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Wow! This is one hell of a question!This is gonna be a long answer.For the sake of this argument, I'm considering each person mentioned, to be at his/her prime, which we have seen or read about, at least somewhere. For those who don't know them, I'll do a brief bio.Gandalf the White, a more powerful incarnation of Gandalf the Grey. He's one of the most famous wizards of modern fantasy, a character from The Lord Of The Rings series. Some of his abilities[1] include -The ability to appear and disappear, come and go, without making a sound or being noticed.Use magical kinesis in order to push, flip, trip, and levitate his enemies through the air using his staff. He can also grab distant objects by holding out his hand and magically pulling things toward him, as well as psychokinetically cause physical things to happen in his immediate surroundings, such as close or open doors using his mind alone.Speak to/manipulate animals like butterflies, moths, birds, eagles, and horses.Focus and charge lightening strikes into his sword Glamdring[2] allowing him to fight with a blade charged and glowing with powerful energy. He can also create powerful lightening strikes to stun or kill his foes in great numbers.Create a massive shockwave knocking over, stunning, or killing anyone in his vicinity or causing great structural damage to the surroundings caught in the blast.Being a Maiar[3] (a lesser god), he can never truly die. Which means he can be resurrected, which did happen. He died as Gandalf the Grey, and was reborn as Gandalf the White, who was more powerful than ever before.Repel arrows shot at him and axes thrown at him using magic.Heal people near death or passed out using his hands and incantations.Create powerful illusions.And much more. If you want to check out the whole list, the link is in the footnote.A moderately old Dumbledore, with all his power, reflexes, and knowledge intact. He possesses the Elder Wand which is the most powerful wand in the wizarding world.[4]Abilities[5] include -Proficiency at Occlumency and Legilimency. He is able to peer deep inside peoples’ minds and correctly decipher what they are thinking. Also, he can plant ideas and thoughts in his victim's mind.Can manipulate all elements like fire and water, etc with his wand.Can psychokinetically repel, push, pull, trip, flip, move, and levitate objects using his wand. Can psychokinetically cause physical things to happen in his immediate surroundings, such as move, create, and activate devices or create powerful illusions in a room.Transfigure and alter animals, people, and objects.Can put powerful enchantments on people or objects, severely altering their nature.Cause memory loss.Apparate/Disapparate, which is basically teleportation for non Potter heads.And much much more. Although, without his wand, he can't do much magic. But Dumbledore is a genius, who tends to be correct 99% times, whenever he predicts something. He won't let anyone disarm him.(This scene is so cool!)The mature Luke Skywalker, with all his knowledge and experience with the Force[6]. As a student and as a teacher.Abilities include -Using the Force to predict the future.Using the Force to levitate, push, pull objects.Extremely proficient with his Lightsaber.Using the Force to manipulate wills of people.Adult Harry. (His magical prowess was not explained very much in The Cursed Child. So, I don't know how good he is in that. Let's consider him to be a powerful wizard, but of course not as much as Dumbledore. I think Potter heads will agree with me when I say that Harry could never signNow Dumbledore's level of power.)Abilities are pretty much the same as Dumbledore, but of course not as powerful as him. Also, he doesn't have the Elder Wand and the magical proficiency of Dumbledore. Dumbledore was considered the most powerful wizard of his time, if not of all time. Also he has The Cloak Of Invisibility,[7] which can render him completely invisible.The seven Demigods from The Blood Of Olympus. (The Last book of the series because I consider them to be at their prime in this book). As this argument is solely considering only them, I won't be considering them getting help from their Godly parents. They're on their own.Abilities include, except from their proficiency with a weapon like a sword, or a spear.(I think these are pretty irrelevant when we're dealing with magical beings.)Percy - Can control Water due to his parentage. (Father - Poseidon, the Greek god of Oceans, Storms and Earthquakes.) As a result he can also conjure up miniature storms, tidal waves, and miniature earthquakes.Jason - Can control Lightning and Wind. (Father - Jupiter, the Roman God of the Sky.) As a result, he can create hurricanes.Piper - Can Charmspeak. Which means she can impose her will on other people with her voice. (Mother - Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of Love.)Annabeth - Master Strategist. Extremely Clever. (Mother - Athena, the Greek Goddess of Wisdom.)Leo - Expert Craftsman. He can literally make anything with a few materials. Also, can control Fire. (Father - Hephaestus, the Greek God of forges, metal working and Fire)Frank - Can shapeshift. Also, proficient with a bow and arrow. (Father - Mars, the Roman God Of War.)Hazel - Can control metals, and has a friend Arion, an immortal horse which can run at the speed of sound. (Father - Pluto, the Roman God of Wealth and Dead.)Although, they get weaker as they use their powers.Now, we can start.Now, Dumbledore and Gandalf are seriously overpowered. They're two of the most powerful wizards in modern fantasy fiction. Combining their powers, they can literally do anything.Both of them are capable of rendering all their foes incapable of motion, or mentally unstable, before them even knowing what happened. But let's say they didn't take this shortcut.We can expect them not to take any rash decisions because of their unbelievable power. I’ll venture a guess that they will take on all of them one by one. They can teleport(Apparate) which only Harry can do. Harry can easily take his teammates along with him, so to make teleportation their true advantage, I'll say that they'll take out Harry first.It'll be very easy, as Harry is extremely inexperienced when compared to both these wizards. Also, they are capable of blocking their minds from external penetration, so Luke's Mind Tricks won't work on them. There's no way anyone will know what Dumbledore and Gandalf are upto.The seven, having no feasible power, will be even easier to take down. Knowing Dumbledore and Gandalf, they won't be killing them. They'll just truss them up like a turkey.So, in the end I expect an epic showdown with Luke single-handedly, fending off and deflecting spells from Dumbledore and Gandalf. But in the end, it's 2v1 with the most powerful people ever to exist, in one team.So, I conclude that Gandalf and Dumbledore will win!To be honest, it was a pretty one sided affair. If we considered help from the Jedi Council and The Demigods' parents, it would probably have been a more interesting fight.Cheers! :-DThanks for the Edit Beryl Jade!Footnotes[1] The Magic and Abilities of Gandalf[2] Glamdring[3] Maiar[4] Elder Wand[5] The Magic and Abilities of Dumbledore[6] The Force[7] Cloak of Invisibility

Electronic voting in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchThis article is about the voting machines used in India. For general information on EVMs, see Electronic voting.VVPAT used with Indian electronic voting machines in Indian ElectionsControl unit in EVMElectionic Voting Machine India ballot UnitElectronic Voting is the standard means of conducting elections using Electronic Voting Machines, sometimes called "EVMs" in India.[1][2]The use of EVMs and electronic voting was developed and tested by the state-owned Electronics Corporation of India and Bharat Electronics in the 1990s. They were introduced in Indian elections between 1998 and 2001, in a phased manner. The electronic voting machines have been used in all general and state assembly elections of India since 2004.[3][2][4]Prior to the introduction of electronic voting, India used paper ballots and manual counting. The paper ballots method was widely criticized because of fraudulent voting, booth capturing where party loyalists captured booths and stuffed them with pre-filled fake ballots. The printed paper ballots were also more expensive, requiring substantial post-voting resources to count hundreds of millions of individual ballots.[2][1]Embedded EVM features such as "electronically limiting the rate of casting votes to five per minute",[1]a security "lock-close" feature, an electronic database of "voting signatures and thumb impressions" to confirm the identity of the voter, conducting elections in phases over several weeks while deploying extensive security personnel at each booth[1]have helped reduce electoral fraud and abuse, eliminate booth capturing and create more competitive and fairer elections.[5][2]Indian EVMs are stand-alone machines built with once write, read-only memory.[6]The EVMs are produced with secure manufacturing practices, and by design, are self-contained, battery-powered and lack any networking capability. They do not have any wireless or wired internet components and interface.[7]The M3 version of the EVMs includes the VVPAT system.[6]In recent elections, various opposition parties have alleged faulty EVMs after they failed to defeat the incumbent.[8][9]After rulings of Delhi High Court, the Supreme Court of India in 2011 directed the Election Commission to include a paper trail as well to help confirm the reliable operation of EVMs.[9][10]The Election Commission developed EVMs with voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system between 2012 and 2013. The system was tried on a pilot basis in the 2014 Indian general election.[11][12]Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) and EVMs are now used in every assembly and general election in India.[13][14]On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India ordered the Election Commission of India to use VVPAT paper trail system in every assembly constituency and verify these before signNowing the final results. The Election Commission of India has acted under this order and deployed VVPAT verification for 20,625 EVMs in the 2019 Indian general election.[15][16][17]The Election Commission of India states that their machines, system checks, safeguard procedures and election protocols are "fully tamper proof". A team led by Vemuri Hari Prasad of NetIndia Private Limited has shown that if criminals get physical possession of the EVMs before the voting, they can change the hardware inside and thus manipulate the results.[18]The Prasad team recommended a VVPAT paper trail system for verification.[18]The Election Commission states that along with VVPAT method, immediately prior to the election day, a sample number of votes for each political party nominee is entered into each machine, in the presence of polling agents. At the end of this sample trial run, the votes counted and matched with the entered sample votes, to ensure that the machine's hardware has not been tampered with, it is operating reliably and that there were no hidden votes pre-recorded in each machine.[19]Machines that yield a faulty result have been replaced to ensure a reliable electoral process.[20][21]Contents1 History 1.1 EVM and Indian judiciary 1.2 Electronic voting2 Design and technology3 Procedure to use4 Benefits5 Limitations6 Security issues 6.1 2019 allegations7 Voter-verifiable paper audit trail8 Exports9 See also10 Further reading11 References12 External linksHistoryIndia used paper ballots till the 1990s. The sheer scale of the Indian elections with more than half a billion people eligible to vote, combined with election-related criminal activity, led Indian election authority and high courts to transition to electronic voting.[2][22]According to Arvind Verma – a professor of Criminal Justice with a focus on South Asia, Indian elections have been marked by criminal fraud and ballot tampering since the 1950s. The first major election with large scale organized booth capturing were observed in 1957.[22]The journalist Prem Shankar Jha, states Milan Vaishnav, documented the booth capturing activity by Congress party leaders, and the opposition parties soon resorted to the same fraudulent activity in the 1960s.[23]A booth-capture was the phenomenon where party loyalists, criminal gangs and upper-caste musclemen entered the booth with force in villages and remote areas, and stuffed the ballot boxes with pre-filled fake paper ballots.[24][25]This problem grew between the 1950s and 1980s and became a serious and large scale problem in states such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,[2][22]later spreading to Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal accompanied with election day violence.[26]Another logistical problem was the printing of paper ballots, transporting and safely storing them, and physically counting hundreds of millions of votes.[1][22]The Election Commission of India, led by T.N. Seshan, sought a solution by developing Electronic voting machines in the 1990s.[22][27]These devices were designed to prevent fraud by limiting how fast new votes can be entered into the electronic machine.[22]By limiting the rate of vote entered every minute to five, the Commission aimed to increase the time required to cast fake ballots, therefore, allow the security forces to intervene in cooperation with the volunteers of the competing political parties and the media.[2][22][5]The Commission introduced other features such as EVM initialization procedures just before the elections.[7]Officials tested each machine prior to the start of voting to confirm its reliable operation in the front of independent polling agents. They added a security lock “close” button which saved the votes already cast in the device's permanent memory but disabled the device's ability to accept additional votes in the case of any attempt to open the unit or tamper.[2][19]The Commission decided to conduct the elections over several weeks in order to move and post a large number of security forces at each booth. On the day of voting, the ballots were also locked and then saved in a secure location under the watch of state security and local volunteer citizens. Additionally, the Election Commission also created a database of thumb impressions and electronic voting signatures, open to inspection by polling agent volunteers and outside observers.[2]The EVMs-based system at each booth matches the voter with a registered card with this electronic database in order to ensure that a voter cannot cast a ballot more than once.[2][5]According to Debnath and other scholars, these efforts of the Election Commission of India – developed in consultations with the Indian courts, experts and volunteer feedback from different political parties – have reduced electoral fraud in India and made the elections fairer and more competitive.[5]EVM and Indian judiciaryEVM and electronic voting have been the subject of numerous court cases in Indian courts including the Supreme Court of India. The first case was filed in the 1980s even before EVMs were used in any election. The AC Jose vs. Sivan Pillai case was a case seeking a stay order on the use of EVMs for Kerala election.[28]The case was reviewed by the Supreme Court. It ruled on March 5, 1984, that the extant laws of India – in particular, Sections 59–61 of the Representation of People Act 1951 – specified paper ballots and it therefore forbade the use of any other technology including electronic voting. The Court stated that the use of an alternate technology would require the Indian parliament to amend the law.[28]The parliament of India amended the Representation of People Act in December 1988. Section 61A of the amended law empowered the Election Commission to deploy voting machines instead of paper ballots. The amended law became effective from March 15, 1989.[28]The use of EVMs, their reliability and speculations about fraud through the use of EVMs have been the subject of many lawsuits before state high courts and the Supreme Court of India. These courts have either dismissed the cases as frivolous or ruled in the favor of the Election Commission and the EVMs.[29]Of these, in the 2002 ruling on the J. Jayalalithaa and Ors vs. Election Commission of India case, the Supreme Court of India stated that the use of EVMs in elections was constitutionally valid.[29][30]Electronic votingThe Indian electronic voting machine (EVM) were developed in 1989 by Election Commission of India in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited and Electronics Corporation of India Limited. The Industrial designers of the EVMs were faculty members at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay. The EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by-election to North Paravur Assembly Constituency in Kerala for a limited number of polling stations.[31]The EVMs were first time used on an experimental basis in selected constituencies of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi. The EVMs were used first time in the general election (entire state) to the assembly of Goa in 1999. In 2003, all by-elections and state elections were held using EVMs, encouraged by this election commission decided to use only EVMs for Lok Sabha elections in 2004.Design and technologyBallot Unit (left), control unit (right)An EVM consists of two units, a control unit, and the balloting unit.[32]The two units are joined by a five-meter cable. Balloting unit facilitates voting by a voter via labeled buttons while the control unit controls the ballot units, stores voting counts and displays the results on 7 segment LED displays. The controller used in EVMs has its operating program etched permanently in silicon at the time of manufacturing by the manufacturer. No one (including the manufacturer) can change the program once the controller is manufactured. The control unit is operated by one of the polling booth officers, while the balloting unit is operated by the voter in privacy. The officer confirms the voter's identification then electronically activates the ballot unit to accept a new vote. Once the voter enters the vote, the balloting unit displays the vote to the voter, records it in its memory. A "close" command issued from the control unit by the polling booth officer registers the vote, relocks the unit to prevent multiple votes. The process is repeated when the next voter with a new voter ID arrives before the polling booth officer.[32]EVMs are powered by an ordinary 6 volt alkaline battery[33]manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore and Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad. This design enables the use of EVMs throughout the country without interruptions because several parts of India do not have the power supply and/or erratic power supply. The two units cannot work without the other. After a poll closes on a particular election day, the units are separated and the control units moved and stored separately in locked and guarded premises.[32]Both units have numerous tamper-proof protocols. Their hardware, by design, can only be programmed once at the time of their manufacture and they cannot be reprogrammed.[34][7]They do not have any wireless communication components inside, nor any internet interface and related hardware.[34]The balloting unit has an internal real-time clock and a protocol by which it records every input-output event with a time stamp whenever they are connected to a battery pack.[34]The designers intentionally opted for battery power, to prevent the possibility that the power cables might be used to interfere with the reliable functioning of an EVM.[34]An EVM can record a maximum of 3840 (now 2000) votes and can cater to a maximum of 64 candidates. There is provision for 16 candidates in a single balloting unit and up to a maximum of 4 balloting units with 64 candidate names and the respective party symbols can be connected in parallel to the control unit.[32]If there are more than 64 candidates, the conventional ballot paper/box method of polling is deployed by the Election Commission.[32]After a 2013 upgrade, an Indian EVM can cater to a maximum of 384 candidates plus "None Of The Above" option (NOTA).[6]The current electronic voting machines in India are the M3 version with VVPAT capability, the older versions being M1 and M2. They are built and encoded with once-write software (read-only masked memory) at the state-owned and high-security premises of the Bharat Electronics Limited and the Electronics Corporation of India Limited.[6][35]The inventory of election EVMs is securely tracked by the Election Commission of India on a real-time basis with EVM Tracking Software (ETS). This system tracks their digital verification identity and physical presence. The M3 EVMs has embedded hardware and software that enables only a particular control unit to work with a particular voting unit issued by the Election Commission, as another layer of tamper-proofing. Additional means of tamper proofing the machines include several layers of seals. Indian EVMs are stand-alone non-networked machines.[36][37]Procedure to useThe control unit is with the presiding officer or a polling officer and the balloting Unit is placed inside the voting compartment. The balloting unit presents the voter with blue buttons (momentary switch) horizontally labeled with corresponding party symbol and candidate names. The Control Unit, on the other hand, provides the officer-in-charge with a "Ballot" marked button to proceed to the next voter, instead of issuing a ballot paper to them. This activates the ballot unit for a single vote from the next voter in the queue. The voter has to cast his vote by once pressing the blue button on the balloting unit against the candidate and symbol of his choice.As soon as the last voter has voted, the Polling Officer-in-charge of the Control Unit will press the 'Close' Button. Thereafter, the EVM will not accept any votes. Further, after the close of the poll, the Balloting Unit is disconnected from the Control Unit and kept separately. Votes can be recorded only through the Balloting Unit. Again the Presiding officer, at the close of the poll, will hand over to each polling agent present an account of votes recorded. At the time of counting of votes, the total will be tallied with this account and if there is any discrepancy, this will be pointed out by the Counting Agents. During the counting of votes, the results are displayed by pressing the 'Result' button. There are two safeguards to prevent the 'Result' button from being pressed before the counting of votes officially begins. (a) This button cannot be pressed till the 'Close' button is pressed by the Polling Officer-in-charge at the end of the voting process in the polling booth. (b) This button is hidden and sealed; this can be broken only at the counting center in the presence of designated office.BenefitsThe cost per EVM was ₹5,500 (equivalent to ₹44,000 or US$640 in 2018) at the time the machines were purchased in 1989–90. The cost was estimated to be ₹10,500 (equivalent to ₹13,000 or US$180 in 2018) per unit as per an additional order issued in 2014.[38]Even though the initial investment was heavy, it has since been expected to save costs of production and printing of crores of ballot papers, their transportation and storage, substantial reduction in the counting staff and the remuneration paid to them. For each national election, it is estimated that about 10,000 tonnes of the ballot paper are saved. EVMs are easier to transport compared to ballot boxes as they are lighter, more portable, and come with polypropylene carrying cases. Vote counting is also faster. In places where illiteracy is a factor, illiterate people find EVMs easier than ballot paper system. Bogus voting is greatly reduced as the vote is recorded only once. The unit can store the result in its memory before it is erased manually. The battery is required only to activate the EVMs at the time of polling and counting and as soon as the polling is over, the battery can be switched off. The shelf life of Indian EVMs is estimated at 15 years.[39]LimitationsMain article: TotaliserA candidate can know how many people from a polling station voted for him. This is a signNow issue particularly if lop-sided votes for/against a candidate are cast in individual polling stations and the winning candidate might show favoritism or hold a grudge on specific areas. The Election Commission of India has stated that the manufacturers of the EVMs have developed a Totaliser unit which can connect several balloting units and would display only the overall results from an Assembly or a Lok Sabha constituency instead of votes from individual polling stations.[40][41]Security issuesAn international conference on the Indian EVMs and its tamperability of the said machines was held under the chairmanship of Subramanian Swamy, President of the Janata Party and former Union Cabinet Minister for Law, Commerce and Justice at Chennai on 13 February 2010. The conclusion was that the Election Commission of India was shirking its responsibility on the transparency in the working of the EVMs.[42]In April 2010, an independent security analysis was released by a research team led by Hari K. Prasad, Rop Gonggrijp, and Alex Halderman.[18]In order to mitigate these threats, the researchers suggest moving to a voting system that provides greater transparency, such as paper ballots, precinct count optical scan, or a voter verified paper audit trail, since, in any of these systems, skeptical voters could, in principle, observe the physical counting process to gain confidence that the outcome is fair.[43]But Election Commission of India points out that for such tampering of the EVMs, one needs physical access to EVMs, and pretty high tech skills are required. Given that EVMs are stored under strict security which can be monitored by candidates or their agents all the time, its impossible to gain physical access to the machines. Plus, to impact the results of an election, hundreds to thousands of machines will be needed to tamper with, which is almost impossible given the hi-tech and time-consuming nature of the tampering process.[44][45]Manufacturers of Electronic Voting Machines, namely Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad and Bharat Electronics Limited, Bengaluru have said that EVMs are unhackable and tamper-proof as programming for EVMs is done at a secure manufacturing facility in ECIL and BEL (where operations are logged electronically) and not with chip manufacturers.[34]Control and ballot units in EVMs and VVPATs have an anti-tamper mechanism by which they become non-operational if it is illegally opened. EVMs are standalone machines, have no radio frequency transmission device features , operate on battery packs and cannot be reprogrammed. The control Unit of EVMs has a real-time clock that logs every event on its right from the time it was switched on. The anti-tamper mechanism in the machine can detect even 100-millisecond variations.On 25 July 2011, responding to a PIL (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 312 of 2011), Supreme Court of India asked EC to consider request to modify EVMs and respond within three months. The petitioner Rajendra Satyanarayan Gilda had alleged that EC has failed to take any decision despite his repeated representation. The petitioner suggested that the EVMs should be modified to give a slip printed with the symbol of the party in whose favour the voter cast his ballot.[9][46][47][48]On 17 January 2012, Delhi High Court in its ruling on Dr. Subramanian Swamy's Writ Petition (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 11879 of 2009) challenging the use of EVMs in the present form said that EVMs are not "tamper-proof". Further, it said that it is "difficult" to issue any directions to the EC in this regard. However, the court added that the EC should itself hold wider consultations with the executive, political parties and other stake holders on the matter.[49][50]Swamy appealed against Delhi High Court's refusal to order a VVPAT system in Supreme Court. On 27 September 2012, Election Commission's advocate Ashok Desai submitted to a Supreme Court bench of Justice P. Sathasivam and Justice Ranjan Gogoi that field trial for VVPAT system is in progress and that a status report will be submitted by early January 2013. Desai said that on pressing of each vote, a paper receipt will be printed, which will be visible to the voters inside a glass but cannot be taken out of the machine. Dr. Swamy said that the new system was acceptable to him.The Supreme Court posted the matter for further hearing to 22 January 2013[51][52]and on 8 October 2013, it delivered a verdict, that the Election Commission of India will use VVPAT.[53]Another similar writ petition filed by the Asom Gana Parishad is still pending before the Gauhati High Court.[54]2019 allegationsSyed Shuja, described as a "self-claimed expert" on EVMs by The India Today,[55]has alleged that Indian EVMs can be hacked, and have been hacked by Indian political parties such as the AAP, BJP, Congress, SP and others.[56]Shuja appeared from a remote location using Skype in January 2019 for a press conference organized by the Indian Journalists’ Association[57]and the London-based Foreign Press Association.[58]He alleged that the EVM units can be wirelessly tampered with, and have been tampered with the help of Reliance Communications. He also made allegations of many murders and other criminal activity associated with EVMs tampering, allegations he could not substantiate nor did he present any evidence for his allegations before journalists gathered in London for the Shuja press interview.[59]The possibility of EVM tampering as described by Shuja have been rejected by the Election Commission of India.[55]The Commission stated that the Indian EVMs do not contain any wireless chips and related communication components.[59]The Election Commission reiterated that their official EVMs are manufactured in India under very strict supervisory and security conditions and there are "rigorous Standard Operating Procedures meticulously observed at all stages under the supervision of a Committee of eminent technical experts constituted way back in 2010".[55]The commission has charged Shuja under Section 505(1)(b) of the Indian Penal Code (titled "Punishment for Statements Conducing to Public Mischief") by lodging a First Information Report against him with the Delhi Police.[60]The Bharatiya Janata Party attributed this claim to the opposing Indian National Congress as an attempt by them to manipulate the electorate with fake news before forthcoming elections.[61]In January 2019, the London-based press conference organizer stated, "The Foreign Press Association strongly disassociates itself with any claims made by the speaker Syed Shuja during the #IJA event [about Indian EVMs and related matters] in London yesterday. Not one of the masked speaker’s accusations has so far been corroborated."[58]The India Today called Shuja's allegations as "sensationalism without substance."[58]Voter-verifiable paper audit trailFurther information: Voter-verified paper audit trailOn 8 October 2010 Election Commission appointed an expert technical committee headed by Prof. P. V. Indiresan (former Director of IIT-M) when at an all-party meeting majority of political parties backed the proposal to have a VVPAT in EVMs to counter the charges of tampering. The committee was tasked to examine the possibility of introduction of a paper trail so that voters can get a printout that will show symbol of the party to which the vote was cast.[10]After studying the issue, the committee recommended introduction of VVPAT system.[62]On 21 June 2011, Election Commission accepted Indiresan committee's recommendations and decided to conduct field trials of the system.[63]On 26 July 2011, field trials of the VVPAT system were conducted at Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, Cherrapunjee in Meghalaya, East Delhi in Delhi and Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.[64][65]The Election Commission on 19 January 2012 agreed to add a "paper trail" of the vote cast. The upgrade of EVMs that followed modified the EVM software and a printer was attached to the machine. With the VVPAT system, when a vote is cast, it is recorded in its memory and simultaneously a serial number and vote data is printed out. This states Anil Kumar, the managing director of the state-owned EVM manufacturer Bharat Electronic Limited, ensures more confidence in the voting results.[66]The printouts, Kumar said, "are used later to cross-check the voting data stored in the EVMs".[11][67]Voter-verifiable paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen in Nagaland.[68]The voter-verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT) system was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies in 2014.[69][70][71]VVPAT was implemented in the 2014 elections at Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South,[72]Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib[73][74]and Mizoram constituencies.[75][76][77]On 8 October 2013, Supreme Court of India delivered its verdict on Subramanian Swamy's PIL, that Election Commission of India will use VVPAT along with EVMs in a phased manner.[53][78][79]In June 2018, Election Commission of India decided that all VVPATs will have a built-in-hood to protect the printer and other devices from excess light and heat.[80]ExportsNepal, Bhutan, Namibia and Kenya have purchased India-manufactured EVMs. Fiji was expected to use Indian EVMs in its elections in 2014. In 2013, the Election Commission of Namibia acquired 1700 control units and 3500 ballot units from India's Bharat Electronics Limited; these units will be used in the regional and presidential elections in 2014.[81]Several other Asian and African countries are reportedly interested in using them as well.[82]See alsoRisk-limiting auditVoting machineElectoral fraudNone of the aboveFurther reading"WP (C) No. 11879 of 2009" (PDF). High Courts of India. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. Delhi High Court judgement saying EVMs are not foolproof.ReferencesVerma, Arvind (2005). "Policing Elections in India". India Review. 4 (3–4): 354–376. doi:10.1080/14736480500302217.Madhavan Somanathan (2019). "India's electoral democracy: How EVMs curb electoral fraud". Brookings Institution, Washington DC.Kumar, D. Ashok; Begum, T. Ummal Sariba (2012). Electronic voting machine — A review. IEEE. doi:10.1109/icprime.2012.6208285. ISBN 978-1-4673-1039-0.Wilkinson, Steven (2005). "Elections in India: Behind the Congress Comeback". Journal of Democracy. Project Muse. 16 (1): 153–167. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0018.Debnath, Sisir; Kapoor, Mudit; Ravi, Shamika (2017). "The Impact of Electronic Voting Machines on Electoral Frauds, Democracy, and Development". SSRN Journal. Elsevier BV: 1–59. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3041197.Lok Sabha elections 2019: Check FAQs related to EVMS, India Today (March 15, 2019)A look inside the electronic voting machine, The Hindu (March 10, 2019)"CPI(M), JD(S) back Advani on EVM manipulation issue". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2012."SC asks EC to consider request to modify EVMs". The Times of India. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012.Ranjan, Rakesh (15 December 2011). "Delhi HC to decide on EVMs". The Pioneer. Retrieved 10 January 2012."New EVMs to have paper trail". The Times of India. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012."EVM-paper trail introduced in 8 of 543 constituencies". Daily News and Analysis. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019."EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting"."What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are". The Times of India. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019."Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat: SC"."SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency"."When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present".Wolchok, Scott; Wustrow, Eric; Halderman, J. Alex; Prasad, Hari K.; Kankipati, Arun; Sakhamuri, Sai Krishna; Yagati, Vasavya; Gonggrijp, Rop (October 2010). 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Election Commission of India.Security Analysis of India's Electronic Voting Machines, Scott Wolchok et al, A paper presented at the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security ConferenceCategories:Science and technology in IndiaElections in IndiaElectronic voting by countryElection technologyNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesभोजपुरीहिन्दीاردوEdit linksThis page was last edited on 5 August 2019, at 18:09 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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