ruined people's lives? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-famous-pictures-that-ruined-peoples-lives/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Why is it common liberal policy to reject Social Darwinism despite wholeheartedly embracing evolution? Why this contradiction? [ https://www.quora.com/Why-is-it-common-liberal-policy-to-reject-Social-Darwinism-despite-wholeheartedly-embracing-evolution-Why-this-contradiction/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to Who are the best or most famous Christian poets? [ https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-or-most-famous-Christian-poets/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What are the most impressive intellectual achievements completed by persons under 20 years old in terms of the influence, magnitude, depth, scope, creativity, or difficulty of the achievement? [ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-impressive-intellectual-achievements-completed-by-persons-under-20-years-old-in-terms-of-the-influence-magnitude-depth-scope-creativity-or-difficulty-of-the-achievement/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What is it like to attend a REU? [ https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-attend-a-REU/answer/Shan-Kothari ] * Shan Kothari's answer to What directors chose the same people to work with time and time again, in any roles, and who are these people? [ https://www.quora.com/What-directors-chose-the-same-people-to-work-with-time-and-time-again-in-any-roles-and-who-are-these-people/answer/Shan-Kothari ]
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Who are the Top Writers on Quora?
Balaji Viswanathan (பாலாஜி விஸ்வநாதன்)If ever you want to learn something new on daily basis.please switch on the notifications from Balaji Vishwanath sir.Awdhesh Singh (अवधेश सिंह)In case if you are wandering for the best views from an intellect,he is always on cards !Gopalkrishna VishwanathIf ever you wanted a simple answers with so much of life experience,don't forget to follow Gopalkrishna Vishwanath sir!Abhimanyu SoodIf you want to hear a story,please don't miss this guy.. he is my fav!User-9248814863030902883In case if you crave for travel experiences,this guy is fantastic ! Sinless bloke indeed.Sean KernanSarhad ChoudharyIn case if you are eager to know son and grandson of quora ..don't forget these wonderful guys !Vishak RamanIf you want to keep reading and getting lost.he is nice to read! Unique guy I must tell you !Dhawal BarotIf you seem very interested in shortest feel good stories,this guy tops the list!Loy MachedoWhenever you feel low,reading his answers can make you feel better!The list continues !And if ever you want to read some stupid answers follow this guy! Raghavendra MThanks for reading
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If you were a serial killer, what would your signature be?
As a fair warning, I just want to say that this may get graphic.If you enjoy that, then strap in.If not, do not go past this point.I’ll give you a countdown.54321THE CARNIVAL IS IN TOWNThat is the headline for Arizona’s sunday morning papers. Three bodies are found at once, rotting overnight in a playground. Their entrails tied around their limbs, they were strung from the roof of the jungle gym, like acrobats. Found scrawled on a note in chicken scratch is a note that reads, “THE ACROBATS FLY HIGH”.It becomes clear, after two bodies are found the next morning, that someone is going on a carnival-themed rampage. A couple was found skinned alive and stuffed in bear suits. Steel bars were shoved into their limbs to keep them stiffened. They were balanced on stone balls outside of a movie theater, like dancing bears.“MIND THE RUSSIAN BEARS” reads the paper.A sixth body is found later that evening. This one was a famous bodybuilder in town for a powerlifting contest. He was strung up by his muscles, which were ripped out of his arms and tied to the roof of the stadium the powerlifting contest would be held in. He was posed as if flexing, and stapled to his forehead was a note that read, “UP GOES THE STRONGMAN”.Months pass without any killings.New Years Eve. People are partying in the streets. It’s delightful.A flaming car smashes through the window of a large shopping mall, careens at full speed through the store, and explodes, killing hundreds. It is discovered that ten cadavers were shoved into the car, mimicking a clown car. Found written on the crime scene walls the next morning are the words “JOKE’S ON YOU”, written in fresh blood. Bodies are strung up on the ceiling like Christmas ornaments, each with letters scratched into them with that same chicken scratch writing. They spell out “HAPPY NEW YEAR”. The police say the bodies had been killed and collected over the months that no bodies were found, implying that the killer wanted the original bodies to be found.After that, one final killing.Not a killing. A suicide. Sprawled out on the floor in the center of town, tied up by his entrails in a cross formation, is Josh Medlock. Carved onto his chest is “THE RINGLEADER”. Scrawled on his back is a suicide note that tells the full story in six simple words.“I did it for fun, lol.”DISCLAIMER: I wouldn’t actually do this. Don’t send the FBI to my doorstep please. This was literally all in my imagination.
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Why are Chinese products cheaper?
In the words of Tim Cook: "The popular conception is that companies come to China because of low labor costs. I'm not sure what part of China they go to, but the truth is China stopped being the low labor cost country years ago. That is not the reason to come to China from a supply point of view, the reason is because of the skill."Let us look at the concept of labor or the involvement of labor in an every-day product. Let us compare 2 products: a plastic fork vs a plush toy. Although both products fall on opposite spectrums of the consumer life cycle (one disposable whilst the other one is reusable), both are sure to be made in China.A plastic fork is made from food-grade Polystyrene (PS) plastic pellets or beads through a process known as plastic inject molding. In here the pellets are heated in a molding machine to a viscous state and are injected into a mold. The mold produces multiple sets of forks within a matter of seconds and from there on it’s as simple as detaching the forks from a sacrificial (?) holder or tool (this is also made of PS and in most cases is recycled). From here the product is moved into packaging and then sent out of the factory for export. A fully automated machine can be set to run continuously 24 hours a day with very little monitoring by a worker, thus being a low labor product.Now, let us look at that plush toy. The stuffed animal is comprised of textile material for the cover, stuffing, two eyes and a nose. The material must be cut into pieces, sewn together and stuffed. The nose, eyes and mouth are sewn onto the material together and stuffed, requiring skilled labor(-). The cutting of the pieces may be done by hand or by machine, but the pieces are sewn together by a worker using a high-speed sewing machine. Next comes the insertion of stuffing – this is rather complex for a machine to do, as such the insertion is done by hand and the insertion point is also manually closed. It is evident that this requires much labor, therefore, this type of a product is considered a high labor product with labor contributing 70% of the total cost [1]. In the end, much like a fork, the product is moved and packaged for export.Because labor is only one part of the total cost of a product, and in many cases it's as low as 20% of the total cost, – this must indicate that there may be other factors at play in making Chinese products, such as the fork. If labor were the only factor, then most of the “plush toy/labor intensive” industries would have shifted to other countries – but only some industries already have e.g. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Mongolia to name just a few. To that extent, manufacturing of plastic forks could possibly return to the USA; but that’s not happening.Industrial production does not take place in isolation, but rather relies on networks of suppliers, component manufacturers, distributors, government agencies and customers who are all involved in the process of production through competition and cooperation. The ecosystem of doing business in China has evolved quite a lot in the last thirty years. Here are the additional factors, including labor, that affect the overall cost of manufacturing and thus make Chinese exports cheaper:A. Commendable supply chain: Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. No country, at present, has a supply chain more sophisticated yet flexible than China. China’s biggest advantage is their domestic availability of most of the raw materials required to manufacture a given product [2]. Not only are private entities involved in the process of outputting raw material for manufacturing. Rather, many Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SoEs) actively control and output raw materials for small factories to transform into ready-made goods. If the government is involved in such activities, it is safe to assume that this is an active industry that requires not only oversight and monitoring, but active involvement. Access to affordable raw materials helps bring down manufacturing costs to a considerable extent. As a result, having suppliers who are local to the manufacturer has gained importance as a way to cut costs[6].B. Rebate upon Export: The export tax rebate policy was initiated in 1985 by China as a way to boost the competitiveness of its exports by abolishing double taxation on exported goods[7]. China is one of over 150 countries that utilize a Value Added Tax (VAT) system. It is a tax only on the "value added" to a product, material, or service at every state of its manufacture or distribution. The VAT rate is generally 17%, or 13% for some goods. Chinese companies receive a VAT refund from the government for materials of products produced for export. Basically, factories that export do not pay any VAT on goods or raw materials used made for export – further subsidizing raw material costs. American imports to China are charged a VAT, but the U. S. doesn't have a VAT to charge Chinese imports. Moreover, Chinese manufacturers work with far lower profit margins than those in the U.S.C. Efficient Infrastructure and Logistical Access: In its fast-paced effort towards industrialization, China has built many ports (big and small), roads and railroad access. Such a system is not secluded to the big cities (Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities), it connects all of them, including Tier 4 cities or small towns used as industrial manufacturing zones. Having an efficient logistical system allows for cheaper travel costs –the cost of units (kilometers or miles) per currency (dollar or RMB) decreases. Also, an efficient infrastructure reduces overall downtime. Such is the case of India, as pointed out by Vaibhav Mandhana [3]: “Given the poor roads, a shipment from India's north can take a week or more to signNow India's south. Sometimes it is quicker and cheaper to actually get a shipment from Shenzhen than Kolkata. Time is money and all those delays add to your cost. If I could get something in two days, I could sell it immediately rather than wait two months to sell it [add up the interest costs]”"The road freight from LA to Nevada will cost you a lot more than the sea freight from China to LA."[5]D. Subsidized Utilities and Availability: Within China’s industrial areas many fixed and variable production costs are heavily subsidized. For example: electricity and water are subsidized up to 30% compared to normal household or commercial zones. Moreover, the local government gives support with land access at competitive rates, creating jobs in the area. This further helps to diminish the cost of the end product – after all you have access to cheaper land, water and light (What manufacturing does not require these? - Hell, even mining bitcoin does!). In non-industrialized or not fully industrialized countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, India), access to water and electricity remains a critical issue, until today. “In Coimbatore and other industrial places, you get power for like eight hours a day. That means the machinery lies idle for sixteen hours and that wasted capacity adds to the cost.”Do we see a trend of several factors, other than labor, which affect the overall cost of the product? Hold on, there are more!E. Bureaucracy: Barriers for entry in China, in this context, are extremely low. Although you need to fill out a huge number of papers (Customs Declaration Form, Land Annexation, Tax Filing, Compliance Related Documentation, Drawback/Rebate Forms, Annual Returns and etc.), the process is not complex. Relevant departments and accountability are there; you do not need to grease palms to get what you need; streamlined government policies are in place. Again, non-industrialized countries do not have many of these processes in place – they are in the early stages, whereas China has been through all this. I am not saying China is pure and not corrupt, there might be corruption in some cases, but the overall industrial process is so deeply rooted, that people just follow established guidelines. Greasing palms and running around places to get a stamp or a signature causes further delays (time is money) and increases overall costs. This is considered more as “Political Will” than bureaucracy; meaning the government’s will to allow you to do business is prominent thus reducing barriers for you to do business or manufacture or engage in services.F. Technology and Automation/ Skilled Labor: It would be unreasonable to discard China’s interconnectivity between technological advancement and manufacturing capacity. They work hand-in-hand. Availability of the latest technology to manufacture products of a high quality on a large scale. And let's be honest, scalability can be a very important factor in deciding price of a product. Apart from technology, China has a large population, thus having a bigger access to a wide talent pool. Availability to a greater talent pool decreases the overall demand as there is an oversupply – again, denting the costs of the product. If you recall, Tim Cook's main reason for manufacturing in China is: the depth of highly skilled labor in the manufacturing space. To rephrase what Cook said: "No other country in the world besides China has the combination of an electronic component supply chain and large pools of skilled labor needed to make iPhones on the scale which Apple needs."G. Labor: It is comparatively cheaper to many so-called “developed countries”. You can have someone do the same labor task for a comparatively lower price than say Europe or the USA for that matter. This further brings down costs. As noted before, it is not the cheapest – but it is not the most expensive either. What is important to remember here is that labor in China, is skilled – although most laborers are not trained, but have learned by doing. When you outsource to China, you’re working with time-tested factories that have been producing quality products in similar industries as yours for years on end, and in massive supply.Where a labor task might cost you $8-9 USD/hour in developed countries, it will cost you $450-500 USD for an entire month in China (8 hours a day, 28 days a month). If you do the math, that’s about $2.19 USD/hour. Countries like Indonesia a semi-skilled laborer will do it for half, $1.05 USD/hour – but the manufacturing process will be influenced by factors all the factors mentioned.H. Local Government: Local government officials are appointed, not elected. Part of their job is to help the industries and they are measured by results. Furthermore, locals compete with each other. That means Suzhou is competing with Chengdu to attract industries, and so on. Hence officials are always using their local advantages to help, attract, and grow industries, such as providing low cast land, building industrial parks, and making sure that the support infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, etc.) even local housing and schools are there. Since these officials are not elected locally, their actions are much more efficient rather than dealing a motion to go through town hall meetings or waiting for a ballot to pass for months. The downside of such efficiency could be that some environmental studies were not complete or many local concerns are not addressed fully (All credit for how to local governments operate within China go to Mr. James Yeh ).Here are few controversial factors, claimed by several sources:I. Currency: There is the ever-present theory of currency manipulation among economists, where China undervalues their currency by an estimated 30%-40%, which simply makes every product that China ships out 30-40% cheaper than those of a potential American competitor. The Yuan is manipulated and pegged undervalued to the US dollar [2]. So the price quoted in US dollars( more exports are quoted in dollars), will be cheaper than normal; (This manipulation has affected the domestic price of the product and labor wages as it has been kept much lower than it should have been. The Chinese yuan has, however, been steadily increasing in value against the dollar over the past few years.J. Compliance: The Chinese government does not bind itself with Intellectual Property issues. They allow the industry to investigate the products developed successfully elsewhere in the world. They then produce them in large quantities. Personally, there is nothing wrong in this benchmarking. Most industries do benchmark; especially in the automotive world. This saved the industry from expensive investments in R&D [4]. Although China has its own environmental protection agency, the environmental protection laws are generally lax and not enforced fully, especially at the local level. In previous years, Chinese factories cut down on waste management costs -further bringing down overall product costs. Things have been different lately, thanks to the strong efforts from the national government. Laws on IP and environmental protection are being enforced, especially after the Hangzhou G20 summit. There is still some belief that more needs to be done.If cheap labor was in itself the key driving factor, a large percentage of the labor-intensive factories would have already shifted to cheaper labor countries and lower labor-intensive jobs would have returned to the countries such as the USA - because China is not the synonym for cheap labor anymore. But that's not what we are experiencing; only certain jobs within the manufacturing field are moving to South East Asia. A huge chunk is there and is still able to reap the benefits of various factors. It will take more than a cutthroat desire for emerging economies to set up a business ecosystem that can compete with China's.Wow now over 1,000 Thanks for your upvotes! If you would be kind enough to give a like for this same article on my LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/w...Footnotes:1. https://www.industryweek.com/env...2. https://qr.ae/TUtz1K3. https://qr.ae/TUtzTO4. https://labs.ebanx.com/en/market...5. Walter Hay's answer to How expensive is it to import to Nevada from China?6. 5 Reasons Why You Should Manufacture In China With ITI[7] China Will Continue To Dominate World Production
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How do I register a startup in India? How much money and time does it take? If am currently only 17, what issues will I face dur
Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.
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What are the various types of alcoholic beverages in the world?
The highest-level categories are fermented beverages like beer and wine, and distilled beverages, like liquor. The former are made by allowing yeasts (a type of fungus) to consume sugars and excrete alcohols. There is a theoretical upper bound to the concentration of alcohol that can be produced by this process, since the yeast cannot survive in alcohol and will eventually drown in its own excrement. (Lovely image, right?) In order to produce beverages above, let's say, 15% alcohol by volume, it's necessary to distill some of the water off of a fermented beverage.Of course, after the actual alcohol has been produced, it's possible to mix things together and add additional flavorings. There is a hybrid category of fortified wines, for instance, which are blends of fermented and distilled beverages. Gin is made by producing a distilled liquor, somewhat similar to vodka, and then infusing it with herbs. Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugars to distilled liquors.Fermented BeveragesIn order to carry out fermentation, we need to feed some kind of carbohydrates to the yeasts. The choice of carbohydrates determines a great deal about the final product.Beers are produced by fermenting grains -- usually barley, but also wheat, corn, millet, or rice. (The Japanese drink sake, while usually described as "rice wine," is essentially a beer made from rice instead of barley.)Pictured: Hops, a flower added to beer before fermentation to impart a bitter taste.For more on beer:What are the characteristics of the major types of beer?How many different types of craft beer brands exist in the US?What's a simple, one-sentence breakdown of the difference between an ale and a lager?Wines are produced by fermenting fruits; generally, the word "wine" alone means "grape wine," while other wines will be referred to by the name of the fruit -- e.g. "plum wine," "blackberry wine," etc. [1] Grape wines come in two main types, red or white, depending on the type of grape used and whether the skin is left on. Given that more has been written about these kinds of wines than all other beverages put together, I'll refrain from going into detail about this subject.Pictured: Amarone, a wine made from raisins.For more on (traditional, grape-based) wines:What are the differences between different types of red wines?What is the best way for a beginner to learn the basics about wine?These are the two most common types of fermented beverages, but there are other types of high-carbohydrate foods that can be fermented. Mead is made by fermenting honey. It was very popular in Western Europe hundreds of years ago, then fell from favor for a long time, but is currently enjoying something of a resurgence. Milk, too, can be fermented, although there is to my knowledge no common English word for this category of beverage; it's generally called something like koumiss in the local languages where it's drunk. Some tree and plant saps can be fermented as well; again, I don't know of an English word for the category, but pulque is the most prominent example.Pictured: Pulque, a drink made by fermenting the sap of the Maguey agave plant.Distilled beveragesWe can produce higher-alcohol beverages by distilling fermented alcohols. (Distillation is the chemical name for any process that separates particular chemicals out of a mixture. In this case, we're removing water from a mixture of alcohol and water, resulting in a higher alcohol concentration). There are different kinds of distillation processes, and they do matter, but I'll skip over them for the most part here.Usually, you do not just drink these right after distilling them -- they'll often be aged in casks made of specific types of wood (where they pull flavor from the wood), or have additional flavors added to them after fermentation. [2]One example is brandy (short for brandywine, meaning "burnt wine"), which is made by distilling wine. Again, there are all kinds of fruits, so there are all kinds of brandies; the word "brandy" alone usually refers to brandies made from (grape) wine which have been aged in casks. Cognac and Armagnac are two types of this sort of brandy. Unaged brandies may be known as eau de vie ( "water of life" in French), generally together with the name of the fruit, e.g. "eau de vie de framboise" would be an unaged raspberry brandy. Other notable brandies include Pisco, an unaged grape brandy from South America; Calvados, a French apple brandy aged in oak casks; Kirschwasser, an unaged brandy made from cherries without the pits removed; and Grappa, an unaged brandy from Italy made from grapes with their skins and stems left intact.Pictured: Poire William, a pear-based eau de vie. (The pear inside the bottle is primarily decorative.)Whiskey, (or sometimes whisky), on the other hand, is essentially distilled beer, though the sort of "beer" you distill to make whiskey is a bit different from the sort of beer you would normally drink; for instance, it doesn't contain hops (a flower added to beer to give it a bitter flavor). Common types of cask-aged whiskey include Scotch (malted barley), Irish whiskey (malted barley or grain), Bourbon (corn), Rye (rye), Canadian whiskey (rye), and Tennessee whiskey (corn). [3] Of course, these styles come down to more than just the grains used. For instance, Islay Scotches -- my favorite of all alcoholic beverages -- use malt dried over a peat fire, which gives them a unique smoky taste that's not present in other whiskies, and Tennessee whiskies (of which there are exactly two, namely Jack Daniel's and George Dickel) are put through a charcoal mellowing process. The most common unaged whiskey is Corn Whiskey. I personally do not recommend drinking this.Pictured: A peat stack, used to dry and flavor the malt used in the type of Scotch whisky made on Islay and the outer Hebrides.Let's pause for a brief tangent about styles of whiskey. Scotch will tend to have the most complex flavors and less sweetness than other styles of whisky. There are different regions of Scotland that make different styles of whiskey. Islay (and the rest of the Hebrides), as mentioned above, make smoky-tasting malts. Highlands and Speysides seem to be a bit more beginner-friendly.For the longest time, rye was pretty much the official whiskey of America. George Washington made his own at Mount Vernon. It's sharper and less cloying than bourbon. The Manhattan cocktail (whiskey, red vermouth, and bitters) would have originally been made with rye. Prohibition changed all that by giving America a good sock right in the sophistication. Coming out, we preferred sweeter and less subtle drinks like bourbon and Tennessee whiskey, which pretty much took rye out of the running. Fortunately, it has been seeing something of a resurgence recently.Pictured: Rye.More on whiskey:What are the differences between scotch, bourbon, and Tennessee whiskies?What is the difference between whisky and whiskey?Rum is a liquor distilled from fermented sugarcane byproducts. [4] The word "rum" alone usually refers to liquors made from molasses, which is a by-product of extracting sugar from sugarcane. It can be cask-aged for varying amounts of time, resulting in light rums and dark rums. Some types of rum, like Cachaça and Rhum Agricole, are instead made from sugarcane juice. (Some people might just use "rum" to denote molasses liquors, and put the sugarcane juice liquors in their own category.)Pictured: A Caipirinha -- the national drink of Brazil -- which is a cocktail of Cachaça, sugar, and lime. A stick of sugarcane (for decoration or stirring) is visible in the glass.Tequila is a liquor distilled from fermented agave hearts. (Agave is a plant in the same family as the asparagus and the yucca.) Like rum it can be aged for different amounts of time. The tequila you normally see is made from the blue agave plant; Mezcal is a tequila made from the Maguey agave.Pictured: A blue agave plant.Neutral spirits are a bit different. This term refers to alcohol produced by any method in such a way that any residual flavor is removed and the result is simply pure alcohol and water, or as close as can be efficiently achieved without undue burden. Neutral spirits can be used as the base for a liqueur. Some cheap gins and vodkas are also made from neutral spirits.Vodka is traditionally made by distilling fermented potato juice. However, due to its neutral flavor, the term is also used nowadays for neutral spirits or similar products. Gin is made by adding juniper berries to neutral spirits, running some kind of "re-distillation" process that I don't even pretend to understand, and then infusing with various herbs and botanicals.Chinese liquor, or "baijiu" in Chinese, technically belongs to the whiskey family, as it's made by distilling fermented sorghum. (Sorghum is a type of grain grown in China.) Most westerners are not used to the flavor of sorghum, and when I've taken my white friends to Chinese bars in SF they often aren't able to stomach these, but I've developed a taste for at least some of them. This is a very wide category, but I don't know anywhere near enough about it to do it justice. The ones I've tried are Erguotou, an inexpensive, clear liquor, and Maotai, which is what they serve the President of the United States at formal dinners when he visits China. [5]Pictured: Maotai, a sorghum-based liquor of the "sauce-fragrance" type.Hybrids: Liqueurs, fortified wines, etc.The beverages above get their flavor primarily or even exclusively from the process by which the alcohol was produced. When they do have additional flavors, they're usually in some sense a byproduct of the process used. Hops are added to beer prior to fermentation, for instance; similarly, while casked liquors do pull a considerable amount of flavor from their casks, the aging is actually required for other reasons as well.There are many classes of alcoholic beverages, however, which do not get their signature flavors primarily from the process which produces the alcohol, or which contain several types of alcohol made by different processes giving a composite flavor. This is a very broad category and spans some of the best and worst kinds of beverage.The oldest beverage of this type is probably fortified wine, which is made by mixing wine and liquor, possibly with additional herbs or spices infused. Originally the liquor was added as a preservative, but the style has now evolved to the point that certain fortified wines are among the most valuable wines out there. There are a few important types. Desert wines like Port, Sherry, Madeira, and Marsala are barrel aged and fortified with brandy. Vermouth is fortified with neutral grape spirits and infused with herbs and botanicals. (Sugar is often added as well.) Vermouth is extremely important in cocktails, being integral to the Martini and the Manhattan, which are two of the oldest and best cocktails.Another important class of beverage are flavored spirits. These are made by infusing various flavors into neutral spirits (or, rarely, into other liquors). Unlike liqueurs, flavored spirits do not have added sugar or juices. Gin is probably the most important; it's made by adding juniper berries and other herbs and botanicals to neutral spirits. (Gin is short for Genever / Jennifer / Guinevere, a name derived from the Juniper plant.) Absinthe, too, was among the most important flavored spirits in its heyday, when it was roughly as popular in Paris as Coca-Cola in the U.S. today. It's made by infusing neutral spirits with anise and a number of herbals and botanicals, including grand wormwood (artemisia absinthium) from which it takes its name. Absinthe was for a long time banned in much of the world after a campaign that associated what were in retrospect effects of severe alcoholism with the wormwood in absinthe. It's now known that drinking absinthe is perfectly safe, and the drink is once again available on store shelves and in bars. [6] Pictured: a grand wormwood plant, used in flavoring absinthe.Liqueurs are made by adding flavorings and sugar to neutral spirit base (or, rarely, another liquor.) This is an absolutely huge category in and of itself, comprising both the relatively obvious choices like creme de menthe (mint), creme de cacao (chocolate), coffee liqueur, amaretto (bitter almond and/or apricot kernel liqueur), raspberry liqueur, and so forth, as well as aperitif and digestif bitters such as Italian amaros, Campari , Cynar, Fernet, and Suze.Pictured: Suze, a type of bitters predominantly featuring the flavor of the gentian flower. My favorite liqueur of all.SummaryAs mentioned in Naomi P Saphra's answer , this is not a clear-cut question since there are piles of categories and subcategories, and it's not clear where to draw the lines. As a consolation prize, here's a picture of part of the tree discussed above which may also function as a handy reference.Fermented beveragesBeerAlesPale alesBrown alesBelgian-style alesLagersMalt beveragesSakeWineGrape winesRed wineWhite wineRose wineSparkling wineStraw wineIce wineNon-grape winesApple ciderPerryCountry winesMeadFermented milk beveragesFermented sap beveragesDistilled beveragesBrandyCasked grape brandiesEaux de vieWhiskeyCasked whiskeyScotchSingle-malt ScotchIslayHighlandSpeysideCampbelltownBlended ScotchIrish whiskyBourbonRyeTennessee whiskeyCanadian whiskyUncasked whiskeyCorn whiskeyUncasked ryeBaijiuLight fragranceHeavy fragranceSauce fragranceRumMolasses rumsSugarcane juice rumsTequilaBlue agave tequilaMezcalNeutral Spirits(Some) vodkaHybridsLiqueursCordialsFruit liqueursNut liqueursAmarettoCoffee liqueursAnise-flavored liqueursAnisetteGallianoSambucaDrambuieAperitif / Digestif Bitters (may overlap other categories)Amer PiconAvernaAmaro MontenegroCampariCynarFernet BrancaSuzeUnicumHerbal liqueursBénédictineChartreuseJägermeisterKümmelMetaxaStregaFortified winesDesert WinesPortSherryMadeiraMarsalaVermouth and friendsRed vermouthWhite vermouthLilletPunt e mes"Bum wines"Flavored spiritsGin and Genever"X-flavored Y"Coconut rumFlavored vodkasAnise-flavored liquorsAbsintheArakOuzoAkvavitResinated wines[1] "Beer" and "wine" have technical meanings, but they're not always used in this sense. In particular, since beer tends to have lower alcohol content than wine (say ~6% versus ~10% by volume), sometimes wines with low alcohol contents will be referred to as beers or vice-versa. For instance, barley wine is a type of beer with exceptionally high alcohol content, while apple cider is often considered like a beer despite essentially being a sparkling wine.[2] You can also age liquors for a short time in non-reactive containers, say glass or steel, in which case they go through some chemical reactions but don't interact with the container. I'll call these "unaged" here for simplicity, despite the fact that it's not strictly true.[3] Note that many of these whiskeys are made from more than one grain, e.g. bourbon may be half corn and half wheat. When I've indicated a grain I've just indicated the predominant one.[4] Sugarcane is actually a type of non-grain-bearing grass, not a fruit, explaining why rum doesn't count a type of brandy or whiskey.[5] If, like most of Quora, you're in the San Francisco Bay area, go to Red's Place at Jackson and Grant to try this stuff, then go a block over to Kearny where there's a Chinese liquor store to buy it. I don't know of any other U.S. importers (UPDATE: There's also one in Chicago's Chinatown called China Palace Liquor City); if you do, add a mention in the comments.[6] The kind of wormwood used to make absinthe was correctly known to contain the extremely potent neurotoxin thujone in its essential oil. However, the amount of thujone present in absinthe is so low that you'd die of alcohol poisioning long before you could drink enough absinthe to have any effect from it. As a result of the anti-wormwood campaign of a century ago, there's been a persistent misconception that thujone can be used as a recreational drug, which is false -- it doesn't cause hallucinations or any other desirable effects; it's just a poison. (Note, by the way, that many essential oils are similarly toxic, and should be treated with extreme care. Several people have permanently damaged their health or died by drinking concentrated wintergreen oil out of the bottle while making candy. A single ounce of it contains the equivalent of 200 aspirin pills.) I am not a physician and this does not constitute medical advice of any kind.
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How is the ICSE essay checked?
1.Teachers try to find out the key points in the essay and accordingly marks are allotted.2.Write the essay on the subject matter which the question is asking for instead of deviating from it.3. Do not repeat the same sentences again and again because it may create a wrong impression on the person who is checking your paper.4. Write quotation and highlight them.5. Provide examples if required.6. Teachers look for content and valid point suiting the essay so write the essay accordingly instead of writing 6-7 pages.7. Make less grammatical errors.8. First sketch the point of the essay and then prepare the essay.9. Do not try to copy essay from essay books.10. Write essay which is simple and understandable.11.Make your essay distinct from other candidates.12. Relate it with the current scenario, if required.13. Try to keep yourself aware of current affairs as it can majorly help you in english language exam.14. Practice essay from last ten years it will help you a lot and who knows you may get similar essay to write.15. Read good book of various genre this will help you in increasing your knowledge on various topics and in turn write a good essay for example: biography of some good personality.16. Give mock test which are conducted and get it checked through experts who have vast experience of teaching as they are well aware of marking scheme.17. Practice all type of essay covered in the syllabus so it will help you in the better selection of essay to be attempted.18. You can also prepare your own essay question seeing the current affairs and write on it and get it checked by teachers.19. Revise your essay once you complete your language paper.Suggestions are always welcomed so some more valuable points can be added.Study smart.Good luck.
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What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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