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FAQs
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How does GDPR affect Sales Development that doesn't buy lists but uses publicly available information like LinkedIn and Zoominfo
There are many aspects to GDPR. The two main ones being:1) getting consent from users to collect and use their data, and2) storing that data securely and only as long as necessary).However, that not only impacts marketing channels and processes, but also SALES and how you generate cold leads (e.g. through public sources).Salespeople must be aware of the implications of GDPR and comply with them, just like marketing-people.For salespeople that mainly affects 3 areas:Getting consent from users to collect and use their data, e.g. through esignatures and electronic contracts. (Using public data does not mean you can automatically contact them directly)Storage of customer data (e.g. CRMs)Using legal and GDPR-compliant contracts with customersIn my understanding, using public data still violates with 1): The contact still hasnt given you the right to contact him! In fact, not even a simple signup through an email form necessarily gives you the right to contact him. You still need a) inform him BEFOREHAND how you are going to use and store his data and b) send him a double opt-in email (if you want to be on the safe side)However, there are even more aspects that salespeople need to care about when it comes to GDPR.Lets have a closer look.Using cloud-solutions to ‘outsource’ the technical liability of data storageOne way to ‘easily’ become GDPR compliant in data storage, is by ‘outsourcing’ a majority (or all) of the data storage into the cloud, e.g. by using a cloud-based CRM over storing customer data on your local drive in an excel spreadsheet. That way, the cloud provider will have to ensure that the data is stored securely; has to put the necessary technical requirements into place to allow users to be forgotten; is the one who has to report and be liable for any data bsignNowes; etc. You are basically shifting the responsibility to somebody else.Getting consent from users to collect and use data, esignatures can be one solutionThere’s many ways to get the consent of a user to send him promotional material or cold emails. GDPR defines requirements for obtaining consent to process an individual’s personal data. This consent must be specific, informed, unambiguous, freely given, and documented. e-signatures can help to making sure this is the case. We make it easier to obtain affirmative consent at the point of data collection – in real-time.Ensure the use of GDPR compliant contracts throughout the sales teamIf you are managing a large sales team it might be difficult to ensure everybody is using the latest contract templates. What if they send out an outdated version that is not GDPR-compliant? A digital contract management platform[1] can help by only allowing salespeople to use certain contract templates without the option to edit certain legal terms of the contract.I wrote a blog article that goes into more detail how cloud solutions can help salespeople be GDPR compliant, specifically with digital contract management platforms: Sales organizations need to comply with GDPR. This is what you need to do with your sales contracts. | Accordium - Agree FasterFULL DISCLOSURE: Im co-founder of Accordium, a sales automation and digital contract platform.Footnotes[1] Home | Accordium - Agree Faster
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Can we make any changes in the JEE Main application form?
JEE Main 2018 Application Correction has been started from 9th January 2018. JEE Main exam is a national level examination which is conducted by CBSE. The exam is held for admission in undergraduate engineering courses in IITs, NITs, and IIITs. The exam is be conducted in two modes online which is computer based and offline which is pen and paper based. Candidates should know that what entries can be modified and what is restricted for any modification. In this article, we are discussing JEE Main 2018 Application Form Correction Detail.JEE Main Application Form 2018 – Application Correction StartedJEE Main 2018 Application Correction has been started from 9th January 2018. Corrections can be done through login.JEE Main application form was released from 1st December 2017 through the official site of the board. The last date to fill the application was 1st January 2018. Candidates should fill the form correctly and completely. Incomplete information in the application form will lead to disqualification of the candidate. The candidates have to fill the application form through online mode only. CBSE has provided the facility of JEE Main application correction in some particulars.JEE Main Correction 2018 DatesJEE Mains Correction in the application form is the one time opportunity to edit application form. There is an option for one time correction of personal particulars of candidates. JEE Main application form correction 2018 window has been opened from 9th – 22nd January 2018. Any additional correction fee can be paid between 9th – 23rd January 2018.JEE Main 2018 Correction can be done only if the candidates have paid the fee and completed all the steps of online application form of JEE Main. The candidates can modify all the particulars (including images of the photo, thumb impression, and signature) of his/her application form. The balance fee, if any due to correction in particulars, will have to be paid by the candidates during that period. In case of fee payment, any changes done in the application will be updated after the succefull payment. No change will be allowed to switch from CBT to pen paper exam.Note: The change of mode from computer based to pen & paper based will not be allowed. Modification in the city for examination will be allowed. The additional amount (if applicable) should be paid by the candidates through credit/debit card/e-wallet (SBI buddy/Paytm) or e-challan in the Canara/ICICI/HDFC/Syndicate Bank during the correction period. Since, it is the one-time facility, extended to the candidates to avoid any hardship to them; therefore, the candidates are informed to do the correction very carefully because no further chance of correction will be given to the candidates for whatsoever reason.How to Correct Application FormThe candidates should follow the following steps for JEE Main Correction 2018 in application form:Go to the official site. (link is given above)Log in with your application number and password.After login, the details filled in the form are displayed.At the end of the page, a link with Edit Application Form is displayed.Go through the form carefully.Once you finish editing check and recheck all the details.Submit only when you are satisfied that form is now correctly filled.When the form is submitted after correction, take a print out of JEE Main 2018 application form correction slip and keep it safe.
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What are the significances of scales in a guitar?
Any music very broadly comprises three components: rhythm, harmony, melody. Rhythm means at what times in the piece notes or sounds are played and for how long, how many tempo, bars, quarter notes, sixteenths, time signature, polyrhythms, grooves and things like that. So all the instruments in general follow one rhythm structure.Over this temporal structure music is played. That has two parts, the harmony and the melody. The harmony part plays chords, whether arpeggiated, strummed or syncopated or what not. They stack different notes at the same time giving a dimensional quality to the sound. Over one chord progression or harmony, one can play thousands of different melodies. Melodies are a sequence of notes played over the chord progression usually at the higher octaves floating over the notes in the chord progression. There may be more that one melody line simultaneously, often harmonized. The thing to understand is that even when you are playing a melody you are adding to the harmony. For instance a C major chord is playing in the harmony, and in the melody you play the notes A, B, F. The implied chords here are CMaj6, CMaj7, CMaj add11.So a scale is basically constructed from a chord progression. A scale is a set of notes chosen from the chromatic scale that best fits a chord progression. These notes have just proven to sound nice with a certain chord progression. So if you have a chord progression CMaj, FMaj, GMaj. All the notes in these chord (C,E,G), (F,A,C), (G,B,D) form the C major scale. So you can safely play any of those notes anywhere in the chord progression and it will sound good, but you have to resolve to the tonality at the right time for it to sound right.If the chord progression is CMaj, Fmin, GMaj. This is still the 1-4-5 in the key of C but the 4 is now a minor. So what scale to use then? This is a classic case of a chord borrowed from a parallel mode. The Fmin chord belongs to the C natural minor scale. So, over the CMaj and GMaj your scale could be C,D,E,F,G,A,B,C, while over the Fmin your scale would comprise C,D,Eb,F,G,Ab,Bb. The safest notes here are the F,Ab,C as they belong to the chord, then the other safe notes are the D and G as they belong to the original key. With experimentation you can make the Eb and Bb sound amazing in this context. So over all you are using 10 notes out of 12 in your piece.Edit: In this above example I had another thought of what can be applied to forget the concept of scales. This chord progression CMaj, Fmin, GMaj can be thought of the I-IV-V in the key of C. Considering this to be borrowed from the parallel minor we stick in the world of diatonic scales (scales with the formula 2-2-2-1-2-2-1). On the other hand, forget the Cminor scale. When you get to the Fmin, understand that in the C major scale only one note has changed, the A has become the Ab. So over this Fmin the allowed notes now are C,D,E,F,G,Ab,B,C. This becomes a non diatonic scale, it maybe called C Ionian b6th(flat sixth). This may have some popular name that I dont know of. So, here I have thought harmonically rather than in terms of scale. Both the methods above and here will result in two completely different sounds.In conclusion, what is a scale? A set of notes that fit a set of chords. Scales are the result of harmonies. Just loose rules that can be broken as and when required. Scales exist only to practice and increase the dexterity of the fingers to signNow quickly to a right note on your instrument. With a little deftness one can fit any of the twelve notes in context and make it sound musical. :)
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Is digital signature a pre-requisite for online Trademark registration?
click here for digital signatureCan I use my USERID and password of earlier version to log in to the Comprehensive e-filing system?No, the services of older version of e-filing have been stopped. You need to create a new user id in the Comprehensive e-filing system.4. Can one digital signature be used to create multiple login IDs?No, you cannot create multiple user IDs with single digital Signatures. Digital signatures are the instruments of authenticity & Integrity and should be used by the person who owns it. One should not allow any other person to use his/her digital signatures. Safe custody of digital Signatures is the responsibility of the owner.5. I am not able to add my digital signatures for registration?The computer which is being used for Comprehensive e-filing system should run the browser (Internet Explorer in Windows 7) in “Administrative mode” i.e. right click on the Internet Explorer icon and click “Run as Administrator”. For other Operating systems, please contact your system administrator on how to run browser in administrative mode.6. I am getting a Run time error while adding digital signatures?The computer which is being used for Comprehensive e-filing system should run the browser (Internet Explorer in Windows 7) in “Administrative mode” i.e. right click on the Internet Explorer icon and click “Run as Administrator”. For other Operating systems, please contact your system administrator on how to run browser in administrative mode.7. I am having Mac/Linux OS. Can I use the Comprehensive e-filing system?Currently the e-filing system supports only Windows XP (SP3) and above Operating systems.8. Which web browser is best suited for using the system?Internet Explorer 9 and above.9. My Digital Signature Certificate has expired and I have changed / replaced it with new one. How do I update it?Open the link “Renew Digital Signature” under the Control Panel in the left Navigation bar and update your digital signature by following the guidelines given therein.10. I accidentally uploaded wrong Digital certificate while Registration, how do I replace the digital certificate?Please follow steps mentioned in the previous question.11. When I press "Add digital signature" it gives a message, password should not be empty?Please enter your password after adding your digital signatures.12. On clicking “Add digital signature” system shows “Certificate not found”, while same has already been installed?Ensure that CA and CCA certificates of the PKI vendor has been installed and all the certificates in the certification path are “OK” (To view: Open Internet Explorer Tools Internet Options Content click “Certificates” button Select your Digital certificate Click “View” button In the new window click “Certification Path” tab The “Certificate Status:” should show : “This certificate is OK” ).13. I am a Registered Patent agent but when I validate my Patent Agent number while registration it gives the message “Agent Code is not valid”. What should I do?Check the status of validity in the Agent Register given at IPAIRS http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/pa... .Any shortcomings may be notified to meenakshi.ipo@nic.in / cgoffice-mh@nic.in14. I need help and information about Comprehensive E-filing system?Please refer to the user manual given at the home page of Comprehensive E-filing system for all the detailed information and usage.15. Which forms can I file through Comprehensive E-filing services system?Almost all the forms given in the Schedule 1 of the Patent Rules can be filed thorough the Comprehensive E-filing services system. It should be noted that the documents like Power of Attorney, Assignments, Certified copies etc. are required to be filed in original at the respective Patent offices.16. I have filed a form through the Comprehensive E-filing services system successfully, made the payment and got the application number/reference number/receipt but still I cannot view my filing on the IPAIRS?Some of the filings are required to be approved by Patent Office before updating on IPAIRS.17. Can I edit the drafted form after I have digitally signed it?You can edit the drafted form till you have not digitally signed it. Once it is signed, it cannot be edited and needs to be re-drafted after trashing the previous one.18. Following error is displayed on the screen when I attempt to draft a form: “Error has occurred on the form. Please notify development team”.Click on the “Show Details” link given below the error message. Copy the error details and mail it to ipo-helpdesk@nic.in/ delhi.tmr@nic.in19. I attempted to pay for a form through the payment gateway but I got a transaction error. What do I do?In case there is a transaction error:• Check the status in “Transaction Failure” under PAYMENTS tab.• Unsuccessful transactions: If the amount is debited from the users bank account and payment gateway shows unsuccessful transaction, the amount will be refunded by the payment gateway to the users bank account. E-filers are advised to wait for at least 60 minutes before re-attempting the transactions. Users are also advised to ensure that the payment gateway shows unsuccessful against the previous attempt, to avoid multiple payments against the same set of applications.• If still there is no detail of the concerned form, check your Bank statement/account for the debited amount. If the Payment has been deducted from your account, do not file the same form again and email the details to ipo-helpdesk@nic.in /delhi.tmr@nic.in along with the Transaction ID .20. Can I use any Payment gateway to pay for the application fees?User can use comprehensive payment gateway of Central Bank of India for Payment of Fees. The gateway provides payment options through internet banking of multiple banks and along with credit/debit cards payment options.21. Where can I get the history of all my Payments?You can view all your Payment transactions in the link given in the left navigation bar under “Payment History”.
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Is the government's DIGILocker safe? What are the security features that assures me my documents can't be stolen?
DigiLocker, a national Digital Locker System has been recently launched by the Govt. of India. This Digital Locker (elocker) is part of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Digital India program/initiative.Department of Electronics & Information Technology (DeitY) under Ministry of Communications & IT- Government of India, has launched the Beta version of this online documents storage facility on 10th feb 2015Before understanding more about this online e-storage facility, kindly note that you need to have Aadhaar number (issued by UIDAI-Unique Identification Authority of India) to use DigiLocker facility. Digital Locker System or DigiLocker is an Aadhar-linked facility.What is DigiLocker (Digital Locker System)?DigiLocker is an online storage facility provided by the Government of India to store your important documents. You can upload documents like Voter Id card, PAN card, BPL card, Driving license, education certificates etc., These documents will be linked to your Aadhar number and can be treated as authorized documents. So, you may not need to carry physical documents while applying for jobs or government certificates or educational institutions etc.,Why DigiLocker?Most of our important documents are prevalent in physical form, leading to huge administrative overhead.Challenge to us in submitting multiple physical copies of the documents.Challenge to the institutions/govt/agencies to verify the authenticity of the documents.Objectives/Features/Benefits of Digital Locker system (DigiLocker)The following points will make you understand how the online digital storage system (DigiLocker) works.It will enable digital empowerment of residents by providing us with Digital Locker on thecloud. As mentioned above, you can upload your important documents and keep them online. Digital Locker is linked to your Aadhaar number.Minimize the use of physical documents. Uploading your certificates like those related to birth, marriage, income and caste certificates on the e-locker will ensure that there is no need to carry them in the physical format when they are needed for educational or job applications. For example – You are applying for a job in BSNL. While verifying your application, BSNL can access your Education related certificates on DigiLocker, based on your Aadhar number. (Here BSNL can be called as ‘Requester.’ Requester has to register for accessing repository of documents available on digital locker system).You can also share e-documents online with any registered requester agency or department.Ensure Authenticity of the e-documents and thereby eliminating usage of fake documents.Secure access to Govt. issued documents through a web portal and mobile application for residents. For example – RTO (Regional Transport Office) can issue driving certificate and upload the document (in standard format) in the designated repository. The document (driver’s license in this case) will be pushed to the concerned resident’s (you)Digital Locker based on his/her Aadhaar number. In this case RTO can be called as an ‘Issuer.’ Another example can be, in future an Educational University can issue Graduation certificates and upload them to digital locker system. Students can then access their respective education certificates online (based on Aadhaar Id number).Anytime and anywhere access to the documents.Enable e-Signing of documents and make them available electronically. Digital signature can be done online. (I believe e-sign online service is not yet integrated)Dedicated personal storage space (10MB). This may be increased to 1 GB in future.Architecture to support a well-structured standard document format to support easy sharing of documents across departments and agencies.Ensure privacy and authorized access to residents’ data.You can also download eAadhar from the DigiLocker portal/website.You can access List of issuers which have issued e-documents to resident (you) and list of requesters which have accessed resident’s (your) documents.Who are the stakeholders of DigiLocker?As highlighted in the above points, the key stake holders (parties) who can access the Digital Locker system are Residents, Issuers and Requesters. Government is planning to roll out this facility throughout India. It is encouraging Government agencies (can be a requester or an issuer) to on board on Digital locker system. Going forward, it may also encourage Employers to use this DigiLocker system.Issuers of documents (in standard format) can be – Registrar office, Income Tax department, RTO, Educational institutions etc., (Issuer is an entity issuing e-documents to individuals in a standard format and making them electronically available).Requesters of documents can be – Employers, Universities, Passport Office etc., (Requester is an entity requesting secure access to a particular e-document stored in the repository).Resident can be – An individual (you) who uses the Digital Locker service based on Aadhar and OTP (one time password) authentication.How to activate (or) access DigiLocker (Digital Locker system/facility)?To Sign-up for the DigiLocker you need to have an Aadhaar number and a mobile number registered with Aadhaar.Visit digitallocker.gov.in (Click on the image to enlarge it)Enter your Aadhar number (12 digit UID number).Enter the characters displayed in the captcha code.After clicking signup/login button, an OTP (One Time Password) will be sent by UIDAI to the mobile number and email-id registered with your Aadhaar. (OTP is valid for 30 minutes) (I have logged into the portal and it is really quick and simple).Enter the OTP and click on “Validate OTP” button. Once the OTP is validated the signup and login is complete.Below screenprint shows you the various menu options that are available on the home page. (Click on the image to enlarge it)You can upload various documents like SSC certificate, PAN card, Voter Id etc., On successful upload, the document will be listed under “Uploaded Documents” subsection.You can find ‘Share’ option Under the menu ‘My certificates.’‘My profile’ menu section displays the complete profile of the resident (Name, Date of Birth, Gender,Residential Address, email, mobile number) as available in the UIDAI database.My Issuer – This section displays the Issuer name and the number of documents issued to the resident by the issuer.My Requester – This section displays the Requester name and the number of documents requested from the resident by the requester.Directories – This section displays the complete list of registered Issuers and Requesters along with their URL.How can I share the e-documents in my digital locker?For sharing your e-document (mentioned as URI under “Digital Documents” subsection or under “Uploaded Documents” subsection) you need to click on “Share” link provided against the document you would like to share. A dialog box will pop up. Please enter the email address of the recipient in the dialog box and click “Share” button. The document will be shared with the recipient via email. The recipient will receive an email from “no-reply@digitallocker.gov.in”. The subject line of the email will mention the document name and document type. The email body will have the URI-Uniform Resource Indicator link of the document and the sender name and Aadhaar number. The recipient can access the document using the URI link provided in the email.(A URI is a Uniform Resource Indicator generated by the issuer department, which is mandatory for every e-document of the digital locker system. This unique URI can be resolved to a full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to access the actual document in appropriate repository).I believe this is a good initiative by our government. The challenge is to implement and execute this new-age idea across different agencies/govt departments/institutions.Edit 1 : Source : Govt's Digital Locker System - Details & Benefits of "DigiLocker"
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What should I know about Manbhum (Purulia) Bengali language movement in the 1950s?
The history of Manbhum begins with The Diwani (the right to collect taxes) of Bengal province (Bengal, Bihar and Urishya) being handed over to the British East India Company after the Mughal ruler Shah Alam II and his allies were defeated in the Battle of Buxar[1].[“Shah 'Alam conveying the grant of the Diwani to Lord Clive”- panting by Benjamin West | image source]Manbhum district was created as a part of organizational restructure (for efficiency in revenue collection) of the British East India Company administration after the Charter Act in 1833[2][3][4] [5] .Manbajar was selected as the district town of this new district[6] . District capital was later shifted to Purulia in 1838[7] .Parts of this district is now constituted in Pashcim (west) Bardhaman, Purulia, and Bankura (of West Bengal) and Dhanbad, Dhalbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan (of Jharkhand)[8][9] .Manbhum district was consecutively reduced in size in 1845, 1846, 1871 and 1879. After the last reduction, the area of the district was reduced to 10,650 square-kilometres from the initial 20,450.5 square-kilometres[10] [11] .The division of Bengal as proposed by Curzon was rolled back, in 1911–12[12] . On 22 March, Bengal was divided into Bengal and Bihar-Orissa- two provinces[13] [14] . Manbhum was placed in Bihar-Orissa despite the fact that majority were Bengali speaking people[15][16] .[Manbhum district on middle-right portion of the Bihar-Orissa province. (p. 89 of Census of India, 1911)| image source]The Bengali commonners and intelligentsia opposed the move. Even prominent Biharis such as Sachchidananda Sinha, Md. Fakhruddin, Deep Narayan Singh (later Chief Minister of Bihar) voiced their protest against this.The frontrunners in freedom movement, the National Congress always believed in the ideology of Indian states formed based on the major spoken languages[17] . Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru both supported the idea of provinces based on languages [math]^{1}[/math]. In 1920 Nagpur Session of Congress, which was presided over by C. Vijayaraghavachariar discussed on and passed resolution to form states based on languages[18].The Bihar-Orissa province was broken and two separate states- Bihar and Orissa were curved out of it in 1935[19] [20] . And Manbhum was kept in Bihar despite the fact that 87 percent were Bengali speakers (1937 census of India)[21][22][23] .[Cropped image of Indian map in 1951, notice how West Bengal is sans Purulia. (Territory outside India is marked as per their present name) | image source]The then President of Congress, Dr. Rajendraprasad (also the first president of Independent India), formed “Manbhum Bihari Samiti” to ensure the interests of the Hindi-speaking people of Manbhum. Another organization was set up under the leadership of the legendary Barrister, who became a judge at the young age of 37 years, PR Das[24][25] [the brother of Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation) Chittaranjan Das]- “Manbhum Bengali Samiti” to ensure the welfare of Bengali speaking people of the district[26] .Bihar state government opened several Hindi medium schools in Manbhum, a Bengali majority state, but did not open any Bengali medium school. So the Bengali speaking people of Manbhum district started to open Bengali medium schools on their own based on requirement and as a sign of protest[27] .India gained Independence on 15 August, 1947.On 17 June, 1948, a committee was set up by Dr. Rajendraprasad to enquire whether it was advisable to create language based provinces in India as promised by Indian National Congress in earlier times[28] .By this time, Congress top brass started to actively resist to the idea of language based provinces. They thought that it would be harmful for national integrity and harmony.The committee constituted of Justice SK Dar (Ex- Justice of Allahabad High-court), JN Lal (an attorney) and Mr. Panna Lall (Retired bureaucrat)[29] . On 10 December, 1948 it submitted its report. It reported that it won’t be good for greater good of India to form provinces based on languages. To quote it- “the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation”. It prescribed that provinces should be set up based on geographical proximity, advantages in administering and economic reasons[30][31] .The committee’s reports were much resented by the people.In the annual Congress session (Jaypur) of the year, a new high profile committee was set up regarding this matter. It constituted of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya (JVP Committee). It reported that, based on popular demand, the country would think on creating language based provinces. Though there would be some exceptions- keeping in mind the greater good of India[32][33] .When the central government was busy in considering that whether language was a good and safe ground to divide and form new provinces upon, the Bihar state government suddenly announced Hindi as the only official language of the state.It was decreed that-Only Hindi were to be taught to the children from primary level.All of the schools’ signboards should be written in Hindi only. (School Inspector Circular No. 700/5R dated 18 March, 1948)No Bengali prayer song was allowed any more in school assembly. “Ramdhun”, a hindi song replaced whatever assembly prayer song was sung in Bengali medium schools. (School Inspector Circular No. 700/5R dated 18 March, 1948)It was mandatory for the Bengali speakers to always carry a domicile certificate and to produce it whenever demanded by authority.Only language of communication to/from government was set to Hindi.[34][35][36]Bengali people were getting restless and protests were being held.On, 30 April, 1948, under the presidency of Atul Chandra Ghosh, in Congress session (held in Jitan village in Bandoan), the Manbhum District Committee of Congree tried to discuss the inclusion of Manbhum in Bengal, but no resolution could be introduced as it was deliberately suppressed by Hindi speaking members.In 30 May, a vote was taken in this matter whether the local Congress Committee will support the drive in Purulia to let Bengali be official language of Manbhum. The resolution was defeated 43-55.[37]The Bihar State Government became vigilant in enforcing the laws that opposed the use of Bengali.[Atul Chandra Ghosh: a prominent freedom fighter and a key figure in the Bengali Language Movement in Manbhum | image source]On 14 June, 1948, 37 respected Congress leaders including Atul Chandra Ghosh (also the founding Secretary of Manbhum District Congress), Bibhutibhushan Dashgupta, Arunchandra Ghosh quit Congress and formed “Lok Sevak Sangha” to ensure Bengali and Bengali speakers get respect and decenct treatment in the district. They followed the path of Mahatma Gandhi and started Satyagraha movement.[38] [39]The main agenda of this organization included peaceful protests, demonstrations and Arandhana (no cooking in houses) vows etc. To curb this popular movement, Bihar State Government stopped supplying rice to Manbhum. To remedy this, the organizers started importing rice from Bankura. This constituted Food Satyagraha.[40]When the commoners behind this movement wanted to sell their farming instruments such as ploughs to fund the movement, the state government banned selling of farming instruments, but people did it anyway in a stunt to break the law. This formed Haal-jowal Satyagraha (Plough Satyagraha).[41]The Bihar State Government then banned all marches and demonstrations of the Bengali language movement.[42] Reportedly, this worsened the overall situation. And the movement went on for years.Bengali periodicals and magazines such as “Mukti”, “Marmabani”, “Kalyan Barta”, “Harijan Kalyan Sangbad”, “Palli Sewak”, “Tapoban”, “Agragami” and “Manbhum” played an important role spreading the news and awareness among people about the movement. The opposing party also published “Nirala”, “Pragati”, “Nirman”, “Prajatantra”, “Jana Sewak” etc.[43]Then the Satyagrahis used the very popular and centuries old folk songs indigenous to Purulia district- Tusu[44] [45][46] . This started in 9 January, 1954 and ended in 8 February of the same year. Tusu songs, widely popular in the district, was among the heavy influences in the 250 folk songs written and composed by Rabndranath Tagore. [47]Tusu songs became a tool of further spreading the movement.[48] New songs were written which became very popular. At that time, people felt very hurt and angry. And this sentiments ran very high. Let me show you an exemplary songwhich became very popular then-“শুন বিহারী ভাই, তোরা রাখতে লারবি ডাং দেখাইতোরা আপন তরে ভেদ বাড়ালি, বাংলা ভাষায় দিলি ছাইভাইকে ভুলে করলি বড় বাংলা-বিহার বুদ্ধিটাইবাঙালী-বিহারী সবই এক ভারতের আপন ভাইবাঙালীকে মারলি তবু বিষ ছড়ালি-হিন্দি চাইবাংলা ভাষার পদবীতে ভাই কোন ভেদের কথা নাইএক ভারতের ভাইয়ে ভাইয়ে মাতৃভাষার রাজ্য চাই।”[49] [50][(rough) translation-Listen Bihari brothers, you won’t be able to keep (Manbhum), see our sticks.You just increased the tensions for no need, threw dirt at Bengali;You forgot who your brothers are, emphasized on the sense of difference between Bengal and Bihar;Bengali and Bihari people are nothing but the brothers of the same (Mother) IndiaYet you hurt us, spread poison- demanded HindiIn (this) Bengali poetry, there is no sense of hostility, friend!We just want provinces among brothers of India which are based on the languages that our mothers speak.](Poet- Bhajahari Mahato)Many such Tusu songs spreaded across whole Manbhum. A collection of such songs were published as a book titles “Tusur Gaan-e Manbhum” (“Manbhum in Tusu Songs”). Thousands of copies of this books were sold within days.Where the Purulia Judges’ Court is situated now, there used to be a big field in front of it. Tusu songs were sung for whole night in the night of Makar Sangkranti every year. That year, on the night of 13 January, 1954[51] , people gathered in large numbers to celebrate the auspicious night, along with Satyagrahis. The people who were involved in peaceful protest, were soon attacked by the State Police and police lathi-charged upon the protesters. People were sent to jail in large numbers. [52][Bhajahari Mahato, freedom fighter, MP and key figure of Manbhum Bengali Language Movement | image source]17 Satyagrahis were charged with Section- 9 Sub-section (5) of Bihar State Public Safety Act. And Section 143 (Illegal gathering), Section 225 (Trying to obstruct the lawful apprehension of persons by force) and Section 186 (obstruction in government business) of Indian Penal Code were slapped on Lok Sebak Sangha leader Atul Chandra Ghosh, Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA-LA) Bhajahari Mahato, a prominent freedom fighter and Member of Parliament (MP-LS), Labanyaprabha Ghosh (wife of Atul Chandra Ghosh), Arun Chandra Ghosh and Ashok Choudhury.[53]73 years old Atul Chandra Ghosh, who was a freedom fighter for Independence of India, who then suffered from low blood pressure and bronchitis were first kept with third class inmates of Purulia jail and then transported in open truck to Hajaribag jail, 154 km away.[image source]Member of Parliament Bhajahari Mahato[54] [55] was brought to court in handcuffs and rope tied around his waist by the police- like a petty criminal. He was sentenced to 11 months in jail.A 15 year old boy named Babulal Mahato who was blind in both eyes from his birth was given 3 months in jail and two hunded rupees in fine.A 9 year old boy named Sudhanya Mahato was sentenced to 9 months in jail and slapped thousand rupees in fine.Samarendra Ojha who was an ex-member of the Congress Provincial Committee, was slapped 1 year in jail and 1000 rupees in fine. [1 INR in 1958 == 74.21 INR today; no data available for 1953][56]Arunchandra Ghosh along with five others received 14 months in jail.Ashok Chowdhury along with two others received 1 year in jail.23 others were sentenced to several periods of jail time in jail.[57]To collect the sums of the fine, the Bihar State Police went to homes of the Satyagrahis in the night of 21 February, 1954. The police tried to croak household items of the Satyagrahis. Bihar State Police raided the houses of the Satyagrahis in Pitidari village in Manbajar P.S. In those houses, it is alleged that, on that night, the police assaulted the women and acted with them in dishonourable manner.[58]At this stage, the tension between two language groups- Bengalis and Biharis of Manbum climbed to the peak. Goons allegedly supported by the Bihar Government used violence as a tool to curb the movement. Many Bengali medium schools and major institutions owned by Bengali business owners were set on fire.[59]Bihar State Government ordered even the Bengali Medium Schools to stop teaching Bengali and emphasized again on using Hindi as the only official language of the state. All the new recruits in the public schools were Hindi-speaking, and no Bengali teachers were allowed to enter the job. All the government employees and officers who were Bengali were transferred out of Manbhum to other districts of Bihar.[60]To discuss the situation a special convention was organized in Patna on 5 July, 1954. Bihar CM Krishna Singh, Revenue Minister Krishnaballabh Sahay, Secretary of Education Badrinath Sharma, Secretary of Information Mahesh Prasad Singh from Bihar and West Bengal CM Bidhan Chandra Roy and Atulya Ghosh, the President of West Bengal Provincial Congress Committee from West Bengal were the involved parties.[61]After the meeting was over, West Bengal CM BC Roy told the press that he was satisfied with the Bihar Government’s initiatives to promote Bengali language, teach Bengali kids in their mother tongue. That the Bihar government was doing all it can to reserve the rights of the Bengali speakers of the state. He said he was also satisfied with the fact the Bihar government wished to enquire into the alleged matter. He said that he did not find any truth in the allegations against the Bihar Government.[62]We, looking back, should not be surprised that Bidhan Chandra Roy behaved in this way. It is assumed that he was pressurized by Congress High-Command of that time. When a prominent figure like Dr. Rajendraprasad, was openly in favour of opposing side, there is not much a state CM belonging to Congress party could do.The West Bengal State Congress played no role in the the inclusion of Manbhum to West Bengal. The leftist parties also played insignNow roles in this movement. It was a non-political movement from its inception to its end.After Indian Independence, there erupted many movements in different parts of India demanding separate provinces for different language groups. Such movements were in full swing in Maharashtra (for a separate Gujarat province) and Madras (for a separate Andhra Pradesh).On 15 December, 1952, a Gandhian Satyagrahi, named Potti Sreeramulu fasted onto death after eating nothing for 58 days. He was fasting for the very popular demand of a separate state for Telugu speakers (Andhra Pradesh).[Potti Sriramalu | image source]In his death, all hell broke loose in Madras, and two days after Sriramalu’s death, PM Nehru announced that there would be a separate Andhra state. After the Andhra state became a reality, all other language groups began demanding separate states with a renewed vigour.[63]Keeping the vastly popular sentiment in mind, and as having new states and state lines was very practical from the perspective of administration, security and economy, Government of India formed a high profile State Reorganization Commission.[The first meeting of the States Reorganisation Commission in New Delhi. From right, K.M. Panikkar, Saiyid Fazl Ali (Chairman) and Hriday Nath Kunzru, taken on 12 February, 1954 | image source]It consisted of Supreme Court Chief Justice Sir Fazal Ali, famed diplomat and historian KM Panikkar and politician Dr. Hriday Nath Kunzru. Ultimately it divided India into 16 states and 3 union territories. In 1956, the new states came into being by law[64] . [math]^{2}[/math]The State Reorganisation Comission visited 104 towns and cities, interviewed more than 9,000 people and received 152,250 written submissions. Among these places, Mambhum was visited by KM Panikkar, the Historian and HN Kunzru on 5 February, 1955[65][66] . The commission submitted its report on 10 October, 1955. [math]^{3}[/math]The Satyagrahis of Manbhum were expecting a positive impact. But they were still not sure given the oddities and vigilant resistance they have faced from the authorities.Suddenly the CMs of Bihar and West Bengal came out with a wild idea, that had no base in popular sentiments whatsoever, among the people of either state- unification of Bihar and West Bengal states and forming a unified state on 23 January, 1956. It would have been called “Purba Pradesh”.[67][68]This angered people of both states. After this, the demand of Manbhum’s accession to Bengal did not remain a local movement any more.Prominent personalities such as Atul Chandra Gupta, Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh (first ever Chief Minister of West Bengal in free India), Bimal Chandra Sinha strongly voiced their dissent. And they demanded Purulia’s accession to West Bengal.[69]The leftist parties protested against this by demonstrations, rallies and within Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad. The leftist parties were joined by several organizations- farmers’ organizations, students’ organizations, labourers’ organizations, scientists’ organization, teachers’ organizations, theatre-workers’ organization etc. and was made into a pan-Bengal apolitical movement.[70]An organization named “All Bengal Linguistical State Reorganization Committee” was formed. This organization started marches, rallies, demonstrations and law disobedience movements across all districts of West Bengal.A convention was organized on Senate Hall, Kolkata. Prominent personalities such as Meghnad Saha (world famous astrophycisist, father of Thermal ionization and Saha ionization equation), Jyoti Basu (later Chief Minister of West Bengal), Kazi Abdul Wadud, Hemendra Prasad Ghosh, Gopal Haldar spoke against the union of West Bengal and Bihar states and for accession of Manbhum to West Bengal.[71]A gigantic public meeting was organized in Jamtara village of Manbhum. Reportedly one million people were present there. An agenda of marching towards Kolkata, the state capital was set.[72]On 20 April, 1956, more than 1,500 men and women started a peaceful foot-march to Kolkata from Pakrabirra village of Puncha, Manbhum. This March signNowed Kolkata on 6 May after 16 days of march through Bankura, Beliator, Sonamukhi, Patrasayer, Khandaghosh, Bardhaman (previously Burdwan), Rasulpur, Memari, Pandua, Mogra, Chuchura (previously Chinsurah), Chandannagar (previously Chandernagore), Godalpara, Shrirampur (previously Serampore), Uttarpara and Howrah. There were more than 350 women under the leadership of Basanti Roy.[73] [74][The route taken by the Satyagrahis, shown from Pakhbirra to Pandua | route tracked by Google Maps][The route taken by the Satyagrahis, shown from Pandua to Kolkata | route tracked by Google Maps]The Satyagrahis organized a rally in Maidan under the leadership of Atul Chandra Ghosh on 6 May. Many prominent personalities such as Hemanta Kumar, Jyoti Basu, Mohit Maitra, Sureshchandra Bandyopadhyay along with thousands of commonners rallied in Maidan in support and solidarity with the people of Manbhum.It was a huge success.The next day, on 7 May, the Satyagrahis decided to organize a rally in Dalhousie (now also known as BBD Bag). To make their efforts futile the Congress Government of West Bengal banned any rally there by imposing article 144. But they went on anyway. For breaking the law and not abiding by restrictions imposed by article 144, 956 Satyagrahis were arrested by the State Police and sent to three jails- Presidency Jail, Alipore Central Jail and Alipore Special Jail. They were released after 12 days.[75]3,300 other people were arrested all over West Bengal for the same movement.[76]The State Reorganization Commission advised that 19 police stations of Manbhum district were to be merged to West Bengal and a new district were to be formed named Purulia.But the fate of three Police Stations among these 19 were decided in a closed door meeting between Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata, the Director of Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) and Dr. BC Roy, the CM of West Bengal. Mr. Tata requested CM Roy for the Police Stations of Ichagarh, Chandil and Patamda were to remain in Bihar despite the prescription of the high profile State Reorganisation Commission. Apparently Dr BC Roy agreed to those. The motive on either side remains hazy. For this decision a large chunk of land containing Dalma Forest and Chandil-Gamaria Forest, Dimna Lake and mid portion of Subarnerekha river went to Bihar.[77] [78]Finally “The Bihar-Bengal Border Demarcation Bill” was passed at the Parliament on 17th August 1956 and at Rajya Sabha on 28th August 1956. The bill got the signature of the President of India on 1st September 1956.[79] [80]At last, with 16 Police stations, 5198.1 square kilometer area and a population of 11,69,097 the new district Purulia was acceded to West Bengal on 1st November 1956.[81] [82]9 yeas of continued aggression, torture and resistance from both state and non-state actors came to an end. One fight have been fought before- on 21 February, 1952 in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in an uprise against Urdu-domination of Pakistani rulers and one remained to be fought- one in Barak Valley, Assam in 1961 where 11 people laid down their lives for their language[83] . Bengali language has fought against the imposing of Hindi in the extreme west of Bengal, in the Barak Valley- extreme east of Bengal[84] and in Bangladesh[85] .OFFLINE SOURCES-p. 178, India After Gandhi by Ramachandra Guha, 10th Anniversary Edition.p. 184–185, India After Gandhi by Ramachandra Guha, 10th Anniversary Edition.p. 186, India After Gandhi by Ramachandra Guha, 10th Anniversary Edition.ALPHA SOURCES (SOURCES USED BY SOURCES MENTIONED IN THIS ANSWER WHICH MIGHT NOT BE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE FROM PRIMARY SOURCES)-p. 312–313 of Complete Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 89.p. 232–233 of ‘The Unity of India: Collected Writings, 1937–1940 (1941)Report of State Reorganisation Commission, 1955Report of Linguistic Provinces Commission, 1948Circular of District Inspector of Schools, Manbhum, 1948West Bengal District Gazetteers, Purulia 1985Bengal District Gazetteers – Manbhum, H. Coupland, Bengal Secretariate Book Depot, 1911“The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan” by Maya Tudor, Cambridge University Press, 2013“Rajendra Prasad, First President of India” by Kewalram Lalchand Panjabi, Macmillan, 1960“Role of Women in the Freedom Movement in Bengal, 1919-1947: Midnapore, Bankura, and Purulia District” by Niranjan Ghosh, Tamralipta Prakashani, 1988Local Politics and Indian Nationalism, Purulia, 1921-1947, Jayanta Kumar Dab, Progressive Publishers, 2007“Glimpses of The history of Manbhum” by Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay“Tusur Gaan-e Manbhum” edited by Arun Chandra Ghosh (in Bengali), 1954“Tusu Grantha” by Dr. Shanti Sinha (in Bengali)“Purulia” by Tarundeb Bhattyacharya (in Bengali)“Manbhum Theke Purulia” by Gautam Dey (in Bengali)An essay by Dr. Shanti Sinha in “Ahalyabhumi Purulia”, vol. 2, ed- Debprasad Jana (in Bengali)“Purba Banglar Bhasha Andolan O Tatkalin Rajniti” by Badaruddin Omar (in Bengali)Please know that this answer does not intend to spread any kind of negative sentiment whatsoever against any language group and ethnicity. The answer is solely intended toward remembrance of history. Because forgetting history is sin.Thanks for reading.Footnotes[1] History Of The Freedom Movement In India (1857-1947)[2] Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) - Wikipedia[3] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[4] The Official Website of Purulia District[5] Purulia district - Wikipedia[6] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[7] Purulia district - Wikipedia[8] Purulia district - Wikipedia[9] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[10] The Official Website of Purulia District[11] Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) - Wikipedia[12] Partition of Bengal (1905) - Wikipedia[13] Partition of Bengal (1905) - Wikipedia[14] Bihar and Orissa Province - Wikipedia[15] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[16] The Official Website of Purulia District[17] The question of linguistic provinces[18] Memorable sessions of the Congress in the Pre-Independence years – All India Mahila Congress[19] Bihar - Wikipedia[20] Bihar and Orissa Province - Wikipedia[21] Census Reports 1931[22] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[23] Census Table 1931 Related To Area, Houses And Population[24] When Chief Justice of Patna High Court kept Viceroy Lord Hardinge, LG out[25] MR. P.R.DAS,"YES ME LORD TO TEACH YOU LAW ME LORD"[26] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[27] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[28] States Reorganisation Commission - Wikipedia[29] Dhar Commission – Fazl Commission - Mitras IAS[30] Dhar Commision, JVP Committee and Fazl Ali Commission[31] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[32] Dhar Commision, JVP Committee and Fazl Ali Commission[33] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[34] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[35] The Official Website of Purulia District[36] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[37] The Official Website of Purulia District[38] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[39] The Official Website of Purulia District[40] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[41] The Official Website of Purulia District[42] The Official Website of Purulia District[43] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[44] Festival of Tusu: An Introduction[45] Tusu Festival or Tusu Parob at Purulia | Tale of 2 Backpackers[46] TUSU FESTIVAL AT PURULIA[47] লোকসুরের রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও বাউলগান[48] The Official Website of Purulia District[49] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[50] The Official Website of Purulia District[51] Bengali Calendar 1425, Durga Puja 1425, Bengali Panjika 1425, Bengali Calendar 2018, Bengali Calendar Today, Bengali Calendar 1426, Current Bengali time, Bengali Calendar Converter, bengali calendar download[52] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[53] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[54] http://164.100.60.131/loksabha1/...[55] Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency) - Wikipedia[56] Value of 1958 Indian Rupees today[57] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[58] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[59] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[60] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[61] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[62] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[63] The battle for Andhra[64] States Reorganisation Act, 1956 - Wikipedia[65] The Official Website of Purulia District[66] States Reorganisation Act, 1956 - Wikipedia[67] The Official Website of Purulia District[68] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[69] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[70] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[71] Kazi Abdul Wadud - Wikipedia[72] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[73] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[74] The Official Website of Purulia District[75] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[76] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[77] বাংলার জন্য অন্য এক আন্দোলন[78] The Official Website of Purulia District[79] The Bihar And West Bengal (Transfer Of Territories) Act, 1956[80] The Official Website of Purulia District[81] http://www.srishtisandhan.com/sr...[82] The Official Website of Purulia District[83] Bengali language movement in India - Wikipedia[84] Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley) - Wikipedia[85] Bengali language movement - Wikipedia
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