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FAQs
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How can I apply for a UK visa from a European country when I am in the EU country on a work visa? I am an Indian national.
Unfortunately, many non-EEA nationals living in Germany need a visa to travel to the UK as a Schengen visa or German residency permit doesn’t allow entry to the UK. In this answer, I will try to explain the process of getting a Visa (tourist) for non-EEA nationals living in Germany.SEE ALSO: https://thehonest.blog/uk-visit-...Do I need a UK Visa?Before you visit the UK, the most important question you should ask is: Do I need a Visa? You can check if you need a UK Visa here: https://www.gov.uk/check-uk-visa/yFollow the simple steps:Select your countrySelect the intention for your visit to the UK. For example, if you want to visit the UK as a tourist, select “Tourism”Select if you will be traveling with or visiting either your partner or a family member in the UK. If you are traveling with or visiting either your partner or a family member in the UK, you will be asked to select if you have an article 10 residence card.What is an article 10 residence card? Read HereAfter following the above steps, you will be shown if you need a visa or not. In case if you need a visa, you will also be informed of the exact visa type you will need.UK Standard Visitor visaThis type of visa is valid for:visiting the UK on holidayto see your family and friends,do business (for example, conference, meeting, etc; but you CANNOT do paid or unpaid work),take part in sports or creative events, orreceive private medical treatment.Study for up to 30 days (as far as it is not the main reason for your visit)It is valid for up to 6 months from the date of issue and costs £93 (as of Sept. 2018), excluding User pay fee (£59) and fees for any selected Value added services at TLScontact. The last time I applied for a UK standard visitor visa (July 2018), I paid €176 including User pay fee and an additional €30 for express courier return (value-added service).UK Visa type: Standard VisitorFees (as of Sept 2018): Visa Fee: £93, User pay fee: £59Validity: Up to 6 months (multi-entry)Earliest you can apply: 3 months before the intended date of travelAverage processing time: 2~3 weeks (maybe longer during the rush season)Visa centers in Germany: Düsseldorf, Munich, BerlinHow to apply?Go to https://www.visa4uk.fco.gov.uk/h... and create an account (if you don’t have one already; otherwise log in to your existing account).Login into your visa4uk account and select: “Apply for myself” – if you are applying for yourself “Apply for someone else” – if you are applying for a family member or a friendFill in the form that appears. Make sure you fill in all the details as mentioned in your passport and other supporting documents. You may see a notification that says “Please note there is an additional fee…”. This refers to the User Pay fee mentioned above.Select the visa type, that was suggested by https://www.gov.uk/check-uk-visa/yNote the reference number starting with “GWF”. It will be needed later on.Now select “Create application”Now select “go to application” and fill in all the details thoroughly.Sign the declaration (Electronic Signature)Book an appointment (You will have to select a location from Düsseldorf, Munich or Berlin). In my experience, Düsseldorf has the fastest processing time. You can check the visa processing times here: https://visa-processingtimes.hom...Pay the visa fee (~ €176 in Aug 2018). There are many options to pay the visa fee like PayPal, Master/Visa cards, Maestro cards, etc. Note: If you want to withdraw your application, you may only get a full refund of visa fee if you cancel the appointment and submit a written request at least 5 days before your scheduled appointment.Once the payment is successful, go to https://uk.tlscontact.com/de/dus...Select the same location from step 8 at TLScontact website.Click register (if you don’t already have an account). Otherwise login into your existing account.Click “Add an applicant” (Blue button at bottom of the page).Enter the GWF number from “step 5”, all other details as mentioned in your passport.If you select the return courier service, it will cost you €30 in addition. If you don’t select this service, you will have to come back to the visa center to pick up your passport after the visa is issued (or rejected). I would highly recommend this service if you don’t live near one of the visa centers.A list of Required Documents is mentioned here: UK visit visa for Non-EEA nationals living in Germany - The Honest BlogVisa appointmentYou and every who is applying with you (friends/family) have to be present in person.Carry all required documents in original (to be on the safer side) and a photocopy (A4 size). In case you forget to get a photocopy, most visa centers have a photocopying machine (but they charge as much as 50 cents per copy).Arrive at the visa appointment location 15 minutes in advance.Don’t carry too much luggage or any dangerous items – your bags will be checked before allowing you to enter in.In case if you have opted for courier return for your passport, you may be asked to fill an additional form confirming the return address.Once your name / GWF number is called, you have to submit all the documents followed by biometrics (fingerprints and photo will be taken). Note: There are no British officials present at the time of document collection. There will be no formal visa interview. You will not be asked any questions (only document collection). The TLScontact representatives will blindly collect the documents you provide them. They will not tell you if something is missing or is extra. It is your duty to make sure you provide all the documents you want to be considered for your visa process (There is no harm in providing an extra document, but failing to provide even a single required document can result in a rejection). Note: Make sure you have don’t have any tattoos (like Henna) on your fingers that will hamper them from obtaining fingerprints.TLScontact will retain your current passport and copy of all the documents. You will be given a TLScontact checklist (Example below) and sent a confirmation email as well.This is the end of the visa application procedure. Note: There are some paid value-added services that allow you to apply and keep hold of your passport during the decision making process. You will have to submit the passport at a later point in time for visa stamping.Normally, after 2-3 weeks you will receive a notification email that your passport is ready for collection. You can track the progress of your visa on TLScontact website.Passport collectionIf you have opted for express courier return, you will receive your passport by courier (Usually it is sent by DHL express. You have to be present at home to collect it as a signature is needed. It is not delivered to neighbors or Packstation).If you have opted for express courier return, you will need to go the visa application center with the following documents to collect your passport (once you receive a confirmation that the passport is ready for collection):TLScontact checklist.Original and photocopy of a Photo-ID (for example: Driving license or Aufenthaltstitel).If collected by someone else, they will need original Authorisation form and representative’s valid photo ID document (copy & original) in addition to the above two documents.If collecting for a minor, a copy of the birth certificate is required.
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What is the best PDF reader, annotator, and organizer for academic scholars using a Mac? Is there such an application and/or sof
Even I had the similar problem, my windows 10 upgrade laptop crashed badly and I decided to go for Macbook Air which is all new OS for me. Earlier I had organised my work in Zotero in Mozilla Firefox, and I was using symlink to dropbox to sync my library between my office PC and Laptop (as free 300 MB cloud storage got exhausted early and I had no credit card to buy additional Cloud Storage from Zotero), it was all working good until I went for Window 10 upgrade and finally my hardware crashed. Now in mac I don’t know much where the appdata file stored and not sure even the symlink can be created from Zotero library stored in dropbox or not.I have installed Zotero in Firefox on mac yet I’m looking to find more easy way to do the same. I read a comparison which I hope you’ll find useful http://thesismonkey.com/compare-...Now, I’m going to try Readcube coz it has auto search and highlighted pdf options along with other features like Zotero. Lets hope it works well!
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How do I register a Pvt. Ltd. company?
Steps to Register Private Limited Company:-Step 1. Digital Signature Certificate(DSC) RequiredThe first and foremost step to start the registration process is to have directors & shareholders Digital Signature Certificate. Digital Signature are nothing but a USB drive(DSC token) which contains the encrypted digital signature of a person.It is same as a person is signing with a pen on a paper and with digital signature, a person can sign a document on Computer.Step 2. Directors Identification Number(DIN)Directors Identification Number(DIN) are mandatory for every person, who wishes to become a director in any company. PAN card is mandatory to have a DIN number. Director Identification Number is a unique code which has lifetime validity.Documents required for DIN ApplicationPAN CardAdhar CardElectricity BillPhone billMobile BillBank StatementNote: There can be Maximum 15 Directors in a Private Limited Company which can be received by giving Notice to ROCStep 3. Name ReservationAfter having DIN number. Name Reservation Application can be filed through Form INC-1 and Name will be reserved by the DIN numbers of the Directors. Following points should be considered while making the application for Name Reservation.The name should not be similar to any existing company or LLP name.The name should not be similar to any Registered Intellectual Property.In the event of winding-up of a company, the name of such entity will not be available for use for the next 2 years. However, if company winds up by the court order, then the name of such entity will not be available for use for the next 20 years.Step 4. Drafting of Memorandum of Association(MOA) and Article of Association(AOA)Memorandum of Association: It is the constitution of a company. It is a document, which among other things, defines the areas within which the company can act. It states the objects for which the company has been formed. Articles of Association: It contains the rules and regulations relating to the internal management of a company. It serves as a binding contract between the company and its members. Once the company name is approved by the ROC, the subsequent step is to draft the MoA and AoA. The subscribers need to determine their name, address, and occupation in their own particular handwriting and sign the subscription pages of MoA and AoA.Step 5. Certificate of IncorporationAfter the submission and completion of all the necessary documents, the registrar of the company shall retain and register the memorandum and articles. After the registration of the Memorandum of a company, the registrar shall signNow that the company is incorporated. The digitally signed "certificate of incorporation" then will be emailed to the directors.
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Why hasn't the IAF retired the MiG-21 yet, even though it is extremely old?
I will give a step-wise explanation on why IAF still uses Jaguar and Mig-21 till date even though they were retired long ago by some of the operators around the world.Mig-21 : It was in early 1980s , when Indian Air Force realised that it needed to replace its Mig-21 since they will be signNowing the end of their service life by 1990s which will be a critical fall for Indian Air Force in terms of numbers. Hence the Tejas programme was started which had its own share of problems and was dragged on for many years. Hence what IAF needed was an interim solution. The solution came when it was decided that IAF Mig-21 will be upgraded and its Total Technical Life (TTL) will be extended. The upgrade involved better avionics , armaments , EW suite and more. This helped the Mig-21 to stay for much longer in Indian Air Force. The sole reason why Mig-21 has persisted in IAF till date was due to the fact that Tejas programme faced initial hiccups and thus failed in its objective to replace the older Mig-21 in IAF service.Recently IAF has retired its Mig-21 Type 96 Aircrafts as Tejas programme has started to bore results with Tejas now being actively inducted in Flying Daggers Squadron of IAF. At present IAF uses only Mig-21 Bison/bis aircrafts which will be retired from service by next decade.SEPECAT Jaguar : Jaguars in IAF service are termed as “Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft” ( DPSA ) meant as a Fighter-Bomber to strike deep in the enemy territory. Indian Air Force has serially upgraded its Jaguars with DARIN programmes the latest being DARIN III which adds an AESA radar to the Jaguar. Future replacement for Jaguar can be AMCA which is an Indian 5th Generation Fighter Aircraft currently under development. The extended life which has been breathed in Indian Jaguars through MLUs can well keep Indian Jaguars in air up till next decade.India has been notoriously known for running the aircrafts in its inventory for a much longer time than warranted by its TTL through MLUs like in case of Mig-21 and Jaguars and even Mig-27 and others. Retiring almost 200+ Mig-21 will bring in a critical void which IAF doesn’t want due to its falling numbers. Also Jaguar is India’s lone DPSA so as long as upgrades are available and quick replacements are unavailable it is better to keep them running as these aircrafts serve quite well in their roles.Many nations still use Mig-21 like Romania with some of the famous Mig-21 knockoffs like F-7 used many nations around the world like Bangladesh , Pakistan and Egypt.
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What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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Why are Chinese products cheaper?
In the words of Tim Cook: "The popular conception is that companies come to China because of low labor costs. I'm not sure what part of China they go to, but the truth is China stopped being the low labor cost country years ago. That is not the reason to come to China from a supply point of view, the reason is because of the skill."Let us look at the concept of labor or the involvement of labor in an every-day product. Let us compare 2 products: a plastic fork vs a plush toy. Although both products fall on opposite spectrums of the consumer life cycle (one disposable whilst the other one is reusable), both are sure to be made in China.A plastic fork is made from food-grade Polystyrene (PS) plastic pellets or beads through a process known as plastic inject molding. In here the pellets are heated in a molding machine to a viscous state and are injected into a mold. The mold produces multiple sets of forks within a matter of seconds and from there on it’s as simple as detaching the forks from a sacrificial (?) holder or tool (this is also made of PS and in most cases is recycled). From here the product is moved into packaging and then sent out of the factory for export. A fully automated machine can be set to run continuously 24 hours a day with very little monitoring by a worker, thus being a low labor product.Now, let us look at that plush toy. The stuffed animal is comprised of textile material for the cover, stuffing, two eyes and a nose. The material must be cut into pieces, sewn together and stuffed. The nose, eyes and mouth are sewn onto the material together and stuffed, requiring skilled labor(-). The cutting of the pieces may be done by hand or by machine, but the pieces are sewn together by a worker using a high-speed sewing machine. Next comes the insertion of stuffing – this is rather complex for a machine to do, as such the insertion is done by hand and the insertion point is also manually closed. It is evident that this requires much labor, therefore, this type of a product is considered a high labor product with labor contributing 70% of the total cost [1]. In the end, much like a fork, the product is moved and packaged for export.Because labor is only one part of the total cost of a product, and in many cases it's as low as 20% of the total cost, – this must indicate that there may be other factors at play in making Chinese products, such as the fork. If labor were the only factor, then most of the “plush toy/labor intensive” industries would have shifted to other countries – but only some industries already have e.g. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Mongolia to name just a few. To that extent, manufacturing of plastic forks could possibly return to the USA; but that’s not happening.Industrial production does not take place in isolation, but rather relies on networks of suppliers, component manufacturers, distributors, government agencies and customers who are all involved in the process of production through competition and cooperation. The ecosystem of doing business in China has evolved quite a lot in the last thirty years. Here are the additional factors, including labor, that affect the overall cost of manufacturing and thus make Chinese exports cheaper:A. Commendable supply chain: Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. No country, at present, has a supply chain more sophisticated yet flexible than China. China’s biggest advantage is their domestic availability of most of the raw materials required to manufacture a given product [2]. Not only are private entities involved in the process of outputting raw material for manufacturing. Rather, many Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SoEs) actively control and output raw materials for small factories to transform into ready-made goods. If the government is involved in such activities, it is safe to assume that this is an active industry that requires not only oversight and monitoring, but active involvement. Access to affordable raw materials helps bring down manufacturing costs to a considerable extent. As a result, having suppliers who are local to the manufacturer has gained importance as a way to cut costs[6].B. Rebate upon Export: The export tax rebate policy was initiated in 1985 by China as a way to boost the competitiveness of its exports by abolishing double taxation on exported goods[7]. China is one of over 150 countries that utilize a Value Added Tax (VAT) system. It is a tax only on the "value added" to a product, material, or service at every state of its manufacture or distribution. The VAT rate is generally 17%, or 13% for some goods. Chinese companies receive a VAT refund from the government for materials of products produced for export. Basically, factories that export do not pay any VAT on goods or raw materials used made for export – further subsidizing raw material costs. American imports to China are charged a VAT, but the U. S. doesn't have a VAT to charge Chinese imports. Moreover, Chinese manufacturers work with far lower profit margins than those in the U.S.C. Efficient Infrastructure and Logistical Access: In its fast-paced effort towards industrialization, China has built many ports (big and small), roads and railroad access. Such a system is not secluded to the big cities (Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities), it connects all of them, including Tier 4 cities or small towns used as industrial manufacturing zones. Having an efficient logistical system allows for cheaper travel costs –the cost of units (kilometers or miles) per currency (dollar or RMB) decreases. Also, an efficient infrastructure reduces overall downtime. Such is the case of India, as pointed out by Vaibhav Mandhana [3]: “Given the poor roads, a shipment from India's north can take a week or more to signNow India's south. Sometimes it is quicker and cheaper to actually get a shipment from Shenzhen than Kolkata. Time is money and all those delays add to your cost. If I could get something in two days, I could sell it immediately rather than wait two months to sell it [add up the interest costs]”"The road freight from LA to Nevada will cost you a lot more than the sea freight from China to LA."[5]D. Subsidized Utilities and Availability: Within China’s industrial areas many fixed and variable production costs are heavily subsidized. For example: electricity and water are subsidized up to 30% compared to normal household or commercial zones. Moreover, the local government gives support with land access at competitive rates, creating jobs in the area. This further helps to diminish the cost of the end product – after all you have access to cheaper land, water and light (What manufacturing does not require these? - Hell, even mining bitcoin does!). In non-industrialized or not fully industrialized countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, India), access to water and electricity remains a critical issue, until today. “In Coimbatore and other industrial places, you get power for like eight hours a day. That means the machinery lies idle for sixteen hours and that wasted capacity adds to the cost.”Do we see a trend of several factors, other than labor, which affect the overall cost of the product? Hold on, there are more!E. Bureaucracy: Barriers for entry in China, in this context, are extremely low. Although you need to fill out a huge number of papers (Customs Declaration Form, Land Annexation, Tax Filing, Compliance Related Documentation, Drawback/Rebate Forms, Annual Returns and etc.), the process is not complex. Relevant departments and accountability are there; you do not need to grease palms to get what you need; streamlined government policies are in place. Again, non-industrialized countries do not have many of these processes in place – they are in the early stages, whereas China has been through all this. I am not saying China is pure and not corrupt, there might be corruption in some cases, but the overall industrial process is so deeply rooted, that people just follow established guidelines. Greasing palms and running around places to get a stamp or a signature causes further delays (time is money) and increases overall costs. This is considered more as “Political Will” than bureaucracy; meaning the government’s will to allow you to do business is prominent thus reducing barriers for you to do business or manufacture or engage in services.F. Technology and Automation/ Skilled Labor: It would be unreasonable to discard China’s interconnectivity between technological advancement and manufacturing capacity. They work hand-in-hand. Availability of the latest technology to manufacture products of a high quality on a large scale. And let's be honest, scalability can be a very important factor in deciding price of a product. Apart from technology, China has a large population, thus having a bigger access to a wide talent pool. Availability to a greater talent pool decreases the overall demand as there is an oversupply – again, denting the costs of the product. If you recall, Tim Cook's main reason for manufacturing in China is: the depth of highly skilled labor in the manufacturing space. To rephrase what Cook said: "No other country in the world besides China has the combination of an electronic component supply chain and large pools of skilled labor needed to make iPhones on the scale which Apple needs."G. Labor: It is comparatively cheaper to many so-called “developed countries”. You can have someone do the same labor task for a comparatively lower price than say Europe or the USA for that matter. This further brings down costs. As noted before, it is not the cheapest – but it is not the most expensive either. What is important to remember here is that labor in China, is skilled – although most laborers are not trained, but have learned by doing. When you outsource to China, you’re working with time-tested factories that have been producing quality products in similar industries as yours for years on end, and in massive supply.Where a labor task might cost you $8-9 USD/hour in developed countries, it will cost you $450-500 USD for an entire month in China (8 hours a day, 28 days a month). If you do the math, that’s about $2.19 USD/hour. Countries like Indonesia a semi-skilled laborer will do it for half, $1.05 USD/hour – but the manufacturing process will be influenced by factors all the factors mentioned.H. Local Government: Local government officials are appointed, not elected. Part of their job is to help the industries and they are measured by results. Furthermore, locals compete with each other. That means Suzhou is competing with Chengdu to attract industries, and so on. Hence officials are always using their local advantages to help, attract, and grow industries, such as providing low cast land, building industrial parks, and making sure that the support infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, etc.) even local housing and schools are there. Since these officials are not elected locally, their actions are much more efficient rather than dealing a motion to go through town hall meetings or waiting for a ballot to pass for months. The downside of such efficiency could be that some environmental studies were not complete or many local concerns are not addressed fully (All credit for how to local governments operate within China go to Mr. James Yeh ).Here are few controversial factors, claimed by several sources:I. Currency: There is the ever-present theory of currency manipulation among economists, where China undervalues their currency by an estimated 30%-40%, which simply makes every product that China ships out 30-40% cheaper than those of a potential American competitor. The Yuan is manipulated and pegged undervalued to the US dollar [2]. So the price quoted in US dollars( more exports are quoted in dollars), will be cheaper than normal; (This manipulation has affected the domestic price of the product and labor wages as it has been kept much lower than it should have been. The Chinese yuan has, however, been steadily increasing in value against the dollar over the past few years.J. Compliance: The Chinese government does not bind itself with Intellectual Property issues. They allow the industry to investigate the products developed successfully elsewhere in the world. They then produce them in large quantities. Personally, there is nothing wrong in this benchmarking. Most industries do benchmark; especially in the automotive world. This saved the industry from expensive investments in R&D [4]. Although China has its own environmental protection agency, the environmental protection laws are generally lax and not enforced fully, especially at the local level. In previous years, Chinese factories cut down on waste management costs -further bringing down overall product costs. Things have been different lately, thanks to the strong efforts from the national government. Laws on IP and environmental protection are being enforced, especially after the Hangzhou G20 summit. There is still some belief that more needs to be done.If cheap labor was in itself the key driving factor, a large percentage of the labor-intensive factories would have already shifted to cheaper labor countries and lower labor-intensive jobs would have returned to the countries such as the USA - because China is not the synonym for cheap labor anymore. But that's not what we are experiencing; only certain jobs within the manufacturing field are moving to South East Asia. A huge chunk is there and is still able to reap the benefits of various factors. It will take more than a cutthroat desire for emerging economies to set up a business ecosystem that can compete with China's.Wow now over 1,000 Thanks for your upvotes! If you would be kind enough to give a like for this same article on my LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/w...Footnotes:1. https://www.industryweek.com/env...2. https://qr.ae/TUtz1K3. https://qr.ae/TUtzTO4. https://labs.ebanx.com/en/market...5. Walter Hay's answer to How expensive is it to import to Nevada from China?6. 5 Reasons Why You Should Manufacture In China With ITI[7] China Will Continue To Dominate World Production
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How can a foreigner open a company in the U.S.?
The steps to open a small company as a foreigner is the same as opening a small company as a citizen. You can invest in a business you create in the U.S. without being a U.S. citizen. The only difference is whether you have a right to work in the United States or not and what paperwork and visas you need to enter the country.Here are some of the general steps you need to follow.If you are going to visit the U.S. or live in the U.S., you will need the appropriate visas and may wish to apply for permanent residence. You may wish to inquire about specific programs for foreign investors. Like most countries, the U.S. welcomes business people and investors that create jobs in the U.S.Decide on what business structure is appropriate and register your business in the state your business will be located. Limited Liability Companies (LLC) and Corporations are the most popular structures, but there are others that may be more appropriate in specific situations.Register with the tax authorities. You will need an Employer Identification Number (EIN) for your business from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). In most cases, you will need a Sales Tax Permit from the state as well.Capitalize your business with cash or assets. The requirements vary state by state. For example, Texas requires a minimum $1,000 capitalization. To qualify for certain immigration programs, you may need to invest signNowly more. For example, you may need to invest $500,000 to $1 million to qualify for permanent residence based on being an entrepreneur/business investor.Some local jurisdictions (city, county, district, etc.) sometimes have additional requirements. For example, you may need a building occupancy certificate from the Fire Marshal, or be subject to zoning laws. Contacting the city where you will be located usually helps you find out what any local requirements are, if any.Rent an office somewhere. The amount of capitalization you will need for this will vary greatly market by market. For example, an office in San Francisco or New York City is going to be much more expensive than an office in Houston or Cleveland.Setup all the other things a business needs, which is the same whether you are a foreigner or not. As far as what your ideal capitalization should be, that really depends more on your business model and the market you serve. It's hard to put a specific number on it without knowing more.
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What is the best form for a subsidiary of a foreign company in India?
The term subsidiary means a there should be either a private limited company or a public limited and at least 51% of its entire equity capital should be held by some other Indian or foreign company. To incorporate a subsidiary of a foreign company, the following article will help:How to incorporate a wholly owned subsidiary in India?Any foreign company can incorporate a wholly owned subsidiary company in India. In India, private limited companies are most popular form of business structure and therefore most obvious choice of foreign companies. In an Indian private limited company, there can two shareholders and two directors and at least one Director should be resident in India. 100% shareholding of an Indian private limited company can be owned by its foreign holding company and the requirement of having at least two shareholders can be fulfilled by giving one share to the nominee of foreign company. Wholly owned subsidiary company incorporation process is fast and hassle free and can be completed online. That means the promoters or their nominee doesn’t have to necessarily fly to India to incorporate a wholly owned subsidiary company. The step by step incorporation process is discussed below:Obtaining Digital Signature CertificateSince all incorporation papers are submitted to the Central Registration Centre, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (registering authority to register all types of Companies in India) online, so all the Individual promoters are required to have a class II type of digital signature certificate issued by any private agency such as SIFY and/or E-Mudhra. These agencies holds a license from the signNowing Authority (Under the provisions of Indian Information Technology Act, 2004) to issue digital signature certificates to individual and organisations.Digital signature certificates are generally valid for one or two years and can be used after incorporation as electronic signature of the individual promoter for submitting any document with the MCA or the Income Tax Department.To obtain digital signature certificate, the applicant has to fill, affix his/her passport size recent colour photograph and sign an application form of issuing organisation (SIFY and/or E-Mudhra). This application form is submitted to the issuing authority along with a self-attested and notarised/apostilled proof of identity and proof of address of the applicant. In case the proof of identity and address is not in English language, then a certified translated copy of the same shall be submitted along with the filled in and signed application form.1. Filing name application and obtaining name approval from the Central Registration Centre, Ministry of Corporate AffairsAfter the introduction of SPICe (A single form for submitting incorporation application), name of proposed company can be submitted in SPICe. However, it is general practice to file name application in RUN (Reserve Unique Name) and obtain name approval certificate from the Central Registration Centre, Ministry of Corporate Affairs before preparing the Memorandum and Articles of Association and SPICe. RUN is filed online after logging in on Ministry Of Corporate Affairs. Two options for the proposed name, in order of preferences, can be submitted. At this stage, a certified true copy of the Board resolution of parent company, giving no objection for the incorporation of a subsidiary company in India and authority to any Individual to sign the papers on its behalf will be necessary. The copy of Board resolution should be notarised/apostilled, in the home country of parent company. In case the parent company has any registered trademark in India, or elsewhere, and the same is being used in the name of proposed Indian company, a no objection of the parent company in the form of Board resolution along with trademark registration certificate shall also be necessary to get name approved.The Central Registration Centre shall provide two opportunity to the applicant, in case the name applied is not available for registration, thereafter a fresh name application in Form RUN shall be filed. MCA fee for filing Form RUN is INR. 1,000/- which is non-refundable.Once approved, the name shall be available for registration for 20 days and after expiry of 20 days, the approved name shall automatically be withdrawn and a fresh name application shall be filed to get the same name again. In short - incorporation papers must be submitted within 20 days of name approval.2. Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA)The main constitutional documents of an Indian company is its Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association. The Memorandum of Association contains the objectives of the company and details of Company's promoters and their ownership in the company and also their liability in case of liquidation. The Articles of Association is also very crucial piece of document and it contains the rights, duties, obligations of promoters and directors. It defines working relationship of company with its promoters and directors. The company's Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association has be very carefully drafted as a company cannot go beyond the provisions of its Memorandum and Articles of Association.The Memorandum and Articles of Association contains subscriber page, which needs to filled in and signed by the promoters of the proposed company. In case promoter is a body corporate, the subscriber page of the Memorandum and Articles of Association shall be signed by the person authorised by the parent company through a Board resolution. In case subscription pages are being signed outside India, the same needs to be properly notarised/apostilled in order to be a legally recognised document in India. In case promoters are traveling to India to get the company incorporated and sign subscription page or other incorporation papers, they must travel to India on a valid Business Visa. However, it is not necessary for the promoters to travel to India for simply incorporating a company and an Indian company can be incorporated without requiring the promoters to fly from their home country.3. Preparation and submission of SPICe (Incorporation Papers)Once company's Memorandum and Articles of Association is finalised and executed, an incorporation application shall be prepared in SPICe and submitted online with the Central Registration Centre, Ministry of Corporate Affairs. In order to prepare SPICe, the following information and papers shall be necessary:à Service Request Number of RUN (Name application Form), in case name is reserved earlier. In case the applicant has not reserved the name earlier, name application can be filed in SPICe as well. However, it is advisable to get the name reserved through RUN to be double sure about name and avoid procedural hurdles in case the proposed name faces rejection from the Central Registration Centre;à Main business activity code of the proposed company;à Particulars of registered office address: In India, every company must have a Indian address to be used as registered office of the company within fifteen days of incorporation. Particulars of registered office address can be submitted in SPICe at the time of incorporation. In case registered office address is not finalised, then particulars of a local communication address has to be provided in SPICe and company can submit the particulars of its registered office in Form INC – 22 within 15 days of incorporation;à Particulars of Authorised and Paid-up share capital of the company: There is no requirement to have minimum paid-up share capital and therefore, paid-up share capital can be as low as INR. 1/-. The authorised share capital or nominal capital is maximum limit of share capital, a company can issue shares. Presently there is no incorporation fee for keeping the authorised share capital upto INR. 1 Million and only stamp duty has to be paid on authorised share capital. It is advisable to keep the authorised capital INR. 1 Million at the beginning. The company's authorised capital may be increased at later stage after incorporation as per the requirements of capital;à Particulars of Directors/Shareholders: After introduction of SPICe, the application for allotment of DIN (Director Identification Number) is submitted at the time of incorporation itself through SPICe. DIN is a eight digit unique number allotted to all the Directors by the Central Government and is valid for lifetime. To obtain, the Directors/Promoters has to their passport and any document establishing proof of address. The copy of passport and proof of address must be self-attested, duly notarised and/or apostilled. In case these documents are not in English language, then a certified translated copy shall also be necessary. In SPICe, the names, father's name, residential address, nationality, residential status, occupation, education qualifications, the number of shares to be held by them in the company and amount paid-up etc. shall be mentioned. Particulars for allotment of PAN and TAN shall also be filled in the SPICe. After filling the necessary details in the SPICe, necessary attachments such as affidavits, consent letters, Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, Proof of Identity and address of promoters, Board resolution of parent company, no objection of parent company for letting the proposed Indian company use its name etc. shall be attached. The SPICe has be be digitally signed by the applicant and the same shall be duly certified by a practicing professional such as a practicing Company Secretary, Chartered Accountant or a practicing Cost Accountant.4. Clarifications | Additional information requested by the Central Registration CentreAfter submitting SPICe online, all the papers are reviewed and scrutinised by the officials at the Central Registration Centre and they may require some additional information and/or clarifications by sending back the form for its re-submission. These clarifications are requested through e-mail though re-submission request. Upon receipt of re-submission request, the applicant has to again prepare SPICe and address the queries raised by Central Registration Centre and re-file the application.5. Certificate of Incorporation & Allotment of PAN & TANOnce all clarifications are provided and officials of Central Registration Centre are satisfied, they approve SPICe and send the same to the Income Tax Department for the allotment of PAN and TAN to the proposed company. PAN and TAN are generally allotted within few hours and after allotment of PAN and TAN by the Income tax department, an electronic Certificate of Incorporation is generated. The electronic Certificate of Incorporation contains company name, an unique CIN, date of incorporation, Company's registered office address, Company's PAN and TAN. After incorporation, first Board meeting of the company is to be necessarily held within one month of incorporation, wherein a Board resolution to appoint the first auditors of the company and opening of corporate bank account shall be passed. After issuance of Certificate of Incorporation, the promoters can initiate the process of bank account opening and remittance of share application money in Company's bank account. To open a corporate bank account in India, the Directors of the Company will have to be physically present to sign the bank account opening documents as this is general practice adopted by banks.Since the Narendra Modi government came into power in 2014, many initiatives to promote the business climate of the country has been taken by the Government. India's incorporation process is effectively fast and simple and a company can be incorporated in 2-3 business days only.We at Pratham Legal can help you incorporate your wholly owned subsidiary in India. To get in touch with me, please write me at prashant@prathamlegal.comor call me at +91 9821008011. To know more about Pratham Legal, our India entry practices, please visit https://prathamlegal.com/our-pra...
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