Convert eSignature Form Later

No. I understand that this question is related to E-V13, found in the Balkan. E-V13 isn't a quantifier of Greek genetics, it is one of many Greek founding lineages.Haplogroup E1b1b may have arrived in Europe by two routes: through the Middle East/Levant and directly from North Africa.The oldest E-M78 in Africa has been found at Taforalt Morocco. The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, have sequenced DNA from individuals from Morocco dating to approximately 15,000 years ago, as published in Science. This is the oldest nuclear DNA from Africa ever successfully analyzed.The Y-DNA of 4 males waa found in E1b1b1a1-M78. This haplogroup occurs most frequently in present-day North East African populations The closely related E1b1b1b (M-123) haplogroup has been reported for Epipaleo- lithic Natufians and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levantines (“Levant_N”). Unsupervised genetic clustering also suggests a connection of Taforalt to the Near East.What we are learning now is that certainly NW Africa's was genetically/demographically connected to NE Africa and to West Asia even at the very beginning of the local Upper Paleolithic, demolishing quite apparently all the theories that linked it to European Upper Paleolithic (from which it got its "Ibero-Maurusian" name).Also this quote from the authors in the press release:“The Iberomaurusians lived before the Natufians, but they were not their direct ancestors: The Natufians lack DNA from Africa, Krause says. This suggests that both groups inherited their shared DNA from a larger population that lived in North Africa or the Middle East more than 15,000 years ago, the team reports today in Science”The population exhumed from the archaeological site of Taforalt in Morocco is a valuable source of information toward a better knowledge of the settlement of Northern Africa region and provides a revolutionary way to specify the origin of Ibero-Maurusian populations.I wouldnt consider these Taforalt samples as thé ancestors of modern E-M78 subclades carriers (V22, V12, V65) What we see by contrasting the map of inferred patterns or E1b1b-M81(the berber marker and dominant in north west Africa) expansion and this ancient Y-DNA data from Taforalt is that the main E-M78 expansion most likely was already done, considering its age( formed 19800 ybp, TMRCA 13400 ybp) that it could represent an expansion from older times, much as I2 seems to have expanded in Europe. This would allow for V65 ("from west Egypt to Morocco" per one decription of its geography) to have expanded from NW Africa, not necessarily from Taforalt though but somewhow related to it.According to the authors "Several lines of evidence suggest that E-M78 sub-haplogroups have been involved in trans-Mediterranean migrations (in)directly from Africa. E-M78 and E-V65 haplogroups are common in northern Africa, where they originated, while other clades(like E-V13) are observed almost exclusively in Mediterranean Europe, as opposed to central and eastern Europe and the Horn of Africa among somali males (E-V32)The oldest to date sample of E-V13 we have is from Later Neolithic Hungary (1 in Sopot culture and 1 in Lengyel, c. 4500 BC and the earliest known prehistoric sample, the couple from Epi-Cardial Spain (c. 5000 BC).E-V13 has also been found in a skeleton of Avelanner Cave in Catalonia dating from 5000BC (cardial culture)So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. Nonetheless, the possibility of other migrations of E1b1b to southern Europe during the Mesolithic or Late Palaeolithic cannot be ruled out.Research shows that the ancestors of modern Greeks were( indeed )the Minoans and Mycenaeans, already inhabiting the Greek peninsula for the past 5000 years, since 3000bc.Minoan Boxing Boys, restored fresco from Thera (modern-day Santorini), c.1600 BC. Currently located at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Greece.The Fisherman fresco is from the 16th century BCE from the Akrotiri site in GreeceTheir ancestors moved into Greece during the neolithic and bronze age from Anatolia and before that from the Caucasus..Mycenaean Fresco wall painting of an elborately dressed women in a procession from the Tiryns, Greece 14th, 13th Century BC Cat No 5883 Athens Archaeological MuseumScientists have obtained and analyzed the genome of ancient Mycenaean people and found they are strongly related to modern Greeks. Around three-quarters of the Mycenaeans' and Minoans' ancestry originated in Anatolia, present-day Turkey. The remaining quarter can be traced back to the Caucasus, near modern-day Iran.The Minoan Civilization and its counterpart on the Greek Mainland, the Mycenaean Civilization, were Europe’s first literate societies and the cultural ancestors of later Classical Greece. However, the question of the origins of the Minoans and their relationship to the Mycenaeans has long puzzled researchers.The Mycenaeans, with their roots in mainland Greece, seem to have adopted much of the Minoan technology and culture, but it is not clear how they were related. “We wanted to determine if the people who made up the Minoan and Mycenaean populations were actually genetically distinct or not. How were they related to each other? Who were their ancestors? And how are modern Greeks related to them?” says Johannes Krause, director at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and one of the corresponding authors of the study.A paper from 2017 in Nature suggests that, rather than being recently arrived, advanced outsiders, the Minoans had deep roots in the Aegean. The primary ancestors of both the Minoans and Mycenaeans were populations from Neolithic Western Anatolia and Greece and the two groups were very closely related to each other, and to modern Greeks.“It is remarkable how persistent the ancestry of the first European farmers is in Greece and other parts of southern Europe, but this does not mean that the populations there were completely isolated. There were at least two additional migrations in the Aegean before the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans and some additional admixture later. The Greeks have always been a ‘work in progress’ in which layers of migration through the ages added to, but did not erase the genetic heritage of the Bronze Age populations,” stated Iosif Lazaridis of Harvard Medical School, lead author of the study.Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from the further east after the time of the earliest farmers," according to lead author Iosif LazaridisA European population in Minoan Bronze Age CreteMinoan were genetically very similar to modern-day Europeans but distinct from Egyptian or Libyan populations.EV-13 marker is neolithic and came into Greece and the Balkans before the arrival of the Dorians and Myceneans. When the Greek speaking Dorian and Mycenean proto-Greeks arrived in Greece around 1500 BC they mixed with the indigenous E-V13 neolithic peoples and the percentage of neolithic E-V13 marker became reduced in the population. The Dorians and Myceneans who brought the Greek language into Greece were not E-V13 carriers.The proto-Greeks (Myceneans / Dorians) who brought the Greek language into Greece were R1a carriers. They mixed with the neolithic peoples / Pelasgians of Greece who were E-V13 carriers.Neolithic farmers spread all around Europe,they didn't just sit in one placePericic et al. (2005) give a 7.3 kya estimate for the expansion of E-M78α (almost perfectly equivalent to E-V13) for Southeastern European populations north of Greece. Due to their use of the 3.6x slower mutation rate, this figure needs to be converted to equivalent years. The Nea Nikomedeia time depth was estimated as 9.2kya by King et al. Therefore, the equivalent age for the Pericic et al. (2005) expansion is (7.3/9.2) * 149 generations or 118 generations (1,540-950BC). They note that STR variance is higher in Greece, Macedonia, and Apulia, all areas with well-known historical Greek connections.Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12Cruciani et al. (2007) propose that E-V13 arrived in Europe from West Asia and underwent an expansion in Europe at 4-4.7 kya. This age is calculated using effective mutation rates that are 2.4 or 2.8 slower than the germline rate, which seems to suggest a Late Bronze Age or even later expansion with a rate closer to the germline one.The signature North African marker E-M78, dominant in Egypt with its subclade E-V22 descends from Eurasian Adam CT-M168 E-M78 is a Non_African genetic marker. (Hodgson et al 2014)E-M78 has a near eastern neolithic origin"Both the King et al. E-V13 data, as well as the diverse, mostly European Haplozone E-V13 agree in placing the expansion of this haplogroup squarely in the Aegean Bronze Age.Haplogroup E1b1b has been associated with the earliest development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture, which is so far believed to have arisen in the Fertile Crescent, but could have developed earlier in parts of North/North East Africa. Agriculture spread from the Near East to Europe, at first mostly ovicaprid and cattle herders. E1b1b men (accompanied by G2a, J and T men) appear to have been associated at least with the diffusion of Neolithic painted pottery from the Levant to the Balkans (Thessalian Neolithic), and with the Cardium Pottery culture (5000-1500 BCE) in the Western Mediterranean. The only concrete evidence for this at the moment is the presence of this E-V13 subclade, commonest in the southern Balkans today, at a 7000-year old Neolithic site in north-east Spain, which was tested by Lacan et al (2011).E-v13 marker is considered a Greek marker because it follows the foot-print of ancient Greek colonisation - wherever ancient Greeks colonised the ev-13 marker went with them. R1a is also proto Greek and was carried by the proto-Greeks (Dorians and Myceneans) into Greece when they migrated there. Modern Greek DNA is the most similar to Southern Italian DNA which makes sense since Southern Italy was heavily populated by “Greek” colonists from 900 BC.On genetic test Sicilians are very similar to Peloponnese Greeks, Greek islanders & South ItaliansDifferential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeCornelia Di Gaetano et al.AbstractThe presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of Sicily appear to be signNowly different by the chi2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to signNow about 0.9. The general heterogeneous composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomeSouthern Italians/Sicilians are partially Greek (Magna Graecia).An additional piece of evidence is Y-chromosome distribution in Calabria, a Southern Italian region with well-known Greek connections. According to Semino et al. (2004) [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:1023–1034, 2004], the Calabrian sample has an E-M78 frequency of 16.3%, whereas "Calabria 2" representing the "Albanian community of the Cosenza province" has only 5.9%. This is consistent with the idea that E-V13 in modern Albanians is to a great degree due to Greek founders (Epirotes or ancient colonists).Albanians also coalesce to Roman/Late Antique times, consistent with the idea that their high frequency of haplogroup E-V13 (which signNowes very high numbers in e.g. Kosovars) is not associated with high diversity. Founder effects in that time frame are the reason for the high frequency of E-V13 in them.Albanians are a mix of Bronze Age invaders of Yamnaya culture and Neolithic residents of Balkans.Cruciani 2007 also mentions some oddballs for the Greek maritime theory:- Slovaks: 8.33% E-V13- Hungarians: 9.43% E-V13No mention of Serbs but the Republic of Macedonia has as much E-V13 as mainland Greece (17%), while Albanians double that figure (32%).Slavomacedonians from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia coalesce well into AD times, at around the time of the first Slavic arrivals in the Balkans. This suggests that E-V13 in them is the result of local founders at around that time who adopted the Slavic language. However, Pericic et al. (2005) report high (but unspecified) diversity of E-M78α in "Macedonia", so it is possible that a larger number of earlier inhabitants were absorbed.Finally the highest concentrations of E-V13 west of Sicily are among Atlantic Iberians (Portuguese, Asturians), where historical Greek colonization was zero. This confirms again some older flow of Neolithic or maybe Chalcolithic age. There are other significative ammounts of this clades in most unlikely places like Denmark (3%), Germany (4%). All that can only be explained with Neolithic founder effects or something of the like. Ukranians (strong in E-V13) may have affected Northern Europe genetically... but at a time when the Greek ethnicity did not yet exist as such.Conclusion. Based on these results Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically highly similar but not identical and that modern Greeks descend from these populations. The Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey.“Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers,” said Lazaridis.While both Minoans and Mycenaeans had both “first farmer” and “eastern” genetic origins, Mycenaeans traced an additional minor component of their ancestry to ancient inhabitants of Eastern Europe and northern Eurasia. This type of so-called Ancient North Eurasian ancestry is one of the three ancestral populations of present-day Europeans, and is also found in modern Greeks. There was genetic continuity in the Aegean from the time of the first farmers to present-day Greece, but not in isolation. The peoples of the Greek mainland had some admixture with Ancient North Eurasians and peoples of the Eastern European steppe both before and after the time of the Minoans and Mycenaeans, which may provide the missing link between Greek speakers and their linguistic relatives elsewhere in Europe and Asia.

Following is the process to convert Firm to LLP:1. Apply for Digital Signature. (Digital Signatures would be required for all the Partners)2. Apply for DPIN.3. Name Approval. (File Form LLP Form 1)4. Filing LLP Form 17. (Conversion of Firm to LLP)5. File LLP Form 2. (Incorporation document and subscriber’s statement)6. File LLP Form 3. (LLP Agreement)On successful conversion of Partnership firm into LLP, the Registrar would issue Certificate of Incorporation of LLP. Once, the LLP is incorporated and the Partnership Firm is converted, the Partnership Firm would be deemed to be dissolved.Typically it takes about a month to complete the process.

Plain Arrays are just as dangerous in C++ as they are in C. you can overshoot them, or give a bad index parameter and the whole thing goes off the rails.Pointers in C++ are the same pointers as in C, with all the things you need to do to make them safer to use, plus they can point to classes.Type restrictions are stricter in C++ than in C, so porting a C code base to C++ is mostly trivial unless some loose typing is involved, then you will have to be more explicit with the types.Arrays declared in C++ have their declared size as part of their type (stricter typing).int a[10] ; // type int[10] , not int*Structs are first class objects in C++ just like classes but with all public members.Struct declarations automatically generate the Big 5 default functions:Constructor,Copy constructor,Assignment constructor,Move constructor,Destructor.Function overloading is based on parameters being unique. C++ ‘mangles’ the function names internally to be unique based on return type and parameter type.Declaring an object causes its allocation and then runs its constructor. The object is fully ready once its construction is complete. If the object has members, they are constructed as well with sane default values.An object’s default initialization values for members of classes and structs:integer types set to zero;floating point types set to 0e0pointer members are not set. They must be explicitly initialized. Ifthe member will not be assigned at construction, you can specify aninitial value of nullptr in the definition or a constructor initialization list.Arrays are allocated but the values are not set if the array contents are not initialized by default. An array of class objects will have its contents initialized, but an array of ints or floats or pointers will not.reference members must be bound to initialized objects in the definition or the constructor.C has malloc() and free() — C++ has those too, but generally uses new and delete.new creates and initializes objects, leaving then in a ready to use state. If the object has initialization beyond that it is performed, then a pointer is returned.If any members of the object need initialization they are performed as well.In other words the full constructor code is performed when invoked with new.The object is created on the heap memory, and persists until deleted or the program ends.delete does a complete destruction of an object, and all its members, calling any destructors its members may have.Copying an object instance allocates a new instance and makes a binary copy of its contents. This is a shallow copy, though. If the object contains pointers or references to other objects as members, the pointers and references are copied, not what they point to. You have to write code to do the copying in that case.STL containers such as std::array, std::vector, std::string, etc, have code to automatically copy their entire contents, but custom classes need it to be written out.An initializer list is efficient in C++. If the class or struct is “trivially constructed”, that is all members are ready after calling the class constructor, then an initializer list can be used to automatically construct an instance with the members of the list. No extra copying needs to be done; the compiler will optimize the instantiation most of the time.std:string s[4] = { "one", "two", "three", "four"}; /* four std::strings are created with the contents of each char array. s is created and the addresses of each std::string instance are placed in the array. When x goes out of scope, the destructors of each element are called. */ struct K { int x[4]; int total; }; K k = { {1,2,3,4}, 10 }; // const double pi(3.1415926); // optimized by compiler double twopi = 2.0 * pi; // not optimized const double tau = pi + pi; // optimized // compiler is smart with this new syntax int a[] = { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -1, -2, 0,-3 }; int x = 0; for(auto i : a) { std::cout << i << "\t" x = x + i; } std::cout << "\n" << x << "\n"; 4 5 6 7 8 9 -1 -2 0 -3 34 for( long x : { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ) { std::cout << x << ",\t"; if (x%5 ==0) std::cout << "\n"; } 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A C++ reference (&) is not a pointer. You have to declare a reference type with an initialization to a valid object. Copying a reference does not copy the object, but adds another reference to the object. You do not need to use pointer syntax with references; it is more like an alias than a pointer. References cannot be reassigned to any other object. When a reference goes out of scope, it unbinds from the object, but the object will still be around, bound to its declared label, until that goes out of scope, then the object destructs.Object obj; // declaration Object& objref = obj; // or references o // a becomes a reference to the input reference. void print( Object& a) { a.print(); } // both calls work // print(obj); // a is ref to obj print(objref); // a is copy of objref Object b(obj); // copy constructor Object c = obj; // copy assignment Object& d = objref; // copy reference, // objref and d refer to same object Object e(objref) // copy constructor // objref dereferenced automatically auto f = obj; // copy obj auto & g = obj; // reference obj auto h = objref; // copy obj auto & j = objref; // copy reference This makes references safer than pointers, yet you still get the pass by ref advantage, without the pointer hassle and syntax. Also you are guaranteed thatyou will not get a NULL pointer by accident passed in.C++ prefers nullptr over NULL, because NULL is a constant integer (0) so can be misused or ambiguous if functions are overloaded to accept integer parameters.nullptr cannot be converted to an integer, so always will refer to a “pointer to nothing” as intended. Any type of pointer can be assigned nullptr.The C++ template system is amazing, but it has to be able to create an actual legal C++ function or class with actual types and variables to compile. A template is not generic, it synthesizes a specific function with all the template parameters filled-out and then compiles that, from the template recipe and the parameters passed in at compile-time. It cannot ‘figure out’ at run time if the parameters are correct; it will probably catch any ambiguities though. Templates are confusing for beginners because they can not see the actual code produced by them, but eventually they get the idea that the template code is not what is being run, the actual code created by the template is run.#include template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); } generates:template int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } // std::basic_string is what std::string really is template > std::basic_string add(std::basic_string a, std::basic_string b) { return a + b; } template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } ; void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); }

Yes.Here’s the problem: most people who know a lot about Bitcoin can only speak “tech”.I was at a conference recently. I was the keynote speaker but had zero talk prepared (as usual). It was a crowdfunding conference so I “crowdsourced” my talk.I asked the audience: I can talk about entrepreneurship or I can take fifteen minutes to explain Bitcoin without using any technical jargon. Clap for which one you want.Almost 100% of the people wanted to learn about Bitcoin without the technical jargon.People are hungry for this. They don’t want to hear about “crypto” or “blockchain”. They just want to know what all this Bitcoin stuff is about.Back in 2013, I thought Bitcoin was a scam. I was wrong.First, some credentials.In early 2013 I had my doubts. I started reading everything I could. Then I got my hands dirty.I’ve been a coder / programmer since 1985. I decided to code up a Bitcoin only store (maybe the first ever) and sell my book, “Choose Yourself” on it before it was released on Amazon.It was very hard. I had to develop the store from scratch since there were no easy tools to help me. There still isn’t (hint: business opportunity).Once I launched it, quite a few people bought my book. I sold a PDF of my book for 0.1 Bitcoin. Bitcoin was then $60 so I sold it for about $6 per PDF. Right now, it’s as if I sold each PDF for $1600. I sold many copies.I went on CNBC when they heard I was doing this. The anchor asked me, “Did you just do this for publicity?”I said, “Well, I’m on national TV so I guess it worked.”Another thing worth noting: Most of my customers came from one domain name (they had to submit their email addresses for me to process the sale): Amazon.com. Make of that what you will.A few months ago I started writing about cryptocurrencies again. I saw so many people getting involved in scams, I wanted to help.The other day I had an Uber driver who thanked me during the car ride for helping him “get it”.And last night at a restaurant, the waiter at the end of the meal shook my hand and thanked me for helping him “finally” begin to understand what Bitcoin was about.In order for crypto currencies to succeed, people need to understand at a basic level what they are. Nobody needs to learn complicated cryptography or blockchain.Just understand why now. Why this is important for us a society.TWO CRITICAL REASONS BITCOIN IS HISTORICALLY IMPORTANT AND HERE TO STAYJust understand these two reasons. Then you will know the potential for Bitcoin. And you will be popular at cocktail parties.A) THE HISTORY OF MONEYEvery new style of money solves the major problems of the last style of money.BarterIf I have a bag of rice and I need shoes, what if you make shoes but you only need 1/2 bag of rice. Do I get 1/2 a pair of shoes?Barter has a lot of problems. In the above, coming up with the rice to shoes exchange rate is difficult.Then coming up with 1000s of exchange rates just to go out and buy groceries is almost impossible.PLUS, what if you have to move (your kingdom is attacked). How are you going to carry all that rice? All of those shoes?Money has two purposes:as a store of wealth / savingsto make transactionsThere’s a third, which Ray Dalio, the head of the largest hedge fund in the world, Brigewater, told me the other day. But we’ll get to that later.Barter is horrible as a store of wealth. And for transactions, best case it’s very difficult.But problems lead to opportunities. Which leads to…2. PRECIOUS METALS / COINSGold and silver are scarce. It’s hard to mine them.But it’s hard to forge them because you can measure by weight.So the scarcity combined with the lack of forgery makes them good choices for money. I can convert my rice into gold coins, you can convert your shoes into gold coins, and now we can trade and now we can buy whatever we want.(Marcus Aurelius on a gold coin)As a store of wealth, it’s not great but not horrible.If my kingdom is attacked and I have to move, gold and silver are easily stored and carried as designed jewelry.BUT, two problems.One: what if you live in a country that doesn’t have any gold mines. Now you either have to trade for gold or start attacking countries: (this did not work out so well for the Aztecs).Two: What if you wanted to buy a house right now: are you really going to bring a truck of gold bars to the closing? Or if you have to move to another country and you have a lifetime worth of savings: are you going to ship all of your gold bars to your new home?People say that gold is “real” as opposed to (later) paper money and cryptocurrencies.This is not really true. Gold is a rock. But it does have industrial uses (silver is better for this because of price but still…). Gold and silver are great electric conductors, can be used as SILVERware. Can be used as antibiotics (hence great for fillings on teeth).So we can say that gold money is “backed” by something that has real use with value associated with it.But we still have to solve the problems above.3) PAPER MONEY BACKED BY GOLD AND…PAPER MONEYCountries made paper money that was like a contract with the government that all of that money can be converted into gold.This was great for transactions (easy to carry paper money).This was great for store of wealth (put the money in a bank and you can go anywhere). The first banks for paper money backed by gold helped fund every war in Europe in the 1800s. Good job!When paper money is backed by gold it also puts a clamp on inflation. You only have as much paper money in a country as there is gold in that country.(yes, there is a 100,000 dollar bill in the US. Woodrow Wilson is on it).So you can trust the government to not go crazy printing money that is not backed by gold (like German in the 1920s when trillions of Marks were printed and Germany went into an inflationary death spiral that was at least one cause for World War II).BUT, why benefit the countries where gold is easy to mine and punish the countries where gold is hard to mine.Also, the world is expanding in every way: more people, more technology, more innovation, more THINGS.I’m not sure this is a good thing or a bad thing (see: Germany above) but sometimes countries need to balance debt with money printing to manage their fiscal policy.The US went off of gold in the early 70s in order to fund the financial needs of both the Vietnam War and the social improvement programs of Lyndon Johnson.This created inflation.Paper money will often lead to this situation. Someone will say: why do we need the gold part?Again, might be good or bad. There’s a lot of debate. Did money printing save the US in 2008 and 2009? Maybe. Or will their be future problems caused by this? Maybe.Nevertheless, there are other problems with paper money that need to be solved:a. No privacy.If I’m making a sizable (greater than $1000) transaction I’m usually not using cash but either a credit card or a money wire.So that means your bank knows. Other banks know (the bank you are sending money to, the Federal Reserve, the local Reserve bank, etc).Government agencies know (the IRS, the NSA, etc etc).Potentially sites like Google and Amazon know depending on what payment services you use and what you are buying.So you have no privacy on your transactions with paper money.b. Fees.If I send a friend in Korea money, I go through my bank (fee), local reserve bank (fee), Federal Reserve (fee), International wiring system (fee), their central bank (fee), their local reserve bank (fee), their local bank (fee).That’s a lot of fees. Those fees help create inflation because every transaction needs to have a profit on top of those fees.c. Forgery. Something like $200 billion in forged money is circulating right now.d. Human error. This is a CRITICAL problem. There are so many opportunities for human error. When you transfer money, they can send to the wrong account. Or a bank’s software can be hacked and you lose all of your money.Or, most importantly, the Federal Reserve in the US can decide to print another trillion (Like 2009) and, without your permission, the value of your dollar has gone down.In the US we’ve been lucky. But all of South America hasn’t been so lucky (all of their currencies crashed in the 80s. Most of Asia wasn’t so lucky in the 90s (their currencies wiped them out). Russia in 1997 was wiped out.Many countries have relied on humans to print (or not print) money and the slightest human error can wipe out an entire country’s economy.The United States has been lucky. For now. But this is a HUGE error we risk every day.These are the basic problems. There are more (theft, for instance).e. What is backing paper money?Only our trust. I don’t want to be a conspiracy theorist. But the reality is: a dollar is a piece of paper. Just like gold is just a rock.How do they make us trust that the money has value?They put “In God We Trust” on it. They put George Washington. They put the signature of the Secretary of Treasury (pretending it’s a contract.).And, for the weirdos, they even put a pyramid with an eye on it.And that’s supposed to be why we trust it. I don’t trust it.4) BITCOIN (and, btw, Bitcoin is not the end. There will be a “5”).Bitcoin solves the problems above.a. Human error: there is no printing of money. There is a fixed supply of 21,000,000 coins.How do I know this? I’m a skeptic. So I read the software behind Bitcoin. I read it over and over until I could figure it out. In one part of the code they clearly define how many coins can be “mined” / printed (printed is the wrong word but I’m using it here to make the connection with paper money). And there’s another part of the code which “enforces” the first part.(part of the code that limits the total # of bitcoins to 21,000,000. I found this by reading ALL of the code for bitcoin).b. Theft. Like with every other form of currency, an exchange (like a bank) that stores your Bitcoin can be hacked and money stolen.BUT, I only keep a small amount of money in an exchange. You can get a storage drive, store your money, and put it in a safety deposit box. So even if the exchange is attacked, you still have your money.ALL theft can be prevented this way with Bitcoin. You can’t do this with paper dollars because if you have too many dollars, how will you store it? Ditto for gold.c. Forgery. The software guarantees that Bitcoins can’t be forged.d. Privacy. I can send you a Bitcoin and nobody knows who is sending it, who is receiving it, and no government institutions are aware of it.e. Fees.Some bitcoin transactions have small fees. But it’s nothing like the fees of going through six banks in the transaction described above.What’s backing it?There’s about 1000 man-years of science backing Bitcoin.The underlying technology of Bitcoin which involves heavy amounts of cryptography, financial know-how, and basics of contract law, plus the “blockchain” have 100s of use-cases that we have only just begun to play with.EVEN IF Bitcoin is never used as a coin (although note: it’s being used every day as money) there are 100s or 1000s of other uses for Bitcoin that have nothing to do with the basic money use.I won’t get into the weeds here: but suffice to say that ALL of contract law can be (and will be) eventually replaced by Bitcoin.And ALL of logistics will be replaced by Bitcoin (e.g. UPS is replacing all of their internal logistics (tracking millions of packages every day going from millions of locations to millions of other locations) by Bitcoin technology.There’s nothing behind paper money or gold like this.Now…Bitcoin has problems also.Hence the need for other cryptocurrencies. But that’s ok and not the topic for here. Suffice to say, Bitcoin solves all the basic problems of paper money, which solves the problems of gold, which solves the problems of barter.HOWEVER, there is another reason why Bitcoin is here to stay and it’s so compelling.——EVOLUTION OF EVERY INDUSTRYEverything in life evolves. Not only species but ideas.Let’s look at some industries.MEDICINETheism: 500 years ago if you got sick, you’d either pray to a god to get better, go to a shaman, make a sacrifice, or assume you committed a sin that made you sick and would try to undo the sin.Humanism: Post-rennaissance, we had human “experts” called doctors who would either leech us to death, perform horrible surgeries that would kill us, or would pat us on the back, hammer our knee and say, “take two aspirin”.Doctors aren't bad. They’ve saved many many lives. But Humanism has it’s limits. A known fact is that, on average, the moment when a doctor is most effective is his or her first year out of medical school. After that, statistically downhill.Data-ism:Now when if you go to a doctor, you get tests. You get blood work, you get an MRI, an EEG, an X-Ray, the X-Ray might go into a database and an AI algorithm matches it against other X-rays (does it match a tumor X-ray or a non-tumor X-ray?). We even get genetic testing to see if our illness is in our chromosomes.Then, armed with data, often a computer will tell us the correct solution (and even a computer can do the robotic surgery needed), or a human will help interpret the data (but there’s room for human error here).(source: National Genome Research Institute)So Medicine has evolved fromTheism → Humanism → DataismLet’s pick another industry:WARTheism: 3000 years ago if two countries went to war, the kings would perform massive sacrifices to their gods the day before.In the Bible, whosever God was stronger (Baal versus Yahweh being a notable Hebrew battle), that group would win the war.Fragments of this exist right now: May the Force Be With You, said to Luke before he flies out to fight the Death Star.Humanism: For the past 500 years, whoever had the most humans on the ground, the most bullets, then the most planes, then the most bombs. ,would win the war.Data-ism:War is being fought every day now. EVERY SINGLE DAY. Every day, some country tries to bring down the electric grid of Poland.Every day, every Fortune 500 company is attacked by “bot armies” coming from…nobody knows.I’ve been involved in the cyber security space for 25 years or more.I once was talking to a company who helps Fortune 500 companies fight “bot armies”. All of the employees were top Phds who were the experts in their fields.One guy told me, “No matter how smart we are, they are smarter.”Who are “they?” The people making the bot armies. Where do they come from? We don’t know. They come from everywhere. They are just smarter than us.Elections are rigged. Companies are attacked. Information is stolen.We have been in World War III for at least 20 years and it will never end. Dataism has taken over war.Ok…MONEYTheism: “In God We Trust”Humanism: “George Washington”. A picture of Independence Hall. Or the White House. Anything. Anything at all so that we trust humans with what we are given in exchange for the hard labor we do every single day.Do we trust humans? I tend to trust humans. But that is maybe not so smart all of the time. Humans make a lot of mistakes and that’s been the downfall of so many companies, so many families, and so many…everything.Data-ism. Bitcoin and now other cryptocurrencies.1000s of man-years of science. 100,000s of lines of code that has been checked by 10,000s of the best programmers.Data-ism prevents forgery, keeps privacy, re-creates all contract law, avoids fees, avoids theft. And this is just a small sample of what data does for money.“In Data We Trust” for better or worse. But it works.The natural evolution of money has arrived. And it’s not only Bitcoin but other cryptocurrencies.FAQ:Why do we need other Cryptocurrencies?Why do we need more than one currency at all? Why is there a US dollar and a Canadian dollar.FOR NO REASON. Just an artificial border created in 1770 and we have two different currencies.Cryptocurrencies have what I call are “problem borders”.One coin is better than Bitcoin for making contracts (Ethereum).Another coin is better for privacy ((Zcash. A problem with Bitcoin is that although there are no names on a transaction, I can see the size and the time. So privacy is still a slight problem).Another coin might be better for solving a problem of decentralized storage (as opposed to storing all of your photos on one centralizes spot that can be hacked like Google Drive). Bitcoin doesn’t address this problem.Problem Borders create new currencies.Is it too late to invest in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies?Right now, this reminds me of the Internet in 1995–6. There’s a bit of irrational exuberance in new coins. Prices are going crazy.There will be a massive pullback. BUT, the legitimate coins are here to stay and will keep going.Amazon, of course, pulled back, when the Internet pulled back. Now it will eventually be a trillion dollar company. Many companies that started in the 90s have survived and thrived and were great long-term investments that have paid off.Cryptocurrencies are the “internet of money”. The internet is here to stay and so is the internet of money.We are only in inning one of the cryptocurrency shift in our money.Will cryptocurrencies replace paper money?Yes. Eventually. It might not be Bitcoin although Bitcoin will always exist.But each country, to solve the problems of paper money, will eventually switch. Countries that are debating it include: Israel, Estonia, Venezuela, Argentina.Countries that will use some aspects of cryptocurrency technology in their central bank will soon include China, Korea, Russia, and yes, the United States.And many countries will reject cryptocurrencies but their population will shift en masse to cryptocurrencies in order to avoid corruption, human error, theft, etc. First on my list for this is Argentina.What will the value of cryptocurrencies be?When I first wrote about this, all cryptocurrencies added up was about $200 BILLION. Now it’s around $750 Billion. Although I do view many of the currencies as scams so the number is really less.That’s the “SUPPLY” of cryptocurrencies.The DEMAND is the amount of paper money + gold that exists.That number is $200 TRILLION.So in order to go from ONE TRILLION to 200 TRILLION that’s a 200x gain. In other words, $10,000 turns into $2,000,000.And if you focus on the legitimate currencies, the gains are much greater.So, again, we are very much in the beginning of this. There is no other investment opportunity in our lifetime greater than this. And we ARE at the beginning.What are the legitimate cryptocurrencies?There are many. I don’t want to get into the weeds here and discuss all the technology.And I also don’t like all the speculative trading that is going on in cryptocurrencies. Speculation leads to scams and bubbles.But just like there were Internet companies that survived the bust and became the companies we use every day, there are cryptocurrencies that exist now that we will use every day ten years from now.You said on CNBC that Bitcoin will go to a $1,000,000? Were you kidding?No.Bitcoin hit $20,000 recently. We just said it could go at least as much as 200x higher. That’s $4,000,000. So even at $1,000,000, Bitcoin will be a buy.How else can one make money in the Bitcoin sector?You don’t have to be a software developer.When the gold rush hit in the 1800s, Levis Jeans became the big winner. And the companies that sold “picks” and “shovels”.There will be many picks and shovels companies in the Bitcoin space.Sites that have the latest bitcoin news and analysis will do well. Exchanges will do well. Companies that help integrate traditional companies with the deeper parts of Bitcoin technology will do well (like whoever is helping UPS integrate blockchain tech into their logistics).Companies that help new cryptocurrencies launch will do well.And on and on.Someone said you called “Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme” in early 2013. Why should we trust you now?First, I’m always a believer that the best investment is in yourself. This will provide greater than 200x returns.That said, I was wrong in early 2013.I’ve been a software guy for 25+ years. I’m able to do my research. Which I did.By May 2013 I had already done enough research to build my own bitcoin store, go on CNBC and discuss Bitcoin, and be an advocate when it was just $60. This is all public info.But, for me, focusing on my physical health, emotional health, creative health, and spiritual health, will always be the most valuable “Currency” I can develop and trade in.Could Bitcoin be just a fad?No.Paper money DOES have the problems described above. Someone has to solve those problems. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies solve them.And every industry evolves. Cryptocurrencies are the “In Data We Trust” way in which money is evolving.And $750 BILLION believes in me on this.Who is Satoshi?Satoshi is the secretive founder of Bitcoin. He is worth many many billions in Bitcoin right now. He is anonymous and reporters, governments, etc have never figured out who he is.That said, a number of people know who he is. I read his blog every day, He is a secretive person and nobody wants to blow his cover.Well, what should I do now?Don’t listen to me.a. Get an account on Coinbase (or wherever). Buy $10 worth of Bitcoin just to taste and feel it.b. Then read. Read a lot.Here’s some books not about Bitcoin that are worth reading:Sapiens by Yuval HurariThe Evolution of Everything by Matt RidleyThe Ascent of Money by Niall Ferguson.Antifragile by Naseem TalebThere’s a lot of discussion of cryptocurrencies on Reddit and Twitter. DO NOT read those. Most of those discussions are filled with trolls although there are some decent sources there.Blogs / Sites: start with Coindesk and CoinTelegraph. You'll find the rest as you read more.

Startups need something that can give then maximum at minimum invest because the number of risks is always high! We understand all your needs and hence we have got this product for you- PayUnow!Be it any startup: food, automobiles, e-commerce, travel, IT, education or homemakers, this one is for you! It is available for FREE for Android and iOS users. Let customers discover you as you upload pictures of delicacies. To collect online payments easily, anytime and anywhere, all you have to do is share a unique business link or website which you will create with us for FREE! Here’s why you should download the app NOW:It is FREEAllows you to create a business website with zero maintenance costHas the lowest TDR in the market i.e 1.99+GST!Lets you showcase your productsAllow you to add contact details and locationMultiple payment options supportedYour customers do not need an app! All you need to accept payments directly in your bank is one link: you can choose this link for FREE!Quick and paperless bank verification and documentationPayUnow is a product of India’s largest Fintech Company- PayU! Join the communtiy of 4.5 lakhs+ businesses like you! We look forward to empowering the SMBs and give them a relief from the hassles of payments so that the only thing you need to focus is your business growth! We are continuously creating a guide to assist you with the best. Learn how to sign up, edit, share and verify by visiting here:

To open an account in Deutsche Bank, Germany, there are two choices or ways that you can open an account.Through German Consulate  [Time Consuming process] (or)Directly through Deutsche Bank [Easy process].Steps to follow for Choice ‘1’:1. To open an account through German Consulate (GC), firstly, you  need to book an appointment by sending an E-mail to your local German  Consulate for getting the required documents attested.2. Then in the mean time you need to get the ‘Bank’s Application Form’ [Can get it from the Deutsche bank’s website. Click here] and a xerox copy of your original passport.3. Now fill in the application form [Caution: Don’t write the place,  date and signature. It needs to be filled at GC.) [General queries will  be answered in FAQ’s. Please check below].4. On the day of appointment, go to the respective German Consulate withDuly filled in Bank’s Application Form.Passport Xerox Copy & Original.Pancard (original).2 passport size photos.Admission letter from university (not mandatory).Money( 30€ in rupees. Subject to current day’s exchange rate). Check in rupees here.Appointment mail copy which you got reply about date confirmation.5. Once the documents get attested, courier them to the address on the Deutsche Bank’s application form.6. With in few days, you will get a mail from the Deutsche Bank with the  details like Bank Account number etc. so that you can transfer your  money to your account.* Here you need to pay all the fees like Attestation fees, Courier  charges, travelling expenses (in case if the German consulate is not in  your city) etc.Steps to follow for Choice ‘2’: It’s very easy and recommended process as you can save fees, courier  charges and travelling expenses (in case if the Deutsche Bank is not in  your city). Very simple steps to follow. Read belowVisit the nearest Deutsche Bank branch, you can visit any branch in India for that matter.Tell them that you want to open the German Student Blocked Account, they will explain you the complete procedure.You will first have to open a Savings Bank Account with the Deutsche  Bank India (which is extra amount that you need to afford) , which has a  minimum balance requirement of INR 100,000.  Note  that every Deutsche Bank branch in India has different schemes to open  an savings account at them. Once you approach them, they will explain  you in detail.Take all the documents mentioned  above in the CHOICE ‘1’ along with  1 lakh Cheque and then they will take care of you in helping for the  rest of the procedure.Once you get the mail from the Deutsche Bank, Germany, you can transfer the amount to your account.Pay Attention: If you are processing through Deutsche Bank  i.e.; ‘Choice 2′ then I suggest that you can ask your doubts  (if any) directly to the respective Person in the Bank. Thank you!FAQ’s:1. How can I book an appointment for to get my documents attested?A: If you are going through German Consulate then just send an E-mail  to the local German Consulate with the subject, “opening a blocked  account” and write your name and contact in mail’s body. You get reply  within a day.2. Where can I get the respective Bank’s Application Form?A:  You can find them in Deutsche Bank’s website. Click here.3. Do I need to sign in the Application Form as I fill other details?A: No. Don’t fill the Date, Place and Signature columns. You need to fill and sign at German Consulate.4. I am not understanding what to fill at certain sections of the application form. Can you help me?A: Yes sure. I am attaching a sample filled in Application Form. Download here sample-db-acc.5. Can I transfer any extra amount to my blocked account?A: Yes. Put 50€ extra i.e.; total of 8090 Euros while transferring  the amount as it will be deducted by Deutsche Bank, Germany as  processing fees. If you put more no harm but it will be useless as that  amount will be just blocked and will carry no interest.6. Through which bank I can transfer the money to my blocked account?A: Any nationalized bank (of course you need to pay for processing and transferring fees) like SBI, Deutsche Bank etc.7. What’s the difference between opening a blocked account  through German Consulate and directly through Deutsche Bank?A: No difference. Difference lies in procedure that’s it. When you go  through German Consulate it is time consuming as you need to take  appointment and pay all the other charges like Attestation fees, Courier  charges, traveling expenses etc. where as you can avoid these when you  open through Deutsche Bank directly and the process will be easier. But  here you need to open a savings account at them of 1,00,000 rupees.For more information on blocked account and VISA process, go to: German Missions in India

People used to go for Partnership before. But as LLP was introduced under LLP act 2008, people started taking much more interest in it. It has many advantages over Partnership firms. Few of the advantages are as follows:To set up the company, the cost is low as compared to partnership firms.The personal assets are safe in LLP and are exposed to anyone.As we all know, company require audit but there no audit in case of LLPs.The process of changing the Partnership into LLP is quite is easy. Following are the steps which you need to follow.DPIN and DSC will be required as these are very important while converting your partnership into LLP.You should select a name which will be sent for the approval. One more thing, the company name should end with LLP.After name approval, you need to file LLP form 2, LLP form 3 and LLP form 17. Some of the documents which will be required while these forms are as follows:Address proof of registered office,Approval by regulatory authority,Details of partnership (including details of partners and directors)Consent of all the partners,Copy of the latest income tax return (can be acknowledgment),No Objection certificate from tax authorities,List of creditors and their consent, andList of certified liabilities and assets.After assembling all these documents, the form should be submitted to the registrar with the fees. Verification will be done and after few days if there wont be any issue in documents, you will be issued a certificate from government office.To make your efforts hassle free, you can get this conversion with the help of experts. I got my Private Limited Company registration with the help of experts at LegaRaasta. Their service was appreciable. So you can go with them!

There are already some good answers (the Charles Harris one will keep you rocking for weeks!), but I’m going to zone in on one particular word in your question: easiest. My first nominee is A:A C D D#/Eb E G AThis is the closest equivalent to playing the white keys on the piano. D#Eb is the spatula key under your right hand pinky.Nominee #2 is the D Blues Scale:D F G G#/Ab A C DThe cool thing is this one can be played two octaves within the normal range of the instrument, so double the fun. You will have to activate a left palm key to get the high D.So that’s a quick way to sound cool on the horn, but long-term you gotta handle all of the keys. My modest proposal is to simply memorize all 15 major scales. Treat them the exact same way you burned the multiplication tables in, and then thank me later. A former sax instructor once told me, “every scale is just some sort of F’d up major scale.” Truer words were never spoken. Once you’ve got them locked in, see if you can conquer the One Minute Challenge:Become a Great Musician in 1 Minute (#OneMinuteChallenge)And remember these first two formulas:Major Scale: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Blues Scale: 1 b3 4 #4/b5 5 b7 8