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FAQs
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What's the one group of people you should not upset?
Social media activistsThis guy did blackface, put on an afro wig, knelt and hung a sign around his neck that states, “Will stand for money” mocking NFL players that are kneeling during the national anthem to protest against police brutality and racial inequality.Not only did he think it was okay to do this, he also had the guts to actually post this!Well, one Twitter user saw this image and shared it with the caption “Do your thing, Twitter” and Twitter did do its’ thing. The image went viral and he soon received a huge flood of backlash on Instagram and Twitter.People even signNowed out to his university - this is what the director of the university had to say about it: "Some dialogue has been started, but beyond that, I don't have any information to the extent of what has been said."He later claimed he was “ignorant” and didn’t know it would be racist. Well, nevertheless this “incident” will pop up the on the first page when future employees or a possible girlfriend googles his name.Some of you may have already seen the image of this very emotional, screaming, angry guy. This photograph was taken at the Charlottesville rally earlier this summer where people, such as neo-Nazis, Klansmen and white supremacists just to name a few, were protesting against the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee, a symbol of racism, and most of these people, just like this guy in the picture, just had to take it too far.Well, this image went viral and Twitter soon found the guy in the pictures. It became the image of the Charlottesville rally and he was called the “Hazel Massery” of 2017. He was exposed and identified by Twitter user @YesYoureRacist and from there it just blew up - the original post has 60k retweets and 80k likes.He later stated that even though he was marching with white supremacist groups and chanting white supremacists slogans that he “wasn’t the angry racist we see in that photo” and that his message was that white European culture has a right to be here just like every other culture. Sure thing, buddy.A petition that demanded that he be expelled from his university has currently amassed more than 36,000 signatures! The university has already stated that they can’t and won’t expel him due to his freedom of speech, but he has quit his job at his university, stating “The thing about it, it's very much a social interaction and requires a lot of trust both ways. I quit because I want to have some form of peace at the university."Lesson of the day: don’t anger social media activists.They will find you.And they will kill your career and reputation.
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How do I register a startup in India? How much money and time does it take? If am currently only 17, what issues will I face dur
Algorithm for starting a Private Limited Company: Engineer's View Personally I believe, If someone is starting a company with long term perspective or to bring some change through their unique Product/Services, one must go for Private limited firm. Prime reason for this is easy to raise funds from Angels/VC in case you go for investment. Step 1. Registration of Company 1. Name Selection: Check whether your desired company name is available or not at MCA website [ http://www.mca.gov.in/ ]. Name must be unique & must resemble with business you intend to do (highlighted one). EX: Arihant Labs Retail Services Pvt. Ltd 2. Registration of Name at ROC: Name approval usually takes maximum of 14 days. This is done online through MCA website. Moreover, you need to apply with at least 4 names for approval with a writeup about significance of names with main business of the company. 3. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Options for names for the proposed Company (on the basis of preference) 2. Amount of Share Capital; proposed shareholding ratio 3. A paragraph on the proposed major line of business of the company (main objects) 4. City of Registered Office. 5. Copy of ownership deed/sale deed(if property is owned) 6. Copy of rent agreement with NOC (if property is rented) 7. Copy of latest electricity bill/telephone bill/mobile bill for both directors 8. Copy of latest electric bill/telephone bill for the registered office proof. 4. Obtaining DIN & DSC: 5. 1. Documents Required 2. 1. PAN Card copies for directors and shareholders. 2. Voter ID/Passport/Driving License for directors and shareholders. 3. Occupation of the Directors for directors and shareholders. 4. E-Mail IDs of all directors and shareholders. 5. Phone Numbers for all directors and shareholders. 6. Photos for directors and shareholders 6. Company Incorporation: After above mentioned formalities have been completed, we need to file following forms/docs in Rs 100 stamp paper: 7. 1. Affidavits for non- acceptance 2. INC 9, INC 10 3. DIR 2 4. NOC : This is required to be filed by the owner of the property on which your company will be situated. 5. Subscriber Sheets of MOA & AOA 6. Documents required for filling MOA & AOA 7. 1. Must be filled on OWN handwriting 2. Passport size photos 3. Sheets needs to be witnessed by CA/CS/Advocate Step 2. Obtaining PAN/TAN: After company gets incorporated, you may apply for PAN/TAN. Step 3. Trade Licence in case you are selling PRODUCTS: This is required in some places for carrying out sales. You can obtain this from local Municipality. Step 4. VAT/CST registration for selling Products: For selling intra-state, you need VAT registration & for selling inter-state, you need to register for CST. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Trade Licence 2. Company Incorporation Certificate 3. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 4. Proof of residence of Directors 5. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 6. MOA & AOA of company 7. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank Step 5. Service tax registration for Service Industry: In India, you need to pay service tax of 14.5% on every services you have charged customer for. 1. Documents Required: 2. 1. Company Incorporation Certificate 2. PAN card of company as well as of all the directors 3. Proof of residence of Directors 4. Proof of occupancy of place of business (Rent agreement/ ownership deed, Rent Bills etc) 5. MOA & AOA of company 6. Current Account in the name of company in any national bank That's All folks! Your STARTUP is up to Conquer the World. UPVOTE & SHARE your views/issues We at labkafe [ http://labkafe.com/ ], prefer taxmantra [ http://taxmantra.com/ ] for our legal requirements.
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What do pro-choicers think of third-trimester abortions?
First, the child has a “head and limbs and everything” much, much earlier than the third trimester.So if the criteria is that a fetus with “a head and limbs and everything” should not be aborted, the period of time when abortion is okay would have to be before 8 or 9 weeks or even earlier, depending on your perception of what constitutes a “head and limbs”. The little buds and the little webbed looking hands are seen by 8 weeks, along with the large (seemingly) misshapen head that will envelope the amazing human brain.I personally believe that the fetus is not conscious until around the 24th week of pregnancy. (I came up with this general time frame from reading about neurology, consciousness, and fetal development; a complex topic that I won’t detail here.) I don’t believe the fetus feels pain when aborted before about the 22nd week. Although it is heart-wrenching to watch images of the fetus (reflexively) attempting to escape abortionist tools. They jerk and pull away, as all living things seek to preserve their lives.However, as I said elsewhere, that to me being unconscious does not mean a living being does not have rights. I recently had surgery and was unconscious for the procedure. I could have been terminated and not felt it or known about it, but that wouldn’t have made it morally right.Very few abortions are done in the third trimester. Few doctors will do them. When they do occur it is often because the fetus is so seriously deformed and would not survive the birth process anyway. (But since your question is about having a head and limbs, we needn’t stick to the last trimester in our discussion.)Abortion is not legal throughout all three trimesters in most states. Many states have limits of between 20 to 24 weeks, some even earlier. But even at 12 weeks, yes, there is a very human-looking being with a little head, arms and legs and visible, although still ambiguous, genitals.I don’t know what “pro-choice” people think about very late abortions. Some may have an arbitrary timeline in their own mind as towhen the baby is too human to deprive of its life, and others follow the “gospel of choice”. The gospel of choice is that any and all rights an unborn person has are null and void because the rights of the mother trump them. Once the infant is born and takes a breath, then and only then can humanity be ascribed to them. Here is an interesting video in which a (former) fetus speaks of surviving an abortion attempt:I must say, I am suspicious of your claim to be pro-choice. Forgive me if I am incorrect in my suspicions. Frequently, posters on this forum will pose as pro-choice and ask innocent questions meant to provoke the discussion on Quora. It is futile to try to dissuade most pro-choicers with these ethics questions.Of interest, there are many former pro-choice warriors who have struggled with the issue and have jumped the fence. Notable is Dr. Bernard Nathanson, the abortionist who may have done more than anyone else to make abortion legal as one of the key figures in the work of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. (NARAL) . His turnaround was so radical that he went from an atheist to a Catholic and spent his remaining years fighting abortion. I have not been able to find online recently his breathless deathbed plea for unborn life, but this obituary provides his perspective. B. N. Nathanson, 84, Dies; Changed Sides on AbortionOther well-known figures include the “Roe” of “Roe versus Wade”’ Norma McCorvey, who changed her mind and spent decades as a prolife activist Norma McCorvey on becoming pro-life (1998) - CNN Videoand Abby Johnson, the former director of a Planned Parenthood. AbortionWorkerOf course, these mind-changes have no effect on discussion with true-believing pro-choice people; such people are seen only as turncoats. If the “gospel of choice” community responds at all, it is usually in the form of attack or attempts to discredit those who have jumped the fence. For those who have a grain of doubt in their position, who are troubled by the fetal attempt to squirm away from a sharp tool, then perhaps the reasons these pro-choice icons became turncoats may be interesting. But they will not interest those who have no doubts.I will provide here links to two videos showing fetal life. One is a miscarriage, and the other is labelled as an abortion. I don’t believe the moving fetus is an abortion, despite the claims of the person who posted it. The medical personnel are speaking a language I don’t understand, but you can hear tones of sadness as they discuss the little fetus, and further the fetus is not damaged in anyway, so likely this is footage of a natural miscarriage. This is graphic, but not gory, it is merely a fetus moving a little bit as it dies because it cannot live outside the womb. This fetus is too young to try to breathe or have any pain or consciousness. I am estimating that it was born early in the second trimester. If you are sensitive, it may be too alarming to watch. I am sorry about the banner “Abortion is Murder” and so on. but this is the only video that shows the miscarriage of a fetus of this age that I can find. I don’t think all the “murder” talk and the accusations help the discussion. Anyway, this is not a third trimester baby by any stretch of the imagination. It is likely 14 to 16 weeks and yes, there is a head and legs.I want to also add that I don’t think that reversing the Supreme Court decision regarding the right of women to terminate their pregnancies will help anything at this point.I am more interested in being free to talk about human life with those who have doubts and to explore addressing the cultural effects of the legalization of abortion. For instance, there are movements such as Feminists for Life and other secular prolife movements who offer a different perspective from the religious dissenters and the “gospel of choice” movement. secularprolifeYes, the Supreme Court has spoken. But no law has been enacted that prevents thoughtful people from re-examining and conversing about the disquieting questions that the theme of abortion gives rise to.
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How are cracked versions of software created and why are developers not able to prevent it?
Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.
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Since many schools have stopped teaching cursive, will signatures not be used in the future?
The people who are deciding educational curriculum are short sighted enough to think so. But it’s not just about writing one’s name. Not knowing cursive means they cant read it either. Which means they won’t be able to read historic documents. Future generations will be unable to access the original Declaration if Independence and US Constitution and Bill of Rights because they are in ‘cursive’. It’s like returning to the middle ages when the Catholic clergy were the only ones literate enough to read the Christian bible. The masses had to rely on them to tell them what was in the bible. And now the future masses are going to have to rely on the literate minority once again.Its a huge step backward socially and intellectually, isn’t it?Because future generations will in majority be beholden to the minority if their homeschooled and private schooled peers who are still being taught to do cursive. The argument is that writing isn’t necessary because everyone types now.But what happens if the electric grid goes down? What happens if electronics are sabotaged or cease to work?Typing is impossible and no one can write. The world is in trouble.
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What are common programming errors or "gotchas" in C++?
Plain Arrays are just as dangerous in C++ as they are in C. you can overshoot them, or give a bad index parameter and the whole thing goes off the rails.Pointers in C++ are the same pointers as in C, with all the things you need to do to make them safer to use, plus they can point to classes.Type restrictions are stricter in C++ than in C, so porting a C code base to C++ is mostly trivial unless some loose typing is involved, then you will have to be more explicit with the types.Arrays declared in C++ have their declared size as part of their type (stricter typing).int a[10] ; // type int[10] , not int*Structs are first class objects in C++ just like classes but with all public members.Struct declarations automatically generate the Big 5 default functions:Constructor,Copy constructor,Assignment constructor,Move constructor,Destructor.Function overloading is based on parameters being unique. C++ ‘mangles’ the function names internally to be unique based on return type and parameter type.Declaring an object causes its allocation and then runs its constructor. The object is fully ready once its construction is complete. If the object has members, they are constructed as well with sane default values.An object’s default initialization values for members of classes and structs:integer types set to zero;floating point types set to 0e0pointer members are not set. They must be explicitly initialized. Ifthe member will not be assigned at construction, you can specify aninitial value of nullptr in the definition or a constructor initialization list.Arrays are allocated but the values are not set if the array contents are not initialized by default. An array of class objects will have its contents initialized, but an array of ints or floats or pointers will not.reference members must be bound to initialized objects in the definition or the constructor.C has malloc() and free() — C++ has those too, but generally uses new and delete.new creates and initializes objects, leaving then in a ready to use state. If the object has initialization beyond that it is performed, then a pointer is returned.If any members of the object need initialization they are performed as well.In other words the full constructor code is performed when invoked with new.The object is created on the heap memory, and persists until deleted or the program ends.delete does a complete destruction of an object, and all its members, calling any destructors its members may have.Copying an object instance allocates a new instance and makes a binary copy of its contents. This is a shallow copy, though. If the object contains pointers or references to other objects as members, the pointers and references are copied, not what they point to. You have to write code to do the copying in that case.STL containers such as std::array, std::vector, std::string, etc, have code to automatically copy their entire contents, but custom classes need it to be written out.An initializer list is efficient in C++. If the class or struct is “trivially constructed”, that is all members are ready after calling the class constructor, then an initializer list can be used to automatically construct an instance with the members of the list. No extra copying needs to be done; the compiler will optimize the instantiation most of the time.std:string s[4] = { "one", "two", "three", "four"}; /* four std::strings are created with the contents of each char array. s is created and the addresses of each std::string instance are placed in the array. When x goes out of scope, the destructors of each element are called. */ struct K { int x[4]; int total; }; K k = { {1,2,3,4}, 10 }; // const double pi(3.1415926); // optimized by compiler double twopi = 2.0 * pi; // not optimized const double tau = pi + pi; // optimized // compiler is smart with this new syntax int a[] = { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -1, -2, 0,-3 }; int x = 0; for(auto i : a) { std::cout << i << "\t" x = x + i; } std::cout << "\n" << x << "\n"; 4 5 6 7 8 9 -1 -2 0 -3 34 for( long x : { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ) { std::cout << x << ",\t"; if (x%5 ==0) std::cout << "\n"; } 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A C++ reference (&) is not a pointer. You have to declare a reference type with an initialization to a valid object. Copying a reference does not copy the object, but adds another reference to the object. You do not need to use pointer syntax with references; it is more like an alias than a pointer. References cannot be reassigned to any other object. When a reference goes out of scope, it unbinds from the object, but the object will still be around, bound to its declared label, until that goes out of scope, then the object destructs.Object obj; // declaration Object& objref = obj; // or references o // a becomes a reference to the input reference. void print( Object& a) { a.print(); } // both calls work // print(obj); // a is ref to obj print(objref); // a is copy of objref Object b(obj); // copy constructor Object c = obj; // copy assignment Object& d = objref; // copy reference, // objref and d refer to same object Object e(objref) // copy constructor // objref dereferenced automatically auto f = obj; // copy obj auto & g = obj; // reference obj auto h = objref; // copy obj auto & j = objref; // copy reference This makes references safer than pointers, yet you still get the pass by ref advantage, without the pointer hassle and syntax. Also you are guaranteed thatyou will not get a NULL pointer by accident passed in.C++ prefers nullptr over NULL, because NULL is a constant integer (0) so can be misused or ambiguous if functions are overloaded to accept integer parameters.nullptr cannot be converted to an integer, so always will refer to a “pointer to nothing” as intended. Any type of pointer can be assigned nullptr.The C++ template system is amazing, but it has to be able to create an actual legal C++ function or class with actual types and variables to compile. A template is not generic, it synthesizes a specific function with all the template parameters filled-out and then compiles that, from the template recipe and the parameters passed in at compile-time. It cannot ‘figure out’ at run time if the parameters are correct; it will probably catch any ambiguities though. Templates are confusing for beginners because they can not see the actual code produced by them, but eventually they get the idea that the template code is not what is being run, the actual code created by the template is run.#include
template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); } generates:template int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } // std::basic_string is what std::string really is template > std::basic_string add(std::basic_string a, std::basic_string b) { return a + b; } template T add(T a, T b) { return a + b; } ; void f() { int i = add(5, 6); std::string x("kitty"), y("doggy"); std::string c = add(x, y); } -
Can someone who can read cursive read this and tell me what it says?
I was trained in cursive writing in elementary school, beginning in first grade.Penmanship is the proper name for that subject, which was graded by the teacher just like she did each other subject.As students we were to emulate the method of writing and shape of each letter in a precise manner.Sloppy writers were frequently called out by the teacher in class and openly ridiculed for their poor penmanship, which might occur during the teaching of any subject. This instructive technique worked well to restrain students from deviating too much from the approved penmanship methods; and conform with the official practice book’s examples and techniques for writing each upper and lower case letter.All students were required to wear white shirts, both boys and girls.We were next issued re-fillable fountain pens and required to use them in class. They would tend to drip the ink if carelessly handled.You were required to refill the reservoir of the pen from a glass jar of India Blue ink stored inside your desk. Some students usually left evidence of an ink refill, in the form of blue stains on fingers and hands, if not higher up.Most of us kept small glass bottles of bleach with glass applicator wands in our desks, too, for our penmanship purposes. You could remove drips on your papers, carefully correct misspellings, or attack stains on your shirt, by placing a drop or two of bleach on the ink spot.With the bleach you could touch up a sheet of paper, of course. This requires special finesse if the paper has been already graded for errors and you think for some reason there is cause for optimism that a grade improvement can be argued later.After the first time cleaning a cotton shirt in class with a touch of bleach, every student learned the indelible lesson to thereafter not attend class without a white undergarment beneath their shirt or blouse. Bleach on skin stings.You could also attempt removal of ink stains from your hands by rubbing them together with a few drops of bleach, but too frequent use of this technique could become more painful than stares of schoolmates noting your blue palms and fingers. Cracked skin on hands was a special problem for anyone with ambition to pitch in a little league game.The primary goal of the Penmanship course was to instruct all students to write each word rapidly and legibly, without once lifting the point of the pen from the paper; except to go back over each word after the final letter was complete, to cross the the T’s and dot the I’s that were lower case, before moving on to the following word.You younger readers may know the phrase “remember to cross your T’s and dot your I’s,” referring to a careful reading and spellcheck review of a draft composed on a PC, or final review for accuracy of all figures and visual aids in any assigned report or office project. That part of our old-style penmanship classes is where that phrase comes from.All students were taught there was only a single correct way to form and write each letter; the way it was illustrated in the school’s practice workbooks. No discussions in class concerned the fact that over the years multiple different lettering styles (fonts) had preceded the one in our guides, many with elaborate flourishes and differing designs. We were forbidden in early grades to employ other styles of cursive lettering.After advance to higher grades, there were no more penmanship courses. The burden of reading our essays and written answers became our new teachers’. Later teachers paid for the sins of lower grade teachers, if penmanship courses had been poorly taught.We continued writing in cursive, and some of us discovered alternate ways to form cursive lettering, which caught our personal fancy.It was common to practice one’s personal signature, adding flairs to exhibit a personal style. Coincidently this made forgeries of one’s name less likely to pass as your signature.As people in my generation aged, their cursive handwriting styles would subconsciously evolve as habit and choice continued to result in evolution of the writer’s style. Our earliest elementary school teachers would have cringed, but this was for some of us our first taste of rebelling against the establishment.Occupations that required frequent or extensive cursive writing favored writers’ evolution and refinement, while persons rarely called upon to write long letters or documents frequently had their handwriting deteriorate to a relatively illegible scrawl.Handwriting became a way to suggest social standing and class distinctions.Conformists generally never strayed far from the penmanship styles they had been taught in elementary school; while type “A” personalities more often varied their formation of letters more freely, particularly as to their own signatures.Signatures lawyers required to sign many documents rapidly would often change the most, reflecting haste and a lack of mental focus when signing. For some reason it seemed that doctors lack of focus extended to writing prescriptions, too.The ingrained concern about lifting a pen from a sheet of paper, and the penmanship books’ requirement to form certain letters with minute points, ovals and loops, now guides in deciphering the cursive writings of others.Usually, even rapidly scrawled cursive writing is legible despite variances in writing styles. Writing penned by lefties can be tricky, as they were forced to contort their grip on a pen to attempt to imitate standard letters intended to accommodate the right-handed.I am now going to use these experiences and expert knowledge to interpret the signature you refer to in your question.I concluded immediately that it was a signature, mostly because the writer stylized his letters as much as he dared, combining standard cursive formed letters with block letters in a manner not generally done in penning essays or letter content.First name is, to me, clearly : Steven.The first letter betrays this “S” formation because the writer clearly began by placing his pen at the upper right point, then the track shows two half circles follow, first (upper) looped to the left and the lower loop to the right;, with a final bend diagonally to the left as though to begin returning to the base line to begin the following letter, although in fact the writer momentarily lifts the pen from paper at conclusion of this capital in order to return the pen to form the downward vertical cross stroke of the second letter, forming a simplified “t” abandoning the traditional high loop of a style book, followed by another deviation, a quick cross horizontal stroke completing the “t”, emphasizing the letter by forming it similarly to a typewritten font. This “t” seems to break the rule of returning to insert the cross stroke after the word is otherwise complete, suggesting the “t” is a stylized element consistent with an individualized signature and a personalization deliberately inserted there.In this way his commonplace first name took on a personal style unique to this particular writer. It suggests he may have higher than average creative intelligence and his presumably higher social rank, or is merely a show-off.The remaining letters of the first name are rapidly formed without a lift of the pen, with the looped top of the “e” being hinted and instructing the eye to interpret the previous wavy letter as a “v” instead of the potential other interpretations. This leaves the following two humps to comprise an “n, ” because no other interpretation of then yields a logical consistent and no loop to suggest an “e” or any dot as required were an “i” intended.All of this I interpreted visually in a fraction of a second. This was in spite of the theoretical potential to see the pen marks another way. There are missing pen movements in any other interpretation.What is more, although the obviously weak formation of the “S” at the beginning of the word might for some leave the suggestion that a “G” was instead attempted, the writer has ended his signature with the flourish of a line below placed there after the signature was otherwise complete, and had the S been intended as a unusual use of a lower-case style “g” at the commencement of the signature, that line would have run through the tail of the “g” to illustrate that the writer intended the lower swoop to be a below-line tail instead of the letter being entirely above the imaginary line on which the signature was placed when writing it commenced.This is just an illustration of how we who were brought up writing in cursive were taught to think while learning our own penmanship and how individual letters are placed and usually drawn by their writers.The last name, without going through all the analysis explanations I gave to you above, appears to me to be: Peretz (the second “e”is a bit foggy, it lacks the dot required were it an “i,” and neither a “v” nor a “u” seems to be clearly formed).The final “t” and use of the “z” to double as the cross stroke of a “t”. This screams, “I am someone unique.” It also shouts the writer has a sense of style and recognizes artistic balance, with the two block letter style “t”’s framing the signature as the second and second-to-last letters in the signature. This is not the random jotting of a word on a scrap of paper.Peretz is not an uncommon last name, in fact there is a highly respected well-known attorney in South Florida named Steven Peretz, whose signature this may be.If I am wrong, my second-place guess would be “Peratz.”This interpretation assumes the writer generally forms his lower case letter “a” without closing the top, making it difficult to distinguish a lower case “a” from a “v” or even a “c.” I must mention that there are wobbles in the last apparent vowel of the name, that arguably suggest that my interpretation of it as an “e” may be wrong.“Steampunk” just fails the signature test, so I cannot swallow that interpretation. No matter how appealing that newly minted term might be, unless a stylized logo for a rock group, it just couldn’t be that. That interpretation made me remember the many telescope viewers who swore they could see the surface of Mars was covered in canals.Absent an example of a document written by a familiar person, identification of spellings in cursive can be more uncertain than we might wish, especially for signatures. Penmanship is, after all, an art form as much as it is intended to communicate.You can find similar ambiguities in Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform tablets, too.Remember that the Japanese find exquisite beauty in objects betraying, with their imperfections, the hand of the artist in the medium of his creation.
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What are the differences between Western classical music and Indian classical music? What’s the difference in their evolution?
Western classical music can be generalized as an extensive study of harmonies (multiple tones played simultaneously) and the feelings they evoke.Indian classical music can be generalized as an extensive study of note sequences and the feelings they evoke.Both explore two different dimensions of music.A western classical song written for an orchestra will typically consist of a hundred different instruments / voices playing different note sequences. Here, it is not the parts that are important, but the whole - how good these note sequences sound together. Hence we arrive at the idea of harmonies and chords, dissonance and consonance. Harmonic complexity is extensively studied. These are the concepts explored in western music theory.Essentially, it comes down to figuring out “do these notes sound good when played together?”. It’s about creating a co-ordinated piece that has to be played exactly as notated, with precise timing by every performer. The beauty here lies in the unity of all the parts, evoking different feelings.An Indian classical song is more free-flowing and meditative. Each song has a broad structure / template laid out, but the performer is free to (and is expected to) improvise over it. Songs are rarely notated, and notations for the same song can vary from one another.Here, there is no concept of harmony; there is always only one note playing at a time. The core ideas studied in music theory are different combinations and sequences of notes, and their phrasings (called raagas / raags). There is so much depth explored here that musicians can usually sing each raaga for an hour.These differences are probably rooted in how these forms of music originated. Music in ancient India was a means to signNow the gods. It was a way to express devotion, love and gratitude to them. Therefore, its nature became very meditative. You rarely ever see songs that express emotions about romantic love, sexuality or the complexity of human relationships. In western music, a variety of these emotions and feelings are explored in depth, because it evolved through a need to express them.This is also the reason that a good part of western music involves modulation. Songs sung to a lover are to be sung softly, songs sung in anger have to be sung harshly, and so on (taking some clichéd examples). A lot of emphasis is given, both to instrumentalists and singers, on how each note should sound. In Indian classical music, the only thing important is what note is being played / sung (and the transitions between them).Both forms of music explore entirely different dimensions of music, and are beautiful in their own way. :)
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