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Cracked versions of software are created with the use of debuggers. (A debugger is a special type of software that lets programmers deconstruct their software into its constituent parts for the purpose of finding bugs, and thus de-bugging. Additionally debuggers can be used for reverse-engineering, or to see what is inside the software, to learn its logic. The latter method is used mostly by malware researchers to study what malware (or computer viruses) do on-the-inside. But it can be also used by an attacker to "crack" (or bypass) legal software registration, or at times, to alter normal behavior of software, for instance by injecting a malicious code into it.)For the sake of this example, I will assume that the software that is being "cracked" was compiled into a native code, and is not a .NET or a JavaScript based application. (Otherwise it will be somewhat trivial to view its source code.) The compiled native code is a bit more tricky "beast" to study. (Native means that the code executes directly by the CPU, GPU, or other hardware.)So let's assume that the goal of an attacker is to bypass the registration logic in the software so that he or she doesn't have to pay for it. (Later for lolz, he or she may also post such "crack" on some shady online forum or on a torrent site so that others can "use" it too and give him or her their appreciation.)For simplicity let's assume that the original logic that was checking for the software registration was written in C++ and was something similar to the following code snippet:In this code sample "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are special strings of text that a legitimate software user will receive after paying for the license. (The name is usually that person's actual name or their email address, and the code is some string of unique/special characters that is tied to the name.)In the logic above, the function named "isRegistrationCodeGood()" will check if "RegistrationName" and "RegistrationCode" are accepted using some proprietary method. If they are, it will return true. Otherwise false. That outcode will dictate which branch (or scope) the execution will follow.So the logic above will either show that registration failed and quit:Or, if the registration code and name matched, it will save the registration details in persistent storage (such as the File System or System Registry) using the function named "rememberRegistrationParameters()" and then display the message thanking the user for registering:A "cracker" will obviously want to achieve the second result for any registration code that he or she enters. But they have a problem. They do not have the C++ source code, part of which I showed above. (I hope not!)So the only recourse for an attacker is to disassemble the binary code (that always ships with software in the form of .exe and .dll files on Windows, and mostly as Unix executables inside the .app packages on a Mac.) An attacker will then use a debugger to study the binary code and try to locate the registration logic that I singled out above.Next you can see the flowchart for a snippet of code that I showed in C++, presented via a low-level debugger. Or, as the code will be read in the binary form after compilation:(For readability I added comments on the right with the names of functions and variables. They will not be present in the code that an attacker could see.)(To understand what is shown above an attacker will have to have good knowledge of the Assembly language instructions for the native code.)I also need to point out that having a disassembly snippet like the one above is the final result for an attacker. The main difficulty for him or her is to locate it among millions and millions of other similar lines of code. And that is their main challenge. Not many people can do it and that is why software "cracking" is a special skill.So having found the code snippet above in the software binary file a "cracker" has two choices:1) Modify (or patch) the binary.2) Reverse-engineer the "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy its logic to create what is known as a "KeyGen" or "Key Generator."Let's review both:The first choice is quite straightforward. Since an attacker got this far, he or she knows the Intel x64 Instruction Set quite well. So they simply change the conditional jump from "jnz short loc_7FF645671430" at the address 00007FF645671418 (circled in red in the screenshots) to unconditional jump, or "jmp short loc_7FF645671430". This will effectively remove any failed registration code entries and anything that the user types in will be accepted as a valid registration.Also note that this modification can be achieved by changing just one byte in the binary code from 0x75 to 0xEB:But this approach comes with a "price" of modifying the original binary file. For that an attacker needs to write his own "patcher" (or a small executable that will apply the modification that I described above.) The downside of this approach for an attacker is that patching an original executable file will break its digital signature, which may alert the end-user or the vendor. Additionally the "patcher" executable made by an attacker can be easily flagged and blocked by the end-user's antivirus software, or lead criminal investigators to the identity of the attacker.The second choice is a little bit more tricky. An attacker will have to study "isRegistrationCodeGood()" function and copy it into his own small program that will effectively duplicate the logic implemented in the original software and let him generate the registration code from any name, thus giving any unscrupulous user of that software an ability to register it without making a payment.Vendors of many major software products understand the potential impact of the second method and try to prevent it by requiring what is known as "authentication." This is basically a second step after registration, where the software submits registration name to the company's web server that returns a response back to the software of whether the code was legitimate or not. This is done by Microsoft when you purchase Windows (they call it "Activate Windows") and also by signNow, and many other companies. This second step may be done behind-the-scenes on the background while the software is running, and will usually lead to cancellation of prior registration if it was obtained illegally.So now you know how software is "cracked".Let me answer why it is not possible to prevent it. It all boils down to the fact that any software code needs to be read either by CPU (in case of a binary native code) or by an interpreter or a JIT compiler (in case of JavaScript or .NET code.) This means that if there's a way to read/interpret something, no matter how complex or convoluted it is, an attacker with enough knowledge and persistence will be able to read it as well, and thus break it.There is an argument though that cloud-based software is more secure, which is true, since its (binary) code remains on the server and end-users do not have direct access to it. And even though cloud-based software is definitely the future, it has some major drawbacks that will never allow it to fully replace your conventional software. To name just a few:Not everyone has an internet connection, or is willing to upload their data online. Additionally someone’s internet connection can be very expensive or too slow to make the software run very laggy.Then there’s a question of distributed computing. For instance, Blizzard Entertainment would never make “World of Warcraft” to fully run on their servers due to immense computational resources needed to render every single scene for every player they have. Thus it is in their best interest to let each individual user’s computer to do the rendering instead.As a software developer myself, I obviously don't like when people steal software licenses. But I have to accept it and live with it. The good news is that there are not that many people who are willing to go extra mile and search for a cracked version of software. The main problem for those who do, is that by downloading a patched executable, or an attacker's KeyGen or a Patcher, they are effectively "trusting" him or her not to put anything "nasty" into it that was not "advertised on the package" (stuff like trojans, malware, or keyloggers.) So the question for those people becomes -- is it worth the cost of the software license to potentially infect your system with a nasty virus?On the other side of the equation, some developers react very negatively to any attempts to steal their software licenses. (I was there too.) They try to implement all kinds of countermeasures -- anything from tricking reverse-engineers, to adding booby traps in the code that may do something nasty if the code detects that it is being debugged, to obfuscating or scrambling the code, to enforcing all kinds of convoluted DRM schemes, to blocking users from certain countries. I personally try to stay away from all of those measures. And here's why:A) Any kind of anti-reverse-engineering tactics could be bypassed by an attacker with enough persistence. So why bother and waste my time when I can invest that time into adding something useful to my software that will make it more productive for legitimate users?B) Some code packers could create false positives with antivirus software, which is obviously not good for marketing of that software. It also creates unnecessary complexity for the developer to debug the software.C) Adding booby traps in the code can also “misfire” on your legitimate users, which will really infuriate them and can even lead to lawsuits.D) Any DRM scheme will probably catch some 100 illegal users and greatly inconvenience 10,000 legitimate ones. So why do it to your good customers?E) Our statistics show that about 75% of all illegal licenses come from China, Russia, Brazil, to name the worst offenders. (I also understand that the reason may be much lower incomes that people have in those countries.) The main issue for us though was the fact that if we enforce our DRM or add some strong registration authentication, many people that wanted to bypass our registration would simply use a stolen credit card number. And we had no control over it. Our system will use it to send them a legitimate license only to have the payment bounce in weeks time. As a result we would lose the money that were paid for the license, plus the credit card company will impose an additional chargeback fee to our account, which may range from $0.25 to $20 per bad purchase on top of the license cost.F) As was pointed out in the comments, some companies may actually benefit from allowing pirated copies of their software. Microsoft for instance gets a lot of free publicity from people using their Windows OS, the same goes for signNow with their Photoshop. That is a good point that I agree with.So my philosophy is now this -- if someone wants to go extra mile and steal our software, go for it! They went this far to do it anyway, so they probably have a good reason. On the positive side there are so many other customers that appreciate the work that goes into creating software that greatly outnumber those that don’t.PS. Thank you for all your feedback! It makes me feel good that the knowledge I shared is useful to others.

First, the child has a “head and limbs and everything” much, much earlier than the third trimester.So if the criteria is that a fetus with “a head and limbs and everything” should not be aborted, the period of time when abortion is okay would have to be before 8 or 9 weeks or even earlier, depending on your perception of what constitutes a  “head and limbs”. The little buds and the little webbed looking hands are seen by 8 weeks, along with the large (seemingly) misshapen head that will envelope the amazing human brain.I personally believe that the fetus is not conscious until around the 24th week of pregnancy. (I came up with this general time frame from reading about neurology, consciousness, and fetal development;  a complex topic that I won’t detail here.) I don’t believe the fetus feels pain when aborted before about the 22nd week. Although it is heart-wrenching to watch images of the fetus (reflexively) attempting to escape abortionist tools. They jerk and pull away, as all living things seek to preserve their lives.However, as I said elsewhere, that to me being unconscious does not mean a living being does not have rights. I recently had surgery and was unconscious for the procedure. I could have been terminated and not felt it or known about it, but that wouldn’t have made it morally right.Very few abortions are done in the third trimester. Few doctors will do them. When they do occur it is often because the fetus is so seriously deformed and would not survive the birth process anyway. (But since your question is about having a head and limbs, we needn’t stick to the last trimester in our discussion.)Abortion is not legal throughout all three trimesters in most states. Many states have limits of between 20 to 24 weeks, some even earlier. But even at 12 weeks, yes, there is a very human-looking being with a little head, arms and legs and visible, although still ambiguous,  genitals.I don’t know what “pro-choice” people think about very late abortions.  Some may have an arbitrary timeline in their own mind as  towhen the baby is too human to deprive of its life, and others follow the “gospel of choice”. The gospel of choice is that any and all rights an unborn person has are null and void because the rights of the mother trump them. Once the infant is born and takes a breath, then and only then can humanity  be ascribed to them. Here is an interesting video in which a (former) fetus speaks of surviving an abortion attempt:I must say, I am suspicious of your claim to be pro-choice. Forgive me if I am incorrect in my suspicions. Frequently, posters on this forum will pose as pro-choice and ask innocent questions meant to provoke the discussion on Quora. It is futile to try to dissuade most pro-choicers with these ethics questions.Of interest, there are many former pro-choice warriors who have struggled with the issue and have jumped the fence. Notable is Dr. Bernard Nathanson, the abortionist who may have done more than anyone else to make abortion legal as one of the key figures in the work of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws. (NARAL) . His turnaround was so radical that he went from an atheist to a Catholic and spent his remaining years fighting abortion. I have not been able to find online recently his breathless deathbed plea for unborn life, but this obituary provides his perspective. B. N. Nathanson, 84, Dies; Changed Sides on AbortionOther well-known figures include the “Roe” of “Roe versus Wade”’ Norma McCorvey, who changed her mind and spent decades as a prolife activist Norma McCorvey on becoming pro-life (1998) - CNN Videoand Abby Johnson, the former director of a Planned Parenthood. AbortionWorkerOf course, these mind-changes have no effect on discussion with true-believing pro-choice people; such people are seen only as turncoats. If the “gospel of choice” community responds at all, it is usually in the form of attack or attempts to discredit those who have jumped the fence. For those who have a grain of doubt in their position, who are troubled by the fetal attempt to squirm away from a sharp tool, then perhaps the reasons these pro-choice icons became turncoats may be interesting. But they will not interest those who have no doubts.I will provide here links to two videos showing fetal life.  One is a miscarriage, and the other is labelled as an abortion.  I don’t believe the moving fetus is an abortion, despite the claims of the person who posted it.  The medical personnel are speaking a language I don’t understand, but you can hear tones of sadness as they discuss the little fetus, and further the fetus is not damaged in anyway, so likely this is footage of a natural miscarriage.  This is graphic, but not gory,  it is merely a fetus moving a little bit as it dies because it cannot live outside the womb.  This fetus is too young to try to breathe or have any pain or consciousness.  I am estimating that it was born early in the second trimester.  If you are sensitive, it may be too alarming to watch.  I am sorry about the banner “Abortion is Murder” and so on.  but this is the only video that shows the miscarriage of a fetus of this age that I can find.  I don’t think all the “murder” talk and the accusations help the discussion.   Anyway, this is not a third trimester baby by any stretch of the imagination.  It is likely 14 to 16 weeks and yes, there is a head and legs.I want to also add that I don’t think that reversing the Supreme Court decision regarding the right of women to terminate their pregnancies will help anything at this point.I am more interested in being free to talk about human life with those who have doubts and to explore addressing the cultural effects of the legalization of abortion. For instance,  there are movements such as Feminists for Life and other secular prolife movements who offer a different perspective from the religious dissenters and the “gospel of choice” movement. secularprolifeYes, the Supreme Court has spoken.  But no law has been enacted that prevents thoughtful people from re-examining and conversing about the disquieting questions that the theme of abortion gives rise to.

DigiLocker is an "advanced locker" benefit worked by the Government of India that empowers Indian natives to store certain official records on the cloud. The administration is pointed towards decreasing the need to convey physical reports, and is a piece of the Narendra Modi-drove government's Digital India activity.1 GB of storage room is offered to clients to store recognizable proof card issued by government organizations, training declarations, PAN cards, driving permit, vehicle proprietorship records and some different archives.Clients need to have an Aadhar card to utilize DigiLocker. For joining, the Aadhar card number and the one-time secret word sent to the Aadhar-related versatile number, should be entered. For later log-ins, the client can set their own particular secret key it connect the record to Facebook or Google logins.The beta rendition of the administration was taken off in February 2015, and launched by the Prime Minister on 1 July 2015. The storage space allowed was 10 MB at first, and was later expanded to 1 GB.In July 2016, DigiLocker recorded 20.13 lakh clients with a vault of 24.13 lakh documents. The quantity of clients saw an expansive hop of 7.53 lakh in April when the legislature had encouraged every single metropolitan body to utilize DigiLocker to make their organization paperless.From 2017, the office was signNowed out to permit understudies of ICSE board to store their class X and XII authentications in DigiLocker and offer them with organizations as required. In February 2017, Kotak Mahindra Bank began giving access to archives in DigiLocker from inside its net-managing an account application, enabling clients to e-sign them and forward as required. In May 2017, more than 108 healing centers, including the Tata Memorial Hospital were wanting to dispatch the utilization of DigiLocker for putting away disease patients' therapeutic records and test reports. As indicated by a UIDAI modeler, patients would be given a number key, which they can impart to another doctor's facility to enable them to get to their test reports.There is likewise a related office for e-marking archives. The administration is proposed to limit the utilization of physical reports, decrease regulatory costs, give validness of the e-records, give secure access to official archives and to make it simple for the inhabitants to get administrations.#Thank_wikipedia and Follow Manish Kumar …Cheers

First, the premise of your question is wrong. The losing side does not “generally” pay attorney’s fees. The situation varies dramatically from state to state and depending on the reason you file suit.For instance, in Texas, on a bsignNow of contract case, you should get an award of attorney’s fees and expenses. But if you sue someone for negligence? Not so much. The law actually says you don’t get your fees.Second, even if you are entitled to attorney’s fees and expenses, the law says you are entitled to your “reasonable and necessary” attorney’s fees and expenses. This ends up frequently being just as big of an issue as the damages in the case. In one of my trials in the not to recent past, my billings were about $60,000 and the other firm’s billings were north of $1,000,000. The reason the case (fighting over $100,000) never settled is that they demanded all of their attorney’s fees as part of any settlement.The most contentious part of the trial was the argument that their fees were neither reasonable nor necessary. The Court agreed and ultimately awarded them $25,000 in fees (less than had been offered at settlement). So congratulations, you won $100,000 (that the other side admitted was owed and tried to pay you), $25,000 in attorney’s fees, and it cost you $1,100,000 to get it. You’re out over $900,000 by using that real big expensive firm that does not CARE about what the total bills are — in fact, most of the rules with their associates are around minimum billable hours. (Hint, any firm that has “minimum billable hour” requirements for cases, you should never hire).Third, those issues aside, is still the issue of paying as you go (as another poster noted). Unless you have a contingency firm (which is unusual in contract and most business disputes), you get lawyer bills every month. Lawsuits can easily take 1.5 or more YEARS to resolve. Even if you have a lawyer that only bills you $2,000/month, that’s over $30,000 out of your pocket before trial or the case getting settled. If you use a firm that bills 10x that, well you’ll be paying 10x every month.Which comes to the fourth point, RARELY is the most expensive lawyer the best. The most expensive lawyer probably just works for the biggest named firm. If I’m listing the best litigators I know, not one of them bills at the top rates in Dallas. (I’ve kicked plenty of “big firm” lawyers around the courtroom). Those bills are big because their overhead is big — 10 floors downtown and high six figure salaries aren’t cheap.(NOTE: There is an exception in very specialized areas of the law. Typically those lawyers are at big firms and you have to pay out the nose for it — just like specialty surgeons, but for general business litigation, you’re probably wasting your money — and good mid-tier or small firms are NOT intimidated by big lawyers. In fact, their bills are a common source of joking).And the last point — and the one that lawyers too often fail to discuss with their clients — collection of judgments. Let’s say you sell lawn furniture, and a drunk driver loses control of his vehicle and runs over a bunch of your inventory (that you did not have insured), causing $1m of damages. You hire a good lawyer, fight the lawsuit, and win a $1m judgment and $250,000 of attorneys fees that you paid over the last two years fighting it. Then the driver declares bankruptcy because his net worth was $1,000. Congratulations, you won your lawsuit, you STILL don’t get your $1m in inventory back AND you’re out an additional $250,000 you paid your lawyers.ALL lawsuits, prior to being filed, need to have a cost/benefit analysis. Yes, sometimes principal comes in (particularly with people who have never been in a lawsuit), but everyone needs to be aware of (a) the cost, (b) the time involved, (c) how being in a lawsuit for 2 years affects your life, and (d) what are the odds that, if you win, you’ll be able to get anything. It is VERY rare for someone to be “happy” that they have a piece of paper, signed by a Court, that they are owed $1m, and they never get a penny — yet it happens all of the time. I can’t count the number of people who demand to file a lawsuit on principle that feel very different six months later and $30,000 more out of their pocket.Always ask your attorney (a) risks of losing the case, (b) consequences of losing, (c) cost of winning, and (d) about collecting if/when you did win. Be sure to discuss how settlement works, what the likelihood of that is, and what would be a reasonable settlement. Be aware of the drain on your personal life if you become personally involved in a lawsuit. It’s a pain.I’m not saying don’t ever file one or proceed with one — sometimes that’s the only remedy available — but just go in with your eyes open and reasonable expectations. If your attorney won’t discuss those with your or is too vague, go find another one (there’s way to many of us anyway).

Historical Context of the SSL.A signNow amount of music that has enriched our lives has passed through an SSL console of one type or another. The seriously big boys of mixing, Bob Clearmountain, Chris Lord-Alge, Tom Lord-Alge, Andy Wallace, Mark "Spike" Stent, Will Schillinger and Alan Moulder, engineers who have shaped the way we hear and appreciate modern music, often use SSL technology, specifically the 4000 series.The discographies of each mixer read as a who’s who of modern music. Andy Wallace alone has mixed some of the most seminal rock and heavy metal music in history - ...

This story is developing quickly, and it looks like my 6/23 story on Daily Kos may have been the first to raise the allegation and evidence that Trump was sending SPAM (unsolicited e-mail, including to UK MPs).What is now known:1) Reports suggest that every MP in Iceland, as well as MPs in the UK, Denmark, Canada, and Australia received unsolicited e-mails from the Trump campaign. An unconfirmed report from an Australian MP on Twitter stated that ALL Australian MPs got the SPAM.2) UK MPs discussed the “intemperate SPAM” on the floor of the House of Commons, demanding that the unstoppable e-mails be blocked.3) Tons of people have complained about the Trump SPAM on Twitter (both receiving e-mails that they never signed up for and reports that unsubscribe requests have not been honored).4) Alexa stats from after the “first fundraising e-mail” and Return Path stats are consistent with an unsolicited e-mail campaign (high unsubscribe rate and lots of SPAM reports).5) Yahoo reported on campaign finance disclosures that suggest the Trump campaign is buying/renting e-mail lists of people that did not explicitly opt-in to Trump e-mails.6) Politico’s Ken Vogel confirmed via Twitter that “Trump campaign renting some scammy lists for fundraising emails: National Tea Party Alert, Liberty News Network, Endeavor Media Group, etc.”7) The Trump campaign was sued by two people, back in April, for sending unsolicited text message (SMS) SPAM.8) Some reports have questioned the authenticity of the foreign solicitation e-mails. Spoofing, etc. is a possibility; I certainly cannot speak for the foreign messages without seeing the headers. However, I, personally, received an unsolicited message from “Team Trump” that appears, superficially, to be linked to the RNC and an e-mail service provider. Other tweets link the mailings (not all unsolicited) to three additional e-mail service providers. The ESPs that appear to be involved are: Adestra-com, Geniusmailer-com, BlueHornet-com, and PsycloneContacts-net.9) The Associated Press is reporting that two “watchdog” groups have filed FEC complaints against the Trump campaign for soliciting foreign funds.10) Tweets have been posted linking some of the e-mail addresses sent to (one-time e-mails) or sender information to lists maintained by other GOP politicians, including: Rand Paul, Chris Christie, Ben Carson, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum. Their involvement has not been independently confirmed nor have the tweets been verified.11) Donald Trump’s former campaign manager (and paid CNN pundit) Corey Lewandowski appears to have lied on air on CNN when asked about the e-mails to foreign MPs. He implied the e-mails were only sent to people who opted in to mailings and that people could opt-out. Both claims appear to be false.12) Josh Marshall at Talking Point Memo is reporting that some of the foreign e-mails seem to be coming from the Trump campaign while others seem to be coming from a pro-Trump Super PAC. He suggests it might be evidence of illegal coordination.13) Reports of Trump SPAM were still being posted to Twitter as of 7/3/2016.Experts Weigh InKen Magill of The Magill Report and Laura Atkins from e-mail delivery consultancy “Word to the Wise” have weighed in via blogs. Magill wrote that the simplest explanation is that Trump's list is not permission based while Atkins says "it certainly doesn't seem like it was even political style opt-in."Speculation1) From the number of users who claim to have been unable to unsubscribe, I believe that the campaign is not maintaining a global e-mail suppression list. As a result, unsubscribing from one send may not unsubscribe the user from other sends. It is also likely that sends are happening through multiple e-mail service providers or third-party senders and that suppression lists are not being shared between them.2) From the number of users complaining about receiving an excessive number of e-mails, it does not appear that the campaign was/is globally frequency capping the messages that are sent across the multiple lists and e-mail services providers.Full list of evidence and sources, with greater detail, in chronological order:I recently wrote a two-part article on Trump SPAM (the first article pre-dates the conservative reports), and posted them to the Daily Kos ( Did Donald Trump Raise $2 million from SPAM? , Trump Campaign SPAM Complaints Continue to Proliferate on Twitter ). Here are the facts:There are a lot of users taking to Twitter to complain about receiving Trump campaign e-mails without ever having signed up for his list.Shortly after his “first fundraising e-mail”, Alexa reported that ~20% of visits to the Trump2016 fundraising website were to the “unsubscribe” subdomain.Even with recent publicity, including allegations of a “tremendously high” SPAM complaint rate ( Trump Camp Still Not Asking for Donations in Emails ), there continue to be new reports of Trump campaign SPAM on Twitter.I signNowed out to e-mail delivery specialists Return Path on Twitter for a comment. Their reply (https://twitter.com/returnpath/s... ): “Based on the data, we surmise that Trump is likely buying lists, and he has a high spam complaint rate”.I think a fair question to ask would be whether the Trump campaign is knowingly sending SPAM. However, the data supports the SPAM allegations being leveled at the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign.UPDATE 6/26/2016 5:52PM ET: The Donald Trump campaign appears to have just sent another fundraising e-mail and prompted still more SPAM complaints on Twitter ( Another Fundraising E-mail and More Donald Trump Campaign SPAM Complaints on Twitter ). The number of complaints associated with this blast appear to be less than the campaign previously experienced. Maybe the campaign is trying to clean up its list (or maybe more of its messages are getting automatically filtered).UPDATE 6/26/2016 10:13PM ET: A lot more complaints have come in about the latest e-mail since my last update, so it looks like there are still a large volume of complaints for each message.UPDATE 6/27/2016: Finally, some media coverage reflecting what I have been saying for DAYS:Why Is Team Trump Asking Liberal Scottish Politicians for Donations?AP: "Trump may be buying email lists of people who don't want to hear from him” ( Trump emails: Can you spare $10 to help elect a billionaire? )UPDATE 6/27/2016: Yahoo just ran a detailed article on Donald Trump’s SPAM problem ( Donald Trump has a spam email problem ). Among the stats:Trump recipients marked 3.1% of those emails as spam; only .41% of Sanders messages and .02% of Clinton’s met the same fate. Three weeks earlier, Trump’s would-be readers were even less forgiving, marking 9.34% of his messages as spam.It also credits Trump with having a higher open rate than Clinton or Sanders, but I suspect some of those incremental “Opens” actually are from a larger number of people trying to unsubscribe.As I previously reported, the Alexa stats from shortly after the “first fundraising e-mail” showed ~20% of visits to an “unsubscribe” subdomain. If people open the message looking for an unsubscribe link, that could result in higher engagement/open rates.9.34% of messages marked as SPAM was INSANE! Even later, it was 3.1% for Trump as SPAM vs. 0.02% for Clinton while Clinton has a larger list.UPDATE 6/28/2016 8:22AM ET: According to the BBC (Brexit fallout, Labour turmoil and Cameron in Brussels - BBC News):Conservative MP Sir Roger Gale calls for Donald Trump campaign emails to be blocked on the House of Commons email system.Sir Roger raises a point of order to complain that many MPs have been "bombarded with emails from Team Trump on the behalf of someone called Donald Trump".While he is in "all in favour of free speech" he does not wish to be "subject to intemperate spam", adding that "efforts to have these deleted have failed".Speaker John Bercow replies that while "this is not a matter for the chair" he agrees it is "not acceptable to be bombarded with emails of which the content is offensive".Mr Bercow says he will contact the Parliamentary digital services to see if the messages can be blocked.UPDATE 6/28/2016 2:14PM ET: The news finally seems to be getting out:MPs 'bombarded' by spam emails from Donald TrumpUK Pols To Trump: Stop Wasting Our Time With Your Crappy Fundraising Emails!The last article states that a complaint has been filed with the FEC. None of the articles have mentioned that the SPAM has traveled beyond the UK to Australia. Two of the tweets I cited in one of my earlier articles were from Australian MPs who complained about receiving the solicitations.None of the articles have cited the Twitter reaction or suspicious Alexa stats cited in my earlier reports. Also, none have credited my earlier reports (including my article from 6/23 reflecting that “two British MPs” complained on Twitter about the SPAM).UPDATE 6/28/2016 7:34PM ET: Evidently Donald Trump sent SPAM to ALL Icelandic MPs as well ( Donald Trump Asking Icelandic MPs For Donations - The Reykjavik Grapevine ):Numerous members of the Icelandic parliament are both bemused and confused by an email, apparently received by all of then, asking for donations to the presidential campaign of Donald Trump.UPDATE 6/28/2016 9:16PM ET: Based on the campaign finance disclosures cited in the Yahoo report, Tweets from users who claim that one-time e-mails had fallen prey to the Trump SPAM campaign, and a conversation that I had with somebody who might be in a position to know, I strongly believe that Trump and/or the RNC is buying/renting lists and sending messages from the RNC/Trump without disclosing the source of the e-mail (the original list that the user signed up for) in the message itself. That may not be the only tactic being used, but I am convinced it is at least one of the tactics.From the number of users who claim to have been unable to unsubscribe, I also believe that the campaign is not maintaining a global e-mail suppression list. As a result, unsubscribing from one send may not unsubscribe the user from other sends. It is also possible/likely that sends are happening through multiple e-mail service providers or third-party senders and that suppression lists are not being shared between them.UPDATE 6/29/2016 8:18AM ET: Multiple reports have questioned the authenticity of the foreign messages ( Donald Trump is spamming foreign politicians asking for money , Britain: MPs object to ‘begging’ Trump emails ). I received an unsolicited fundraising message from “Team Trump” on June 21 tied to the domain GOPVictory365 | Landing Pages. It appears to be owned by the RNC. The message headers suggest the e-mail was sent from an Amazon IP and the domain’s nameservers were linked to an e-mail service provider that, from its website, appears to have deep GOP ties.UPDATE 6/29/2016 11:23AM ET: Multiple media outlets are now reporting on the foreign solicitation aspect of this story, but, still, no reports have thoroughly covered the SPAM aspect. Below are some more examples:Electoral fraud: Trump sends fundraiser emails to foreign politiciansUK Parliament members move forward to block Trump campaign emails due to 'offensive' contentDonald Trump Might Be Spamming Foreign Politicians For CashDenmark too: Trump Foreign Contributor/Derp UpdateUPDATE 6/29/2016 2:14PM ET: I have “liked” SCORES of Trump SPAM complaints on Twitter going back to the time of my first article. The problem of Trump SPAM appears to be widespread. If you browse my “likes” on Twitter ( Lenny Grover (@lennygrover) | Twitter ), you can view the tweets.UPDATE 6/29/2016 3:53PM ET: According to a new Associated Press report ( The Latest: Foreign officials say Trump appealing for funds ):Foreign officials are complaining that they're being "bombarded" by fundraising appeals from U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump. And now, two watchdog groups are filing complaints against the Republican's campaign saying the practice breaks the law.[break]The complaint by watchdog groups Campaign Legal Center and Democracy 21 say the emails violated a federal law designed to prohibit foreign money in U.S. campaigns.UPDATE 6/29/2016 3:57PM ET: Tweets have been posted linking some of the e-mail addresses sent to (one-time e-mails) or sender information to lists maintained by other GOP politicians, including: Rand Paul, Chris Christie, Ben Carson, and Newt Gingrich. Their involvement has not been independently confirmed nor have the tweets been verified.Purely speculation on my part: I speculate that some GOP politicians, or conservative media outlets, who are not overtly supporting Trump may be covertly supporting the RNC/Trump e-mail campaign (and not want their information to be disclosed in the message that is sent to the list that they maintain).UPDATE 6/29/2016 8:04PM ET: Finally, the mainstream media is reporting on the FEC complaints:Trump fundraising emails overseas prompt complaints here and abroadComplaint filed about Donald Trump fundraising emailsBoth reports do not reflect the latest information in this post. Media outlets may be trying to confirm some of the information from Twitter that is still unverified. Also, there has been almost no reporting on deluge of domestic unsolicited e-mails and the difficulty people have had unsubscribing from Trump’s list.UPDATE 6/29/2016 9:17PM ET: Bloomberg joins the party:Trump Campaign Broke Law by Soliciting Foreign Donations, Groups AllegeUPDATE 6/29/2016 9:22PM ET: Now The Gaurdian:Trump campaign may have broken law by seeking foreign political donationsUPDATE 6/30/2016 10:54AM ET: A conversation I had on Twitter ( Lenny Grover on Twitter ), and the SPAM I personally received, links the mailing to at least three separate e-mail service providers: Adestra-com, Geniusmailer-com, and PsycloneContacts-net. Unconfirmed is that the campaign had been using NationBuilder and switched prior to the bulk e-mails being sent.UPDATE 6/30/2016 1:37PM ET: Evidently, Colbert mentioned Trump’s SPAM in his monologue ( The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Video - Trump Spams The United Kingdom - CBS.com ).UPDATE 6/30/2016 1:45PM ET: Another Tweet showing the sender signature suggests a fourth e-mail service provider is sending Trump SPAM (BlueHornet-com).UPDATE 6/30/2016 3:13PM ET: Josh Marshall at Talking Points Memo posted a very interesting article on the e-mail “blitz”:The Desperate and the Fail: Inside Trump's June Fundraising BlitzHe speculates that:At first, we thought he'd gotten the foreign politician emails from a crooked or stupid list broker. Having researched it a bit more, that seems less and less likely. It seems more like these were lists simply floating around the Trump Organization, tied to some earlier business venture, and someone in the campaign just decided to toss them in the hopper too. Admittedly, this seems like a preposterous theory. But all the conceivable explanations are equally preposterous. And yet one of them must be true since it definitely did happen.I published a long expose on Trump University on June 25th:Trump University Allegedly Pivoted from One Scheme to the NextSome facts from the article:In 2005, the most common SPAM title of the entire year, according to AOL, was about “Donald Trump”I found two e-mail messages from 2005 that were posted to online forums (and therefore preserved). An analysis of the content of the messages suggests one was likely sent by a notorious sender of SPAM, and both may have been sent by “affiliates” or “sub-affiliates” of Prosper Inc. (or related entities) to promote Trump University.I assumed, and Trump University president Michael Sexton’s deposition testimony suggests, that it was not directly involved with unauthorized promotion of Trump University by “affiliates” or “sub-affiliates” of Prosper sending copy that may differ from what it had approved via SPAM or other means.But, nevertheless, Josh Marshall’s present speculation is very interesting to me in that context…UPDATE 6/30/2016 4:19PM: The experts begin to weigh in:Laura Atkins from e-mail delivery consultancy “Word to the Wise” ( Trump's Fundraising Email - Bad Data Drives Delivery Problems ):it certainly doesn't seem like it was even political style opt-in.Ken Magill of The Magill Report ( The Magill Report ):A loose translation of the Occam’s-razor principle says the simplest answer is usually the right one. In this case, the simplest answer to the disparity in delivery rates between Trump and Clinton is Clinton is sending email to a permission-based list and Trump is not.UPDATE 6/30/2016 9:44PM: The Young Turks weigh in:Trump Illegally Fundraising From Foreign GovernmentsUPDATE 7/1/2016 2:52 AM: Thanks to great follow-up by Ken Vogel of Politico ( Kenneth P. Vogel on Twitter ), it is now even more likely that the Trump campaign sent unsolicited e-mail (SPAM). According to Vogel:Trump campaign renting some scammy lists for fundraising emails: National Tea Party Alert, Liberty News Network, Endeavor Media Group, etc.Endeavor Media Group owns Talon News and GOPUSA according to SourceWatch ( Endeavor Media Group, LLC ). GOPUSA currently has its e-mail list for rent through NextMark ( http://lists.nextmark.com/market... ). According to their data card, sending exclusive ads to the list costs only $8CPM and the list is clearly identified as “COMPILED LISTS”. The combination of the very low price and the compiled list designation makes it likely to not be a 100% opt-in list. If that is, in fact, the list that the Trump campaign rented from Endeavor Media Group, then they rented a list that was likely to contain at least some addresses that were not explicit opt-ins.UPDATE 7/1/2016 3:16PM: MPs in Canada have been getting the solicitations too:Canadian MPs ignore fundraising emails from Donald Trump | Toronto StarUPDATE 7/1/2016 10:29AM: I just posted another article on DailyKos (with evidence that people have been unable to unsubscribe from the mailings and that Corey Lewandowski lied on CNN about the list being opt-in/opt-out):Corey Lewandowski May Have LIED ON CNN About Trump Email SPAM (Not Opt-In, Some Claim Can't Opt Out)UPDATE 7/1/2016 12:32 PM: Josh Marshall at Talking Points Memo seems to be the journalist in hottest pursuit of the story. His latest article ( Welp, That's Weird. But of Course It Is ) suggests the foreign e-mails are coming from both the Trump campaign and a pro-Trump Super PAC. He suggests it might be evidence of illegal coordination (that both organizations are seeming sending to the same dirty list containing foreign politicians).UPDATE 7/3/2016 3:04AM: Cher’s verified Twitter account just posted Trump SPAM addressed to “Cherilyn” ( https://twitter.com/cher/status/... ). It has 196 retweets and 813 likes at this moment.UPDATE 7/3/2016 4:02AM: I just posted about Cher’s tweet:Cher Just Tweeted the SPAM She Received from Donald Trump to Her 3+ Million Followers

I did my articleship from Khimji Kunverji and Co., one of the top firms in Mumbai; and it was an awesome experience. Let me shed some light on my learnings -Learn to say NO - Random seniors come and give you random work. Learn to say No. Learn to say you are busy. You are not a dustbin.Learn to say YES - You need to have a good rapport with your immediate seniors and your boss. I have filled my boss’s daughter’s BFM admission form because she needed some help. Sometimes, you have to keep your ego aside and look at the larger picture.Whether audit or tax is the one for you - You tend to spend 3 years in articleship, doing either audit or tax. It is good enough time to gauge whether you want to do this for your entire life or not. For me the answer was NO, and I switched to Finance. No point wasting time once you qualify.Domain Knowledge - In your first job interviews after becoming a CA, a lot of stress will be on what you did during these 3 years. You should be upto date with that. Get your basics right.Out time is a myth – As per my firm HR Manual, the official work time was roughly 10-30 to 6–30. Strangely, you used to be penalized for coming late, but no credit for going late. It’s the norm. Get used to it.Make Mistakes - Ask stupid questions. Make mistakes. Experiment. Because you have the license to. You are a fresher. As a CA, people expect more.Do not neglect your Social Life - Its important. Your boss will not come at 12 to your place with a cake in his hand, wishing you a happy birthday.I remember getting into a train during my 1st year articleship. I somehow started chatting with a guy standing near me. He was a CA. I told him I just cleared IPCC and started with articleship. He started laughing and said “Welcome to Hell”.With all the office and study pressure, you might feel life sucks during articleship, but it will be a great experience. You will create memories of a lifetime. Cherish it :)

Steps to Register Private Limited Company:-Step 1. Digital Signature Certificate(DSC) RequiredThe first and foremost step to start the registration process is to have directors & shareholders Digital Signature Certificate. Digital Signature are nothing but a USB drive(DSC token) which contains the encrypted digital signature of a person.It is same as a person is signing with a pen on a paper and with digital signature, a person can sign a document on Computer.Step 2. Directors Identification Number(DIN)Directors Identification Number(DIN) are mandatory for every person, who wishes to become a director in any company. PAN card is mandatory to have a DIN number. Director Identification Number is a unique code which has lifetime validity.Documents required for DIN ApplicationPAN CardAdhar CardElectricity BillPhone billMobile BillBank StatementNote: There can be Maximum 15 Directors in a Private Limited Company which can be received by giving Notice to ROCStep 3. Name ReservationAfter having DIN number. Name Reservation Application can be filed through Form INC-1 and Name will be reserved by the DIN numbers of the Directors. Following points should be considered while making the application for Name Reservation.The name should not be similar to any existing company or LLP name.The name should not be similar to any Registered Intellectual Property.In the event of winding-up of a company, the name of such entity will not be available for use for the next 2 years. However, if company winds up by the court order, then the name of such entity will not be available for use for the next 20 years.Step 4. Drafting of Memorandum of Association(MOA) and Article of Association(AOA)Memorandum of Association: It is the constitution of a company. It is a document, which among other things, defines the areas within which the company can act. It states the objects for which the company has been formed.  Articles of Association: It contains the rules and regulations relating to the internal management of a company. It serves as a binding contract between the company and its members. Once the company name is approved by the ROC, the subsequent step is to draft the MoA and AoA. The subscribers need to determine their name, address, and occupation in their own particular handwriting and sign the subscription pages of MoA and AoA.Step 5. Certificate of IncorporationAfter the submission and completion of all the necessary documents, the registrar of the company shall retain and register the memorandum and articles. After the registration of the Memorandum of a company, the registrar shall signNow that the company is incorporated. The digitally signed "certificate of incorporation" then will be emailed to the directors.