Request eSignature Form iOS

The ETA does not contain a prescribed definition of what would be an ‘electronic signature’. Therefore, an electronic signature may take the form of an image of an individual’s handwritten signature, a typed name or a digital signature. There may be other forms as well. For example, the courts have held that a name appearing at the bottom of an email in normal typeface is a valid electronic signature.Section 9 of the ETA sets out three requirements for an electronic signature, being identification, reliability and consent:Identification is a question of fact, as the recipient must be able to identify the person signing (however, no formal verification of identity is required), and confirm that the person signing intends to be bound by the information communicated.Reliability is objectively determined by considering all the relevant circumstances and the purpose for which the electronic signature is required.Consent requires the counterparty to the document being electronically signed to agree to the signing party signing the document electronically. The case law demonstrates that this requirement is unlikely to require anything more than the counterparty using the chosen electronic mechanism, or engaging with the electronic execution process.To know more about Electronic signature visit at Digital Signature Devices, Software, Electronic Pads

Building trust with technology isn’t quite as easy as falling backward into someone’s arms. Unless you have a technical background, cybersecurity can be difficult to grasp.Most people are comfortable with ink signatures, but it’s a common misconception that just because a document has been signed with ink, it’s safe, secure and valid. In fact, without physically meeting and talking with the signer.For example, if you’ve never seen the signer’s signature before, how do you know it is actually their signature? If you know what the signature is supposed to look like, how do you know the one in front of you wasn't forged? And if the signature is on the last page of a multi-page document, how do you know that something in the preceding pages was not altered after the document was signed?The reality of e-signatures – especially independent e-signatures, in which the evidence of their validity is embedded in the signed document – is that they are more trustworthy than traditional ink signatures.Offer Transparency and ControlIn the same way, building trust means providing all the facts. If signers have access to the entire signing process from a comprehensive audit trail, they’re able to keep close watch over their transaction and its process from identity authentication to opening and reviewing documents to signing.Use Trusted TechnologyPeople trust those who are trustworthy. Companies that use e-signature technology that goes above and beyond security requirements will naturally win over the trust.Educate DownstreamNo matter how many thousands of dollars e-signatures will save your company, for an e-signature solution to be successful at every level, you must educate everyone involved in the importance your e-signature provider places on security and independence.

The Mobius 2018 conference held in Saint Petersburg earlier this year featured a talk by the guys from Revolut – Roman Yatsina and Ivan Vazhnov, called Multiplatform architecture with Kotlin for iOS and Android.After watching the live talk, I wanted to try out how Kotlin/Native handles multiplatform code that can be used on both iOS and Android. I decided to rewrite the demo project from the talk a little bit so it could load the list of user’s public repositories from GitHub with all the branches to each repository.Project structuremultiplatform ├─ android ├─ common ├─ ios ├─ platform-android └─ platform-ios Common modulecommon is the shared module that only contains Kotlin with no platform-specific dependencies. It can also contain interfaces and class/function declarations without implementations relying on a certain platform. Such declarations allow using the platform-dependent code in the common module.In my project, this module encompasses the business logic of the app – data models, presenters, interactors, UIs for GitHub access with no implementations.Some examples of the classesUIs for GitHub access:expect class ReposRepository { suspend fun getRepositories(): List suspend fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo): List } Take a look at the expect keyword. It is a part of the expected and actual declarations. The common module can declare the expected declaration that has the actual realization in the platform modules. By the expect keyword we can also understand that the project uses coroutines which we’ll talk about later.Interactor:class ReposInteractor( private val repository: ReposRepository, private val context: CoroutineContext ) { suspend fun getRepos(): List { return async(context) { repository.getRepositories() } .await() .map { repo -> repo to async(context) { repository.getBranches(repo) } } .map { (repo, task) -> repo.branches = task.await() repo } } } The interactor contains the logic of asynchronous operations interactions. First, it loads the list of repositories with the help of getRepositories() and then, for each repository it loads the list of branches getBranches(repo). The async/await mechanism is used to build the chain of asynchronous calls.ReposView interface for UI:interface ReposView: BaseView { fun showRepoList(repoList: List) fun showLoading(loading: Boolean) fun showError(errorMessage: String) } The presenterThe logic of UI usage is specified equally for both the platforms.class ReposPresenter( private val uiContext: CoroutineContext, private val interactor: ReposInteractor ) : BasePresenter() { override fun onViewAttached() { super.onViewAttached() refresh() } fun refresh() { launch(uiContext) { view?.showLoading(true) try { val repoList = interactor.getRepos() view?.showRepoList(repoList) } catch (e: Throwable) { view?.showError(e.message ?: "Can't load repositories") } view?.showLoading(false) } } } What else could be included in the common moduleAmong all the rest, the JSON parsing logic could be included into the common module. Most of the projects contain this logic in a complicated form. Implementing it in the common module could guarantee similar treatment of the server incoming data for iOS and Android.Unfortunately, in the kotlinx.serialization serialization library the support of Kotlin/Native is not yet implemented.A possible solution could be writing your own or porting one of the simpler Java-based libraries for Kotlin. Without using reflections or any other third-party dependencies. However, this type of work goes beyond just a test project ‍♂️Platform modulesThe platform-android and platform-ios platform modules contain both the platform-dependent implementation of UIs and classes declared in the common module, and any other platform-specific code. Those modules are also written with Kotlin.Let’s look at the ReposRepository class implementation declared in the common module.platform-androidactual class ReposRepository( private val baseUrl: String, private val userName: String ) { private val api: GithubApi by lazy { Retrofit.Builder() .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()) .addCallAdapterFactory(CoroutineCallAdapterFactory()) .baseUrl(baseUrl) .build() .create(GithubApi::class.java) } actual suspend fun getRepositories() = api.getRepositories(userName) .await() .map { apiRepo -> apiRepo.toGithubRepo() } actual suspend fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo) = api.getBranches(userName, repo.name) .await() .map { apiBranch -> apiBranch.toGithubBranch() } } In the Android implementation, we use the Retrofit library with an adaptor converting the calls into a coroutine-compatible format. Note the actual keyword we’ve mentioned above.platform-iosactual open class ReposRepository { actual suspend fun getRepositories(): List { return suspendCoroutineOrReturn { continuation -> getRepositories(continuation) COROUTINE_SUSPENDED } } actual suspend fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo): List { return suspendCoroutineOrReturn { continuation -> getBranches(repo, continuation) COROUTINE_SUSPENDED } } open fun getRepositories(callback: Continuation>) { throw NotImplementedError("iOS project should implement this") } open fun getBranches(repo: GithubRepo, callback: Continuation>) { throw NotImplementedError("iOS project should implement this") } } You can see the actual implementation of the ReposRepository class for iOS in the platform module does not contain the specific implementation of server interactions. Instead of this, the suspendCoroutineOrReturn code is called from the standard Kotlin library and allows us to interrupt the execution and get the continuation callback which has to be called upon the completion of the background process. This callback is then passed to the function which will be re-specified in the Xcode project where all the server interaction will be implemented (in Swift or Objective-C). The COROUTINE_SUSPENDED value signifies the suspended state and the result will not be returned immediately.iOS appThe following is an Xcode project that uses the platform-ios module as a generic Objective-C framework.To assemble platform-ios into a framework, use the konan Gradle plugin. Its settings are in the platform-ios/build.gradle file:apply plugin: 'konan' konanArtifacts { framework('KMulti', targets: ['iphone_sim']) { ... KMulti is a prefix for the framework. All the Kotlin classes from the common and platform-iosmodules in the Xcode project will have this prefix.After the following command,./gradlew :platform-ios:compileKonanKMultiIphone_sim the framework can be found under:/kotlin_multiplatform/platform-ios/build/konan/bin/ios_x64 It has to be added to the Xcode project.This is how a specific implementation of the ReposRepository class looks like. The interaction with a server is done by means of the Alamofire library.class ReposRepository: KMultiReposRepository { ... override func getRepositories(callback: KMultiStdlibContinuation) { let url = baseUrl.appendingPathComponent("users/\(githubUser)/repos") Alamofire.request(url) .responseJSON { response in if let result = self.reposParser.parse(response: response) { callback.resume(value: result) } else { callback.resumeWithException(exception: KMultiStdlibThrowable(message: "Can't parse github repositories")) } } } override func getBranches(repo: KMultiGithubRepo, callback: KMultiStdlibContinuation) { let url = baseUrl.appendingPathComponent("repos/\(githubUser)/\(repo.name)/branches") Alamofire.request(url) .responseJSON { response in if let result = self.branchesParser.parse(response: response) { callback.resume(value: result) } else { callback.resumeWithException(exception: KMultiStdlibThrowable(message: "Can't parse github branches")) } } } } Android appWith an Android project it is all fairly simple. We use a conventional app with a dependency on the platform-android module.dependencies { implementation project(':platform-android') Essentially, it consists of one ReposActivity which implements the ReposView interface.override fun showRepoList(repoList: List) { adapter.items = repoList adapter.notifyDataSetChanged() } override fun showLoading(loading: Boolean) { loadingProgress.visibility = if (loading) VISIBLE else GONE } override fun showError(errorMessage: String) { Toast.makeText(this, errorMessage, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show() } Coroutines, apples, and magicSpeaking of coroutines and magic, in fact, at the moment coroutines are not yet supported by Kotlin/Native. The work in this direction is ongoing. So how on Earth do we use the async/awaitcoroutines and functions in the common module? Let alone in the platform module for iOS.As a matter of fact, the async and launch expect functions, as well as the Deferred class, are specified in the common module. These signatures are copied from kotlinx.coroutines.import kotlin.coroutines.experimental.Continuation import kotlin.coroutines.experimental.CoroutineContext expect fun async(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T): Deferred expect fun launch(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T) expect suspend fun withContext(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T): T expect class Deferred { suspend fun await(): T } Android coroutinesIn the platform-android platform module, declarations are mapped into their implementations from kotlinx.coroutines:actual fun async(context: CoroutineContext, block: suspend () -> T): Deferred { return Deferred(async { kotlinx.coroutines.experimental.withContext(context, block = block) }) } iOS coroutinesWith iOS things are a little more complicated. As mentioned above, we pass the continuation(KMultiStdlibContinuation) callback to the functions that have to work asynchronously. Upon the completion of the work, the appropriate resume or resumeWithExceptionmethod will be requested from the callback: override func getBranches(repo: KMultiGithubRepo, callback: KMultiStdlibContinuation) { let url = baseUrl.appendingPathComponent("repos/\(githubUser)/\(repo.name)/branches") Alamofire.request(url) .responseJSON { response in if let result = self.branchesParser.parse(response: response) { callback.resume(value: result) } else { callback.resumeWithException(exception: KMultiStdlibThrowable(message: "Can't parse github branches")) } } } In order for the result to return from the suspend function, we need to implement the ContinuationInterceptor interface. This interface is responsible for how the callback is being processed, specifically which thread the result (if any) will be returned in. For this, the interceptContinuation function is used.abstract class ContinuationDispatcher : AbstractCoroutineContextElement(ContinuationInterceptor), ContinuationInterceptor { override fun interceptContinuation(continuation: Continuation): Continuation { return DispatchedContinuation(this, continuation) } abstract fun dispatchResume(value: T, continuation: Continuation): Boolean abstract fun dispatchResumeWithException(exception: Throwable, continuation: Continuation<*>): Boolean } internal class DispatchedContinuation( private val dispatcher: ContinuationDispatcher, private val continuation: Continuation ) : Continuation { override val context: CoroutineContext = continuation.context override fun resume(value: T) { if (dispatcher.dispatchResume(value, continuation).not()) { continuation.resume(value) } } override fun resumeWithException(exception: Throwable) { if (dispatcher.dispatchResumeWithException(exception, continuation).not()) { continuation.resumeWithException(exception) } } } In ContinuationDispatcher there are abstract methods implementation of which will depend on the thread where the executions will be happening.Implementation for UI threadsimport platform.darwin.* class MainQueueDispatcher : ContinuationDispatcher() { override fun dispatchResume(value: T, continuation: Continuation): Boolean { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue()) { continuation.resume(value) } return true } override fun dispatchResumeWithException(exception: Throwable, continuation: Continuation<*>): Boolean { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue()) { continuation.resumeWithException(exception) } return true } } Implementation for background threadsimport konan.worker.* class DataObject(val value: T, val continuation: Continuation) class ErrorObject(val exception: Throwable, val continuation: Continuation) class AsyncDispatcher : ContinuationDispatcher() { val worker = startWorker() override fun dispatchResume(value: T, continuation: Continuation): Boolean { worker.schedule(TransferMode.UNCHECKED, {DataObject(value, continuation)}) { it.continuation.resume(it.value) } return true } override fun dispatchResumeWithException(exception: Throwable, continuation: Continuation<*>): Boolean { worker.schedule(TransferMode.UNCHECKED, {ErrorObjeвыct(exception, continuation)}) { it.continuation.resumeWithException(it.exception) } return false } } Now we can use the asynchronous manager in the interactor:let interactor = KMultiReposInteractor( repository: repository, context: KMultiAsyncDispatcher() ) And the main thread manager in the presenter:let presenter = KMultiReposPresenter( uiContext: KMultiMainQueueDispatcher(), interactor: interactor ) Key takeawaysThe pros:The developers implemented a rather complicated (asynchronous) business logic and common module data depiction logic.You can develop native apps using native libraries and instruments (Android Studio, Xcode). All of the native platforms’ capabilities are available through Kotlin/Native.It goddamn works!The cons:All the Kotlin/Native solutions in the project are yet in the experimental status. Using features like this in the production code is not a good idea.No support for coroutines for Kotlin/Native out of the box. Hopefully, this issue will be solved in the near future. This would allow developers to signNowly speed up the process of multiplatform projects creation while also simplifying it.An iOS project will only work on the arm64 devices (models starting from iPhone 5S).

There are lots of cross-platform development tools which will more-or-less let you write a single program which runs on both platforms.But if you haven’t written programs for Android and iOS before, there is a substantial learning curve. The language is the least of your problems. The language sits in some “framework” which provides functionality like drawing buttons and navigating pages, and these are complex. And you still need to know a fair bit about Android and iOS.The two most popular cross development tools are React Native and Xamarin. React Native code is written in Javascript using the React framework. Xamarin code is written in C# and has its own framework.If you are new to programming, don’t start with iOS and Android cross platform development tools.

Check these questions which would be needful to you in your next interview:Q-1. What Is Node.Js?Answer.Node.js is a JavaScript runtime or platform which is built on Google Chrome’s JavaScript v8 engine. This runtime allows executing the JavaScript code on any machine outside a browser (this means that it is the server that executes the Javascript and not the browser).Node.js is single-threaded, that employs a concurrency model based on an event loop. It doesn’t block the execution instead registers a callback which allows the application to continue. It means Node.js can handle concurrent operations without creating multiple threads of execution so can scale pretty well.It uses JavaScript along with C/C++ for things like interacting with the filesystem, starting up HTTP or TCP servers and so on. Due to it’s extensively fast growing community and NPM, Node.js has become a very popular, open source and cross-platform app. It allows developing very fast and scalable network app that can run on Microsoft Windows, Linux, or OS X.Following are the areas where it’s perfect to use Node.js.I/O bound ApplicationsData Streaming ApplicationsData Intensive Real-time Applications (DIRT)JSON APIs based ApplicationsSingle Page ApplicationsAt the same time, it’s not suitable for heavy applications involving more of CPU usage.Q-2. What Are The Key Features Of Node.Js?Answer.Let’s look at some of the key features of Node.js.Asynchronous event driven IO helps concurrent request handling – All APIs of Node.js are asynchronous. This feature means that if a Node receives a request for some Input/Output operation, it will execute that operation in the background and continue with the processing of other requests. Thus it will not wait for the response from the previous requests.Fast in Code execution – Node.js uses the V8 JavaScript Runtime engine, the one which is used by Google Chrome. Node has a wrapper over the JavaScript engine which makes the runtime engine much faster and hence processing of requests within Node.js also become faster.Single Threaded but Highly Scalable – Node.js uses a single thread model for event looping. The response from these events may or may not signNow the server immediately. However, this does not block other operations. Thus making Node.js highly scalable. Traditional servers create limited threads to handle requests while Node.js creates a single thread that provides service to much larger numbers of such requests.Node.js library uses JavaScript – This is another important aspect of Node.js from the developer’s point of view. The majority of developers are already well-versed in JavaScript. Hence, development in Node.js becomes easier for a developer who knows JavaScript.There is an Active and vibrant community for the Node.js framework – The active community always keeps the framework updated with the latest trends in the web development.No Buffering – Node.js applications never buffer any data. They simply output the data in chunks.Q-3. Explain How Do We Decide, When To Use Node.Js And When Not To Use It?Answer.When Should We Use Node.Js?It’s ideal to use Node.js for developing streaming or event-based real-time applications that require less CPU usage such as.Chat applications.Game servers.Node.js is good for fast and high-performance servers, that face the need to handle thousands of user requests simultaneously.Good For A Collaborative Environment.It is suitable for environments where multiple people work together. For example, they post their documents, modify them by doing check-out and check-in of these documents.Node.js supports such situations by creating an event loop for every change made to the document. The “Event loop” feature of Node.js enables it to handle multiple events simultaneously without getting blocked.Advertisement Servers.Here again, we have servers that handle thousands of request for downloading advertisements from a central host. And Node.js is an ideal solution to handle such tasks.Streaming Servers.Another ideal scenario to use Node.js is for multimedia streaming servers where clients fire request’s towards the server to download different multimedia contents from it.To summarize, it’s good to use Node.js, when you need high levels of concurrency but less amount of dedicated CPU time.Last but not the least, since Node.js uses JavaScript internally, so it fits best for building client-side applications that also use JavaScript.When To Not Use Node.Js?However, we can use Node.js for a variety of applications. But it is a single threaded framework, so we should not use it for cases where the application requires long processing time. If the server is doing some calculation, it won’t be able to process any other requests. Hence, Node.js is best when processing needs less dedicated CPU time.Q-4. What IDEs Can You Use For Node.Js Development?Answer.Here is the list of most commonly used IDEs for developing node.js applications.Cloud9.It is a free, cloud-based IDE that supports, application development, using popular programming languages like Node.js, PHP, C++, Meteor and more. It provides a powerful online code editor that enables a developer to write, run and debug the app code.JetBrains WebStorm.WebStorm is a lightweight yet powerful JavaScript IDE, perfectly equipped for doing client-side and server-side development using Node.js. The IDE provides features like intelligent code completion, navigation, automated and safe refactorings. Additionally, we can use the debugger, VCS, terminal and other tools present in the IDE.JetBrains InteliJ IDEA.It is a robust IDE that supports web application development using mainstream technologies like Node.js, Angular.js, JavaScript, HTML5 and more. To enable the IDE that can do Node.js development we have to install a Node.js plugin. It provides features, including syntax highlighting, code assistance, code completion and more. We can even run and debug Node.js apps and see the results right in the IDE. It’s JavaScript debugger offers conditional breakpoints, expression evaluation, and other features.Komodo IDE.It is a cross-platform IDE that supports development in main programming languages, like Node.js, Ruby, PHP, JavaScript and more. It offers a variety of features, including syntax highlighting, keyboard shortcuts, collapsible Pane, workspace, auto indenting, code folding and code preview using built-in browser.Eclipse.It is a popular cloud-based IDE for web development using Java, PHP, C++ and more. You can easily avail the features of Eclipse IDE using the Node.js plug-in, which is .Atom.It is an open source application built with the integration of HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and Node.js. It works on top of Electron framework to develop cross-platform apps using web technologies. Atom comes pre-installed with four UI and eight syntax themes in both dark and light colors. We can also install themes created by the Atom community or create our own if required.Q-5. Explain How Does Node.Js Work?Answer.A Node.js application creates a single thread on its invocation. Whenever Node.js receives a request, it first completes its processing before moving on to the next request.Node.js works asynchronously by using the event loop and callback functions, to handle multiple requests coming in parallel. An Event Loop is a functionality which handles and processes all your external events and just converts them to a callback function. It invokes all the event handlers at a proper time. Thus, lots of work is done on the back-end, while processing a single request, so that the new incoming request doesn’t have to wait if the processing is not complete.While processing a request, Node.js attaches a callback function to it and moves it to the back-end. Now, whenever its response is ready, an event is called which triggers the associated callback function to send this response.Let’s Take An Example Of A Grocery Delivery.Usually, the delivery boy goes to each and every house to deliver the packet. Node.js works in the same way and processes one request at a time. The problem arises when any one house is not open. The delivery boy can’t stop at one house and wait till it gets opened up. What he will do next, is to call the owner and ask him to call when the house is open. Meanwhile, he is going to other places for delivery. Node.js works in the same way. It doesn’t wait for the processing of the request to complete (house is open). Instead, it attaches a callback function (call from the owner of the house) to it. Whenever the processing of a request completes (the house is open), an event gets called, which triggers the associated callback function to send the response.To summarize, Node.js does not process the requests in parallel. Instead, all the back-end processes like, I/O operations, heavy computation tasks, that take a lot of time to execute, run in parallel with other requests.Q-6. Explain REPL In Node.Js?Answer.The REPL stands for “Read Eval Print Loop”. It is a simple program that accepts the commands, evaluates them, and finally prints the results. REPL provides an environment similar to that of Unix/Linux shell or a window console, in which we can enter the command and the system, in turn, responds with the output. REPL performs the following tasks.READIt Reads the input from the user, parses it into JavaScript data structure and then stores it in the memory.EVALIt Executes the data structure.PRINTIt Prints the result obtained after evaluating the command.LOOPIt Loops the above command until the user presses Ctrl+C two times.Q-7. Is Node.Js Entirely Based On A Single-Thread?Answer.Yes, it’s true that Node.js processes all requests on a single thread. But it’s just a part of the theory behind Node.js design. In fact, more than the single thread mechanism, it makes use of events and callbacks to handle a large no. of requests asynchronously.Moreover, Node.js has an optimized design which utilizes both JavaScript and C++ to guarantee maximum performance. JavaScript executes at the server-side by Google Chrome v8 engine. And the C++ lib UV library takes care of the non-sequential I/O via background workers.To explain it practically, let’s assume there are 100s of requests lined up in Node.js queue. As per design, the main thread of Node.js event loop will receive all of them and forwards to background workers for execution. Once the workers finish processing requests, the registered callbacks get notified on event loop thread to pass the result back to the user.Q-8. How To Get Post Data In Node.Js?Answer.Following is the code snippet to fetch Post Data using Node.js.app.use(express.bodyParser()); app.post('/', function(request, response){ console.log(request.body.user); }); Q-9. How To Make Post Request In Node.Js?Answer.Following code snippet can be used to make a Post Request in Node.js.var request = require('request'); request.post( 'http://www.example.com/action', { form: { key: 'value' } }, function (error, response, body) { if (!error && response.statusCode == 200) { console.log(body) } } ); Q-10. What Is Callback In Node.Js?Answer.We may call “callback” as an asynchronous equivalent for a function. Node.js makes heavy use of callbacks and triggers it at the completion of a given task. All the APIs of Node.js are written in such a way that they support callbacks.For example, suppose we have a function to read a file, as soon as it starts reading the file, Node.js return the control immediately to the execution environment so that the next instruction can be executed. Once file read operation is complete, it will call the callback function and pass the contents of the file as its arguments. Hence, there is no blocking or wait, due to File I/O. This functionality makes Node.js as highly scalable, using it processes a high number of requests without waiting for any function to return the expected result.Q-11. What Is Callback Hell?Answer.Initially, you may praise Callback after learning about it. Callback hell is heavily nested callbacks which make the code unreadable and difficult to maintain.Let’s see the following code example.downloadPhoto('http://coolcats.com/cat.gif', displayPhoto) function displayPhoto (error, photo) { if (error) console.error('Download error!', error) else console.log('Download finished', photo) } console.log('Download started') In this scenario, Node.js first declares the “displayPhoto” function. After that, it calls the “downloadPhoto” function and pass the “displayPhoto” function as its callback. Finally, the code prints ‘Download started’ on the console. The “displayPhoto” will be executed only after “downloadPhoto” completes the execution of all its tasks.Q-12. How To Avoid Callback Hell In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js internally uses a single-threaded event loop to process queued events. But this approach may lead to blocking the entire process if there is a task running longer than expected.Node.js addresses this problem by incorporating callbacks also known as higher-order functions. So whenever a long-running process finishes its execution, it triggers the callback associated. With this approach, it can allow the code execution to continue past the long-running task.However, the above solution looks extremely promising. But sometimes, it could lead to complex and unreadable code. More the no. of callbacks, longer the chain of returning callbacks would be. Just see the below example.With such an unprecedented complexity, it’s hard to debug the code and can cause you a whole lot of time. There are four solutions which can address the callback hell problem.1. Make Your Program Modular.It proposes to split the logic into smaller modules. And then join them together from the main module to achieve the desired result.2. Use Async Mechanism.It is a widely used Node.js module which provides a sequential flow of execution.The async module has API which passes data from one operation to other using the next callback.Another async API allows iterating over a list of items in parallel and calls back with another list of results.With the async approach, the caller’s callback gets called only once. The caller here is the main method using the async module.3. Use Promises Mechanism.Promises give an alternate way to write async code. They either return the result of execution or the error/exception. Implementing promises requires the use of <.then()> function which waits for the promise object to return. It takes two optional arguments, both functions. Depending on the state of the promise only one of them will get called. The first function call proceeds if the promise gets fulfilled. However, if the promise gets rejected, then the second function will get called.4. Use Generators.Generators are lightweight routines, they make a function wait and resume via the yield keyword. Generator functions uses a special syntax . They can also suspend and resume asynchronous operations using constructs such as promises or and turn a synchronous code into asynchronous.Q-13. Can You Create HTTP Server In Nodejs, Explain The Code Used For It?Answer.Yes, we can create HTTP Server in Node.js. We can use the command to do so.Following is the sample code.var http = require('http'); var requestListener = function (request, response) { response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}); response.end('Welcome Viewers\n'); } var server = http.createServer(requestListener); server.listen(8080); // The port where you want to start with. Q-14. What Is The Difference Between Nodejs, AJAX, And JQuery?Answer.The one common trait between Node.js, AJAX, and jQuery is that all of them are the advanced implementation of JavaScript. However, they serve completely different purposes.Node.Js –It is a server-side platform for developing client-server applications. For example, if we’ve to build an online employee management system, then we won’t do it using client-side JS. But the Node.js can certainly do it as it runs on a server similar to Apache, Django not in a browser.AJAX (Aka Asynchronous Javascript And XML) –It is a client-side scripting technique, primarily designed for rendering the contents of a page without refreshing it. There are a no. of large companies utilizing AJAX such as Facebook and Stack Overflow to display dynamic content.JQuery –It is a famous JavaScript module which complements AJAX, DOM traversal, looping and so on. This library provides many useful functions to help in JavaScript development. However, it’s not mandatory to use it but as it also manages cross-browser compatibility, so can help you produce highly maintainable web applications.Q-15. What Are Globals In Node.Js?Answer.There are three keywords in Node.js which constitute as Globals. These are Global, Process, and Buffer.Global.The Global keyword represents the global namespace object. It acts as a container for all other objects. If we type , it’ll print out all of them.An important point to note about the global objects is that not all of them are in the global scope, some of them fall in the module scope. So, it’s wise to declare them without using the var keyword or add them to Global object.Variables declared using the var keyword become local to the module whereas those declared without it get subscribed to the global object.Process.It is also one of the global objects but includes additional functionality to turn a synchronous function into an async callback. There is no boundation to access it from anywhere in the code. It is the instance of the EventEmitter class. And each node application object is an instance of the Process object.It primarily gives back the information about the application or the environment. – to get the execution path of the Node app. – to get the Node version currently running. – to get the server platform.Some of the other useful Process methods are as follows. – To know the memory used by Node application. – To attach a callback function that will get called during the next loop. It can cause a delay in executing a function.Buffer.The Buffer is a class in Node.js to handle binary data. It is similar to a list of integers but stores as a raw memory outside the V8 heap.We can convert JavaScript string objects into Buffers. But it requires mentioning the encoding type explicitly. – Specifies 7-bit ASCII data. – Represents multibyte encoded Unicode char set. – Indicates 2 or 4 bytes, little endian encoded Unicode chars. – Used for Base64 string encoding. – Encodes each byte as two hexadecimal chars.Here is the syntax to use the Buffer class.> var buffer = new Buffer(string, [encoding]); The above command will allocate a new buffer holding the string with as the default encoding. However, if you like to write a to an existing buffer object, then use the following line of code.> buffer.write(string) This class also offers other methods like and that allows read/write from various types of data to the buffer.Q-16. How To Load HTML In Node.Js?Answer.To load HTML in Node.js we have to change the “Content-type” in the HTML code from text/plain to text/html.Let’s see an example where we have created a static file in web server.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200); response.write(file, "binary"); response.end(); }); Now we will modify this code to load an HTML page instead of plain text.fs.readFile(filename, "binary", function(err, file) { if(err) { response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(err + "\n"); response.end(); return; } response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"}); response.write(file); response.end(); }); Q-17. What Is EventEmitter In Node.Js?Answer.Events module in Node.js allows us to create and handle custom events. The Event module contains “EventEmitter” class which can be used to raise and handle custom events. It is accessible via the following code.// Import events module var events = require('events'); // Create an eventEmitter object var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter(); When an EventEmitter instance encounters an error, it emits an “error” event. When a new listener gets added, it fires a “newListener” event and when a listener gets removed, it fires a “removeListener” event.EventEmitter provides multiple properties like “on” and “emit”. The “on” property is used to bind a function to the event and “emit” is used to fire an event.Q-18. How Many Types Of Streams Are Present In Node.Js?Answer.Stream in Node.js are objects that allow reading data from a source or writing data to a specific destination in a continuous fashion. In Node.js, there are four types of streams. – This is the Stream to be used for reading operation. – It facilitates the write operation. – This Stream can be used for both the read and write operations. – It is a form of a duplex Stream, which performs the computations based on the available input.All the Streams, discussed above are an instance of an “EventEmitter” class. The event thrown by the Stream varies with time. Some of the commonly used events are as follows. – This event gets fired when there is data available for reading. – The Stream fires this event when there is no more data to read. – This event gets fired when there is any error in reading or writing data. – It fires this event after it has flushed all the data to the underlying system.Q-19. List And Explain The Important REPL Commands?Answer.Following is the list of some of the most commonly used REPL commands.<.help> – It displays help for all the commands. – It displays the list of all the available commands. – Its use is to determine what command was executed in REPL previously.<.save filename> – Save the current REPL session to a file.<.load filename> – To Load the specified file in the current REPL session. – used to Terminate the current command. – To Exit from the REPL. – This command perfoms Exit from the REPL.<.break> – It leads Exitting from multiline expression.<.clear> – Exit from multiline expression.Q-20. What Is NPM In Node.Js?Answer.NPM stands for Node Package Manager. It provides following two main functionalities.It works as an Online repository for node.js packages/modules which are present at .It works as Command line utility to install packages, do version management and dependency management of Node.js packages.NPM comes bundled along with Node.js installable. We can verify its version using the following command-$ npm --version NPM helps to install any Node.js module using the following command.$ npm install For example, following is the command to install a famous Node.js web framework module called express-$ npm install express Q-21. What Is The Global Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.Globally installed packages/dependencies are stored in /npm directory. Such dependencies can be used in CLI (Command Line Interface) function of any node.js, but cannot be imported using require() in the Node application directly.To install a Node project globally use -g flag as.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express -g Q-22. What Is The Local Installation Of Dependencies?Answer.By default, NPM installs any dependency in the local mode. It means that the package gets installed in “node_modules” directory which is present in the same folder, where Node application is placed. Locally deployed packages are accessible via require(). Following is the syntax to install a Node project locally.C:\Nodejs_WorkSpace>npm install express Q-23. What Is Package.Json? Who Uses It?Answer.What Is ?It is a plain JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) text file which contains all metadata information about Node.js Project or application.This file should be present in the root directory of every Node.js Package or Module to describe its metadata in JSON format.The file is named as “package” because Node.js platform treats every feature as a separate component. Node.js calls these as Package or Module.Who Use It?NPM (Node Package Manager) uses file. It includes details of the Node.js application or package. This file contains a no. of different directives or elements. These directives guide NPM, about how to handle a module or package.Q-24. Does Node.Js Support Multi-Core Platforms? And Is It Capable Of Utilizing All The Cores?Answer.Yes, Node.js would run on a multi-core system without any issue. But it is by default a single-threaded application, so it can’t completely utilize the multi-core system.However, Node.js can facilitate deployment on multi-core systems where it does use the additional hardware. It packages with a Cluster module which is capable of starting multiple Node.js worker processes that will share the same port.Q-25. Which Is The First Argument Usually Passed To A Node.Js Callback Handler?Answer.Node.js core modules follow a standard signature for its callback handlers and usually the first argument is an optional error object. And if there is no error, then the argument defaults to null or undefined.Here is a sample signature for the Node.js callback handler.function callback(error, results) { // Check for errors before handling results. if ( error ) { // Handle error and return. } // No error, continue with callback handling. } Q-26. What Is Chaining Process In Node.Js?Answer.It’s an approach to connect the output of one stream to the input of another stream, thus creating a chain of multiple stream operations.Q-27. How To Create A Custom Directive In AngularJS?Answer.To create a custom directive, we have to first register it with the application object by calling the function. While invoking the method of , we need to give the name of the function implementing the logic for that directive.For example, in the below code, we have created a copyright directive which returns a copyright text.app.directive('myCopyRight', function () { return { template: '@CopyRight MyDomain.com ' }; }); Note – A custom directive should follow the camel case format as shown above.Q-28. What Is A Child_process Module In Node.Js?Answer.Node.js supports the creation of child processes to help in parallel processing along with the event-driven model.The Child processes always have three streams , child.stdout, and child.stderr. The stream of the parent process shares the streams of the child process.Node.js provides a module which supports following three methods to create a child process.exec – method runs a command in a shell/console and buffers the output.spawn – launches a new process with a given command.fork – is a special case of the spawn() method to create child processes.Q-29. What Are The Different Custom Directive Types In AngularJS?Answer.AngularJS supports a no. of different directives which also depend on the level we want to restrict them.So in all, there are four different kinds of custom directives.Element Directives (E)Attribute Directives (A)CSS Class Directives (C)Comment Directives (M)Q-30. What Is A Control Flow Function? What Are The Steps Does It Execute?Answer.It is a generic piece of code which runs in between several asynchronous function calls is known as control flow function.It executes the following steps.Control the order of execution.Collect data.Limit concurrency.Call the next step in the program.

In Case You Lost Your Mobile But u know your IMEI number You Have To Follow These Steps:Step by Step Procedures to get your stolen phone backStep 1. Gather the Required InformationCertain information is required in the process of finding your phone back. You are advised to gather these following details of your phone beforehand by looking up the packaging/invoice/warranty card/other documents relating to your mobile phone:Make and model of the mobileIMEI /PUC numberYour phone numberThe description of when and where you lost itYour suspicions (if any) of anyone who could have stolen it.Step 2. Get your SIM deactivatedThis is a step which can be taken after filing the FIR or it can be done immediately. The advantage of waiting for a while before you deactivate your phone is that in case your phone is in the hand of an honest person, they may try to contact someone from your phone list to inform you that they have your phone.And if you are suspicious about the finder of your phone and want to ignore any case of mishappenings or in case you have waited for a reasonable time, you may initiate the process of deactivating your number by contacting your respective service provider so that anyone who has stolen it will not be able to use to make calls. It is a simple process in which the customer representative of your service provider will ask certain details of yours which will assure him about your identity as the user. And you can also check if there are any calls been made, this may help you in tracking down the whereabouts of your phone.Step 3. Protect your dataIf In case your mobile phone has data synced with online applications like Gmail, Google Contacts, Google Calendar etc., it is wise to change your password immediately so that your data which can contain your private photographs, contacts, bank details, browsing history, personal emails, phone logs and other personal information.Step 4. Report to PoliceIt is very important to report the matter to the Police as your mobile can be misused by someone else and can lead to serious consequences. So one can follow the following procedures when you realize that you don’t have your mobile phone :In case of TheftIf you think that your mobile phone has been stolen by someone then you must go to the police station nearest to the place where the phone was stolen and get an FIR registered to report the theft.How to file an FIRYou need to go to any nearby police station where you had your phone with you last time.Tell the police officer to register the FIR for a stolen mobile phone under Section 154 of CrPC.Tell the details of your phone like the color and model of the phone, IMEI number of the phone.The names of the witnesses, if there were any witnesses present at the place where you lost your phone.After filing the FIR, you should not forget to take the copy of FIR so that you can track the position of the FIR afterwards.How to keep track on the progress of your ComplainAs per the advisory issued by Ministry of Home Affairs on Mandatory Registration of FIR for Stolen Mobile Phones on 23-July-2014, these steps needed to be followed by the investigating officer during the process of investigation. One can keep a track on the implementation of these steps. The Guidelines are:The Investigating Officer should make necessary efforts to track and recover the stolen mobile phones.He should contact the service providers for ascertaining the user details of the number on which the handset is activated subsequent to this theft.Should visit the address mentioned in the subscriber form.As the technical know-how pertaining to IMEI number of a stolen mobile phone which is available only with the service providers and the concerned officer should initiate necessary follow-up of a painstaking kind with the service providers to scan and work upon the IMEI numbers of stolen phones in order to trace them.Zonal Integrated Police Network (ZIPNET) has been provided which contains the details (IMEI numbers) of lost/stolen mobile handsets. The police need to register the details on the ZIPNET platform in order to stop the purchasing of the pre-owned mobile phone.What to do when the police refuse to file F.I.RAs per an advisory issued by the center to the states and union territories on 5 Feb 2014, registration of FIR for a stolen mobile phone is compulsory under Section 154 of CrPC. When the police refuses to register the information or FIR of the stolen mobile phone, any person aggrieved by such refusal may send in writing and by post, the substance of such information disclosing a cognizable offence, to the Superintendent of Police under section 154(3) or to the Magistrate concerned under section 156(3) of the CrPC.In case of misplaced or lost phoneIf you think that your mobile phone was lost or misplaced you should go to the police station nearest to the place where the phone was misplaced or lost, and get a Daily Diary Report (DDR) registered. An FIR is filed in cases of cognizable offenses, i.e. crimes of serious nature while in cases of non-cognizable offenses a DDR can be registered. The DDR can act as proof of your bona fides (good intention) in case the lost phone is misused.Here is the Sample Complaint Letter to the Police Officer Incharge:Fromabc… (Applicant Name)xyz …(your contact address)123456…(your contact mobile number/Phone number)Abc@your.mail…(your e-mail id.)Date.______To,The Police Officer In chargeAddress ( Local Police station)Respected Sir,Sub. : Loss of my _____________(mention your lost phone and Number)While travelling from _______(place) to __________(place) by bus/ train/ walk I have lost my phone __________ bearing No.____________ along with (name other documents if any) some where. (If you have any idea or chance of loss at an approximate area, you can mention the same in your application). Sir, to avoid any misuse of my above ___________ I seek your help and request you to kindly register my F.I.R in the subject matter.For your ready reference I enclose herewith(a) details of phone, IMEI number of phone ____________(b) copy of ______________ as I.D proof.Hope you will do the needful favorably at the earliest.Thanks and regardsYours Sincerely____________(your signature)____________(your Name)Register Online Police ComplaintNowadays many States provide the facilities for online complaint where you need to register your FIR online which requires the details like your IMEI number, your email id, active mobile number, address and other related information required in the process of investigation. This process is developed to ease the process and to build the trust of the citizens in the police and it also makes the whole process efficient. One can simply go to their respective official websites of the Police Department and they need to get themselves register there and after the registration is done, one can file the complaint. Below are some of the different states and cities where online registration of complaint is available, one can easily lodge an online complaint with them:Andhra PradeshAssamBiharGoaUttar PradeshHaryanaJharkhandMadhya PradeshPunjabRajasthanGujaratBangaloreKeralaMaharashtraNow, let us see the complete detailed procedure of how one can register an online complaint in Delhi.How to Register Online Complaint in DelhiStep 1: Go to Delhi Police Official website.Step 2: Click on ‘Lost & Found’ options- Multiple options will appear at the homepage like helpline no., lost report, Women safety app, Police clearance certificate, Character verification report. For online FIR registration click on ‘Lost & Found’ option, in the middle of the page.Step 3: Go for registration- After going in the ‘Lost Article Report’, four options will appear – 1. Retrieve 2. Register 3. Search found articles 4. FAQ. Select the second option ‘Register’.Step 4: Fill the registration form- A new page will open, where you have to fill up the blanks with your personal details as well as your lost article’s details. The following options will be there-Complainant’s Name- Fill the name of the person who wants to lodge the E-FIR.Father’s/Mother’s Name- Fill the complainant’s parents name.Complainant’s Address- Where the complainant is residing (Required full address).Complainant’s Mobile number- Complainant’s working mobile number.Complainant’s email ID– it will be needed because a copy of your e-FIR will be sent to you via email for verification.Place of Loss in Delhi- Fill the particular details about where your article was lost in Delhi.Date of Loss- Fill the date on which you lost your phone.Time of Loss- If you remembered the time of loss then fill it. However, it is not mandatory.Lost Articles- Fill the name of the article you have lost.Description- The basic details of the lost article.ADD- by clicking on ADD the details will be attached to the file.Any Other Details- Any other specific detail you want to highlight then fill it in this blank.Enter captcha code- Fill the Code given after all the above details.Step 5: Submit the details- Recheck all the details and then click ‘Submit’ button.Step 6: Receive the hard copy- Now check your email ID, where you will receive a copy of your e-FIR in PDF form. Take the print out of that report.How to get the phone back after it is recovered by the policeAfter recovering the stolen property, police submit the property to the court. The object in custody of court is called as “MUDDEMAL” and in order to recover your Phone, you need to file an Application for Return of Property under Section 451 of the CRPC before the Magistrate Court under which the concerned Police Station is reported to. You will have to furnish the required documents like the Bill of the Phone and you will be required to appear before the court for identification and once your identification is over then the Magistrate will pass an order directing the return of the Mobile phone to you and you will have to show the order copy to the Police Station and then that they will return your phone to you.Necessary measures for mobile phone usersIt is always said that “Prevention is better than cure” so, we must ensure certain things if we own a mobile phone in order to reduce the risk or consequences of the stolen phone:Install Tracking Apps– One can easily find plenty of apps which can help to locate your lost mobile phone. These apps like Android Device Manager for Android devices, and for iOS devices, one can install “Find my iPhone” service.Remember your IMEI Number– All mobile phone contains a unique tamper-proof identification number called IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). This IMEI number can be located on the back panel of your mobile phone just below the battery or it is mentioned on your Phone Purchase bill. You can also know the IMEI number by dialing *#06# on your mobile phone.Keep the Bill of your phone at a safe place– It is a general tendency among the people to keep the mobile phone purchase bill/invoice for the sole purpose of claiming warranty but one should keep it safe after the expiration of warranty period also as it helps in proving the ownership of the phone and is required in the process of claiming it after the mobile is recovered by the police.Sync your data online– It is always advised to sync your data on online applications like Gmail, Google Contacts, Google Calendar etc., as it serves many purposes like keeping the data safe, protection from data loss etc,.It is wise to change your password immediately after the theft.Source:-https://blog.ipleaders.in/lost-p...

Digital Documents Now Valid. Here's All You Need To Know About DigiLockerDigiLocker is a platform for issuance and verification of documents and certificates in a digital format, thereby eliminating the use of physical documents. Indian citizens who sign up for a DigiLocker account get a dedicated cloud storage space that is linked to their Aadhaar or UIDAI number.DigiLocker is a cloud-based digital locker to save documents online. They are now be officially acceptedNew Delhi:The government, on Thursday, issued an advisory to all states to accept documents in electronic form. With the idea of paperless governance, and an aim to make life simpler for citizens, the government announced that documents such as driving license, car registration, voter ID, PAN card, school and college certificates, and many other documents issued by the government will now be accepted, when presented in digital form. These documents can even be used for photo ID purposes at airports and railway stations.DigiLocker, as the name suggests, is a 'digital locker' for citizens to securely save copies of all their documents.DigiLocker is a platform for issuance and verification of documents and certificates in a digital format, thereby eliminating the use of physical documents. Indian citizens who sign up for a DigiLocker account get a dedicated cloud storage space that is linked to their Aadhaar or UIDAI number.Government departments and organisations which are registered with DigiLocker can push electronic copies of documents and certificates issued by them, directly into the citizens lockers. Citizens can also upload scanned copies of their documents in their accounts. These documents can be electronically signed as well, using the eSign facility.Here is all you need to know about DigiLocker, and how to use it:Q) What is DigiLocker, and how does it work?A) DigiLocker is a digital locker facility provided by the government. It allows all Indian citizens to store scanned or digital formats of their documents. The technology used by DigiLocker is Cloud computing, where all citizens are given 1 GB (gigabyte) of storage space on a secure and private cloud account. DigiLocker is part of the government's Digital India initiative.The project was launched by PM Modi in 2015, when it had a beta version. It is now completely ready, with the government telling all states to start officially recognising it. It is aimed at reducing the need to carry physical documents, while also aiding in paperless governance.How the DigiLocker system worksQ) What are the benefits of DigiLocker?A) Some of the benefits offered by DigiLocker include:Citizens can access their digital documents anytime, anywhere and share it online for their ease and convenience. This helps in saving time, paperwork, and helps people get their work done on the move.It reduces the administrative overhead of government departments by minimising the use of paper, thereby making it a hassle-free and more environment-friendly way of getting things done.DigiLocker makes it easier to validate the authenticity of documents as they are issued directly by the registered issuers. Since documents are verified by the concerned departments, it helps a user get many other tasks done, for eg: documents required for various banking purposes, or at airports and railway stations, where IDs are needed.Self-uploaded documents can be digitally signed using the eSign facility (which is similar to the process of self-attestation of documents). Documents can thereby be shared as and when required, without it having to be manually delivered or collected.All physical documents can then be kept in the safety of ones home, minimising the chance of ever losing them, or damaging them.Here is a video showing how DigiLocker helps in our daily lives:Q) How can I open a DigiLocker account? What do I need?A) The DigiLocker facility is available only for Indian citizens. To open a DigiLocker account, you must have an Aadhaar card (Aadhaar number). To activate the account, it is mandatory to link your DigiLocker account to your Aadhaar (UIDAI) number.Q) Is my data (certificates and documents) safe in DigiLocker?A) The government assures that DigiLocker is completely safe, with some of the best security features available on date. DigiLocker allows only the user to access their data and documents. The user gets a secure and private cloud account, which is password-protected. Security measures also include a 256 Bit SSL encryption and mobile authentication based sign up process (with OTP facility). DigiLocker also comes with a 'timed logout', which means it logs the user out if the individual leaves it open and idle.DigiLocker follows the best industry practices, and keeps data 100 per cent private, allowing only the user to share details and documents with others. DigiLocker is ISO certified, and has an ISO-27001 certified data centre.Some of the main security features include:Standard Practices: DigiLocker follows standard software development practices of uniform coding standards, guidelines and reviews. Every release is reviewed and tested internally for security and penetration vulnerabilities before getting deployed on our servers.256 Bit SSL Encryption: DigiLocker uses 256 bit secure socket layer (SSL) Encryption for information transmitted during any activity.Mobile Authentication based Sign Up: DigiLocker uses mobile authentication based signup via OTP (one time password) for authenticating users and allowing access to the platform.Aadhaar Authentication based Issued Document Access: To receive issued documents from registered issuers, citizens need to authenticate themselves using Aadhaar's Biometric or Mobile OTP authentication service.ISO 27001 certified Data Centre: The application is hosted in a ISO 27001 security certified data centre.Data Redundancy: Data is backed up in secure environment with proper redundancy.Timed Log Out: To protect citizen's account from unauthorized access, our system is designed to terminate session automatically if extended inactivity is detected.Security Audit: The DigiLocker application has been security audited by a recognized audit agency and the application security audit certificate has been obtained.User Consent Based System: The data from DigiLocker is shared only with the citizen's explicit consent. All sharing and access activities are logged and conveyed to the citizen. Organizations that need access to citizens' certificates need to register on DigiLocker and seek explicit consent from the citizen.To know full details about the technical specifications of DigiLocker, please click here.Q) Who are the key stakeholders in the DigiLocker system?A) DigiLocker has three stakeholders. They are:Issuer: Entity issuing e-documents to individuals in a standard format and making them electronically available eg: CBSE, Registrar Office, Income Tax department, RTO (transport office), etc.Requester: Entity requesting secure access to a particular e-document stored within a repository (eg: University, Passport Office, Regional Transport Office, etc.)Resident: An individual who uses the Digital Locker service based on their Aadhaar number.Q) What are the main technology components of the DigiLocker system?A) The main technology components of the DigiLocker system include:Repository: Collection of e-documents that is exposed via standard APIs for secure, real-time access.Access Gateway: Secure online mechanism for requesters to access e-documents from various repositories in real-time using URI (Uniform Resource Indicator).DigiLocker Portal: Dedicated cloud based personal storage space, linked to each resident's Aadhaar for storing e-documents, or URIs of e-documents.To know full details about the technical specifications of DigiLocker, please click here.Q) What is the sign-up and sign-in procedure for DigiLocker? Can I link my Google or Facebook to DigiLocker?A) While signing up for a DigiLocker account, it is mandatory for a user to have an Aadhaar (UIDAI) number. A one-time password or OTP is sent to the users Aadhaar-linked mobile number, which they need to sign-up.For log-ins thereafter, a user can set a password of their choice, or link the account to their Facebook or Google logins. The choice of linking DigiLocker with Google or Facebook is given to every user, and is left to their discretion. It is not necessary to link them.Here is video explaining the sign-in and sign-up processes:Q) Can an NRI (Non Resident Indian) sign up using a foreign mobile number?A) No, it is not possible. You can register in DigiLocker using an Indian mobile number only.Q) Once I sign-up for DigiLocker, How can I get my eAadhaar linked with my account?A) Here are the steps to get eAadhaar in DigiLocker:Login to DigiLocker with your credentials.After logging into DigiLocker, you will see a dialog box with a message to get your eAadhaar.Click on "Click here" link.An OTP box will appear in the dialog.You will receive an OTP on your mobile number linked to Aadhaar.Enter this OTP in the OTP box and click "Verify OTP" button.On successful validation of the OTP you will be redirected to "Issued Document" page where URI for eAadhaar will be listed.Click on "Save" icon next to Aadhaar Card on "Issued Document" page. Your eAadhaar will be saved to "Uploaded Document" section.Q) Is DigiLocker only accessible through a web browser? Does DigiLocker have a Mobile App? What platforms is it available on?A) DigiLocker is available both for the web, as well as mobile. This means, a user can access their DigiLocker account both, from a web or mobile browser, as well as the DigiLocker Mobile App.The DigiLocker Mobile App (mobile application) is available on Google Play Store and iOS App Store. Click on the links in this answer, while on your mobile phone, to download the DigiLocker App.Q) What are the rules and amendments to use DigiLocker?A) To know all about the rules and amendments of DigiLocker, please click here. The first 8 pages are in Hindi. For English, please go straight to page 9.Q) How do I upload and e-sign documents on DigiLocker?A) Here is a video explaining the entire process of uploading and e-signing documents on DigiLocker:Q) How do I get documents issued on DigiLocker?A) Here is a video explaining the entire process of getting documents issued on DigiLocker:Q) What is DigiLocker integration with Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). What are the benefits of this integration for citizens?A) DigiLocker has partnered with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways for making available digital driving license and vehicle registration certificates to Indian citizens. Under this partnership, DigiLocker is now directly integrated with the National Register, which is the national database of driving license and vehicle registration data across the country. Henceforth, DigiLocker users will be able to access their digital RC and DL both on desktop computers and on mobile devices.Here are the benefits of this integration:Paperless Services: Digital driving license and vehicle registration will minimize the use of physical documents.Authentic Records: Citizens can share the authentic digital certificates directly from the data source with other departments as identity and address proof resulting in reduction of administrative overhead.Spot Verification: The digital RC and DL in a DigiLocker account can be spot verified for authenticity either by validating the Digital Signature of MoRTH on the PDF copy of the document or by scanning the QR code on digital documents by using the QR scan facility on DigiLocker mobile app.Q) What is the process of getting my digital DL (driving license) and RC (registration certificate) in DigiLocker?A) For getting the digital RC and DL, users should ensure their Aadhaar number is linked with their DigiLocker account. Once this is done, they can go to the "Pull Partner Documents" section, select the issuer and document type and enter the document details asked for. This will allow them to fetch their document from the transport ministry database. Once the document is fetched, users can save a permanent link (URI) to this digital document in their "Issued Documents" section for later reuse.While fetching the transport ministry digital records in DigiLocker, your name in your Aadhaar card should match your name in the RC and DL database of the National Register. This ensures that only the rightful owner of the documents is able to fetch the digital DL and RC.Please click here to get a step by step demo for the process of getting the digital RC and DL.Citizens can get their Digital RC and DL on both desktop and on mobile devices (Android only at present, iOS coming soon.)Q) How can I be sure that the Digital RC and DL in DigiLocker is indeed coming from the transport ministry database? Are these digital records authentic and legally valid under Indian laws?A) The digital RC and DL in DigiLocker is digitally signed by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. It is fetched in real-time directly from the National Register database and has a timestamp for record keeping purposes. This digital document is a legally valid document under the Indian IT Act 2000.Q) How can a CBSE Class XII student get access to their digital mark sheet on DigiLocker?A) DigiLocker has partnered with CBSE for issuing digital mark sheets to 2016 Class XII students. Students who have registered their mobile number with CBSE would receive their DigiLocker account credentials through SMS, while those who don't have their mobiles registered with CBSE would need to create a DigiLocker account with their mobile number, sync with their Aadhaar number and then pull their mark sheet from the CBSE databases.For step by step instructions on how to do this, please click here.Q) What are issued documents and what are uploaded documents?A) Issued documents are e-documents issued by various government agencies in electronic format directly from the original data source and the URI (link) of these documents is available in the issued documents section of DigiLocker. Whereas uploaded documents are those e-documents uploaded directly by the DigiLocker user.Q) What is the maximum allowed file size that can be uploaded?A) Maximum allowed file size is 10MB.Q) What type of files can be uploaded?A) File types that can be uploaded - pdf, jpeg & png.Q) What is the meaning of URI?A) A URI is a Uniform Resource Identifier generated by the issuer department, which is mandatory for every e-document of the DigiLocker system. This unique URI can be resolved to a full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to access the actual document in its appropriate repository.Q) What departments under the government have linked themselves to DigiLocker so far? What advisory has the government given to the states to officially recognise soft copies (on DigiLocker)?A) Here is the letter or advisory that the government has issued to all the states to officially recognise documents of citizens uploaded or fetched on DigiLocker. The letter also lists all the government departments that have linked themselves to DigiLocker.

What A Realtor Does For YouThe Critical Role Of The Realtor In The Real Estate TransactionMany home buyers and sellers are not aware of the true value that a Realtor provides during the course of a real estate transaction. Many people, in fact, are not cognizant of the expertise, professional knowledge, and just plain hard work that go into bringing about a successful real estate transaction.A multitude of important services and steps required in a real estate transaction are carried out by the Realtor or the brokerage staff. Most of these steps have traditionally been viewed simply as part of a Realtor's professional responsibilities to the client. But, without them, the transaction could be placed in jeopardy.Listed below are nearly 200 typical actions, research steps, processes, and review stages necessary for a successful residential real estate transaction that are normally provided by a full service real estate brokerage in exchange for their sales commission. Depending on the transaction, some of these steps may take minutes, hours, or even days to complete, while some may not be needed.ComprehensivenessThe list is by no means an attempt to set forth a complete list of services, as these can vary within each brokerage and each market. Many Realtors routinely provide a wide variety of additional services that are as varied as the nature of each transaction.By the same token, some transactions may not require every step listed. However, given the unexpected complications that can arise, it's far better to know about a step and make an intelligent, informed decision to skip it, than to not know the possibility even exists.The Realtor CommitmentThe professional commitment of a Realtor is to ensure that a seller and a buyer are brought together in an agreement that provides each with a transaction that is fair and equitable. The motivation is easy to understand. For most full-service brokerages, they receive no compensation whatsoever unless and until the sale closes.By contrast, there are firms that offer limited services in exchange for an up-front flat fee, or offer a menu of pay-as-you-go or a la' carte options. Other real estate firms may offer a sliding scale ranging from limited to full service. In these cases, the compensation of the Realtor is based on the reduced services provided, with the seller bearing full responsibility for all of the other steps and procedures (which are normally conducted by a full service real estate firm) in the selling process.Variety Of ChoicesThe variety of brokerage business models in today's real estate industry - full service, limited service, fee for service or other -- affords consumers with a greater range of options than ever before. No matter which option they choose, homeowners should understand exactly what services will, or will not, be provided by their choice of Realtor/brokerage firm before signing a Listing Agreement or otherwise engaging the services of a Realtor and agreeing to compensation.Why Use A RealtorNot every real estate agent or broker is a Realtor. That term and the familiar block "R" logo are trademarked by the National Association of Realtors can legally be used only by those that are Realtor members through their local association of Realtors.While all Realtors are also state-issued licensees as agents or brokers, a major difference between a real estate licensee and a Realtor is that Realtors have taken an oath to subscribe to a stringent, enforceable Code of Ethics with Standards of Practice that promote the fair, ethical and honest treatment of all parties in a transaction. Real estate licensees (those that have a state-issued license but are not members of a Realtor association) are not bound to the ethical practices and principles set forth in the Realtor Code.In addition, Realtor associations offer a wealth of training courses to their member Realtors, to help assure that Realtors serve their customers with the level of skill, knowledge and attention to detail required in today's real estate transaction. The continual training provided to Realtors underscores the importance of having help and guidance from someone who fully understands the process - a Realtor.For peace of mind, ensure that the individual seeking to represent you in a real estate transaction is not just a real estate licensee, but also a Realtor.Pre-Listing Activities1. Make appointment with seller for listing presentation.2. Send seller a written or e-mail confirmation of listing appointment and call to confirm.3. Review pre-appointment questions.4. Research all comparable currently listed properties.5. Research sales activity for past 18 months through the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) and/or public records databases.6. Research "Average Days on Market" for this property of this type, price range and location.7. Download and review property tax roll information.8. Prepare "Comparable Market Analysis" (CMA) to establish fair market value.9. Obtain copy of subdivision plat/complex lay-out.10. Research property's ownership and deed type.11. Research property's public record information for lot size and dimensions.12. Research and verify legal description.13. Research property's land use coding and deed restrictions.14. Research property's current use and zoning.15. Verify legal names of owner(s) in county's public property records.16. Prepare listing presentation package with above materials.17. Perform exterior Curb Appeal Assessment of subject property.18. Compile and assemble formal file on property.19. Confirm current public schools and explain impact of schools on market value.20. Review listing appointment checklist to ensure all steps and actions have been completed.Listing Appointment Presentation21. Give seller an overview of current market conditions and projections.22. Review agent's and company's credentials and accomplishments in the market.23. Present company's profile and position or niche in the marketplace.24. Present CMA Results To Seller, including Comparables, Solds, Current Listings and Expireds.25. Offer pricing strategy based on professional judgment and interpretation of current market conditions.26. Discuss goals with seller to market effectively.27. Explain market power and benefits of Multiple Listing Service.28. Explain market power of web marketing, Internet Data Display and Find Real Estate, Homes for Sale, Apartments & Houses for Rent.29. Explain the work the brokerage and agent do behind the scenes and agent's availability onweekends.30. Explain agent's role in taking calls to screen for qualified buyers and protect seller from curiosity seekers.31. Present and discuss strategic master marketing plan.32. Explain different agency relationships and determine seller's preference.33. Review and explain all clauses in Listing Contract and Addendum and obtain seller's signature.Once Property Is Under Listing Agreement34. Review current title information.35. Measure overall and heated/air conditioned square footage.36. Measure interior room sizes.37. Confirm lot size via owner's copy of certified survey, if available.38. Note any and all unrecorded property lines, agreements, easements.39. Obtain house plans, if applicable and available.40. Review house plans and make copy.41. Order plat map for retention in property's listing file.42. Prepare showing instructions for buyers' agents and agree on showing time window with seller.43. Obtain current mortgage loan(s) information: companies and loan account numbers.44. Verify current loan information with lender(s).45. Check assumability of loan(s) and any special requirements.46. Discuss possible buyer financing alternatives and options with seller.47. Review current appraisal if available.48. Identify Home Owner Association manager if applicable.49. Verify Home Owner Association Fees with manager - mandatory or optional and current annual fee.50. Order copy of Homeowner Association bylaws, if applicable.51. Research electricity availability and supplier's name and telephone number.52. Calculate average utility usage from last 12 months of bills.53. Research and verify city sewer/septic tank system.54. Water System: Calculate average water fees or rates from last 12 months of bills.55. Well water: Confirm well status, depth and output from Well Report.56. Natural gas: Research/verify availability and supplier's name and telephone number.57. Verify security system, current term of service and whether owned or leased.58. Verify if seller has transferable Termite Bond.59. Ascertain need for lead-based paint disclosure.60. Prepare detailed list of property amenities and assess market impact.61. Prepare detailed list of property's "Inclusions & Conveyances with Sale."62. Compile list of completed repairs and maintenance items.63. Send "Vacancy Checklist" to seller if property is vacant.64. Explain benefits of Home Owner Warranty to seller.65. Assist sellers with completion and submission of Home Owner Warranty Application.66. When received, place Home Owner Warranty in property file for conveyance at time of sale.67. Have extra key made for lockbox.68. Verify if property has rental units involved. If so:69. - Make copies of all leases for retention in listing file.70. - Verify all rents and deposits.71. - Inform tenants of listing and discuss how showings will be handled.72. Arrange for installation of yard sign(s).73. Assist seller with completion of Seller's Disclosure form.74. Complete "New Listing Checklist."75. Review results of Curb Appeal Assessment with seller and provide suggestions to improve salability.76. Review results of Interior Décor Assessment and suggest changes to shorten time on market.77. Load listing into transaction management software program.Entering Property in Multiple Listing Service Database78. Prepare MLS Profile Sheet - Realtor is responsible for quality control and accuracy of listing data.79. Enter property data from Profile Sheet into MLS Listing Database.80. Proofread MLS database listing for accuracy - including proper placement in mapping function.81. Add property to company's Active Listings list.82. Provide seller with signed copies of Listing Agreement and MLS Profile Sheet Data Form within 48 hours.83. Take additional photos for upload into MLS and use in flyers. Discuss efficacy of panoramic/virtual tour photography.Marketing The Listing84. Create print and Internet ads with seller's input.85. Coordinate showings with owners, tenants, and other Realtors. Return all calls - weekends included.86. Install electronic lockbox if authorized by owner. Program lockbox with agreed-upon showing time windows.87. Prepare mailing and contact list.88. Generate mail-merge letters to contact list.89. Order "Just Listed" labels and reports.90. Prepare flyers and feedback faxes.91. Review comparable MLS listings regularly to ensure property remains competitive in price, terms, conditions and availability.92. Prepare property marketing brochure for seller's review.93. Arrange for printing or copying of supply of marketing brochures or flyers.94. Place marketing brochures in all company agent mail boxes.95. Upload listing to company and agent Internet site, if applicable.96. Mail Out “Just Listed” notice to all neighborhood residents.97. Advise Network Referral Program of listing.98. Provide marketing data to buyers coming through international relocation networks.99. Provide marketing data to buyers coming from referral network.100. Provide “Special Feature” cards for marketing, if applicable.101. Submit ads to company’s participating Internet real estate sites.102. Price changes conveyed promptly to all Internet groups.103. Reprint/supply brochures promptly as needed.104. Loan information reviewed and updated in MLS as required.105. Feedback e-mails/faxes sent to buyers’ agents after showings.106. Review weekly Market Study.107. Review lockbox reports to study home showing traffic.108. Discuss lockbox showing reports and feedback from showing agents with seller to determine if changes will accelerate the sale.109. Place regular weekly update calls to seller to discuss marketing and pricing.110. Promptly enter price changes in MLS listing database.The Offer And Contract111. Receive and review all Offer to Purchase contracts submitted by buyers or buyers’ agents.112. Evaluate offer(s) and prepare a “net sheet” on each for the owner for comparison purposes.113. Counsel seller on offers. Explain merits and weakness of each component of each offer.114. Contact buyers’ agents to review buyer’s qualifications and discuss offer.115 Fax/deliver Seller’s Disclosure to buyer’s agent or buyer upon request and prior to offer if possible.116. Confirm buyer is pre-qualified by calling loan officer.117. Obtain pre-qualification letter on buyer from loan officer.118. Negotiate all offers on seller’s behalf, setting time limit for loan approval and closing date.119. Prepare and convey any counter offers, acceptance or amendments to buyer’s agent.120. Fax copies of contract and all addendums to closing attorney or title company.121. When Offer to Purchase Contract is accepted and signed by seller, deliver to buyer’s agent.122. Record and promptly deposit buyer’s earnest money in escrow account.123. Disseminate “Under-Contract Showing Restrictions” as seller requests.124. Deliver copies of fully signed Offer to Purchase contract to seller.125. Fax/deliver copies of Offer to Purchase contract to Selling Agent.126. Fax copies of Offer to Purchase contract to lender.127. Provide copies of signed Offer to Purchase contract for office file.128. Advise seller in handling additional offers to purchase submitted between contract and closing.129. Change status in MLS to “Sale Pending.”130. Update MLS and transaction management program to show “Sale Pending.”131. Review buyer’s credit report results -- advise seller of worst and best case scenarios.132. Provide credit report information to seller if property will be seller-financed.133. Assist buyer with obtaining financing, if applicable and follow-up as necessary.134. Coordinate with lender on discount points being locked in with dates.135. Deliver unrecorded property information to buyer.136. Order septic system inspection, if applicable.137. Receive and review septic system report and assess any possible impact on sale.138. Deliver copy of septic system inspection report lender and buyer.139. Deliver Well Flow Test Report copies to lender and buyer and property listing file.140. Verify termite inspection ordered.141. Verify mold inspection ordered, if required.Tracking The Loan Process142. Confirm verifications of deposit and buyer’s employment have been returned.143. Follow loan processing through to the underwriter.144. Add lender and other vendors to transaction management program so agents, buyer and seller can track progress of sale.145. Contact lender weekly to ensure processing is on track.146. Relay final approval of buyer’s loan application to seller.Home Inspection147. Coordinate buyer’s professional home inspection with seller.148. Review home inspector’s report.149. Enter completion into transaction management tracking software program.150. Explain seller’s responsibilities with respect to loan limits and interpret any clauses in the contract.151. Ensure seller’s compliance with Home Inspection Clause requirements.152. Recommend or assist seller with identifying and negotiating with trustworthy contractors to perform any required repairs.153. Negotiate payment and oversee completion of all required repairs on seller’s behalf, if needed.The Appraisal154. Schedule appraisal.155. Provide comparable sales used in market pricing to appraiser.156. Follow-Up on appraisal.157. Enter completion into transaction management program.158. Assist seller in questioning appraisal report, if questions arise.Closing Preparations And Duties159. Contract is signed by all parties.160. Coordinate closing process with buyer’s agent and lender.161. Update closing forms and files.162. Ensure all parties have all forms and information needed to close the sale.163. Select location where closing will be held.164. Confirm closing date and time and notify all parties.165. Assist in solving any title problems (boundary disputes, easements, etc) or in obtaining Death Certificates.166. Work with buyer’s agent in scheduling and conducting buyer’s final walk-through prior to closing.167. Research all tax, Home Owner Association, utility and other applicable prorations.168. Request final closing figures from closing agent (attorney or title company).169. Receive and carefully review closing figures to ensure accuracy of preparation.170. Forward verified closing figures to buyer’s agent.171. Request copy of closing documents from closing agent.172. Confirm buyer and buyer’s agent have received title insurance commitment.173. Provide Home Owners Warranty for availability at closing.174. Review all closing documents carefully for errors.175. Forward closing documents to absentee seller as requested.176. Review documents with closing agent (attorney).177. Provide earnest money deposit check from escrow account to closing agent.178. Coordinate this closing with seller’s next purchase and resolve any timing problems.179. Have a “no surprises” closing so that seller receives a net proceeds check at closing.180. Refer sellers to a Realtor at their destination, if applicable.181. Change MLS status to Sold. Enter sale date, price, selling broker and agent’s ID numbers, etc.182. Close out listing in transaction management program.Follow Up After Closing183. Answer questions about filing claims with Home Owner Warranty company, if requested.184. Attempt to clarify and resolve any conflicts about repairs if buyer is not satisfied.185. Respond to any follow-on calls and provide any additional information required from office files.Are You looking for Property?Check Your Property Rates on Oyeok AppAndroid: OYEOK-Real Estate Prices-Rates - Android Apps on Google PlayiOS: OYEOK-Real Estate Prices-Rates - Android Apps on Google Play