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FAQs
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In business process management, what are the best available tools for workflow automation?
Below given are some of the best workflow automation tools in the market:KiSSFLOW:Pros:48+ pre-built business applicationsNo coding requiredSimple and intuitive user interfaceAutomation can be done in 15 minutesDrag-and-Drop form designerRole-based access control to protect sensitive data (Field-level permission)Powerful administrator features like access to process history, form customization and so on.Process performance metrics and advanced analytics to measure and improve the efficiency of the process.Easy integration with Google Apps, SAP, Quickbooks and other softwares that you already useAnother noteworthy advantage is that the pricing is just $9/user/month, for unlimited storage and unlimited business applications. No fee for basic customization.Cons:No gantt chartNo collaboration without integrationPipefy:Pros:Simple and intuitive platform to useGives a good overview of tasksThe basic edition is affordableGreat choice for task managementCons:No workflowsFocuses more on “tasks” rather than “processes”Limitation in terms of the number of automation rulesThe basic edition lacks important features like Two-factor authentication, Google Apps authentication, Data recovery and Organization level reporting. Hence, you’ll be forced to upgrade your plan, which becomes expensivePipefy restricts customer support channels based on the plan you chooseNintexPros:Drag-and-Drop interfaceSimple layoutIntegrates perfectly with SharePointGreat choice for Office 365 usersCloud and On-premise deploymentCons:Pricing is absolutely a great disadvantage in Nintex. It starts with $625/month, BUT never stops there. There are a lot of hidden costsForm edits and customizations incur huge costsLimitation in terms of number of automation and number of formsOnly 3 pre-built templates. Most applications have to be built from scratch.Very limited admin featuresThe standard edition lacks a lot of important features and functionalitiesScalability is a problem. Nintex does not scale well for large projects.If you’re a SMB or a mid-sized company and if you’re looking for a simple no-code platform at a very affordable pricing, you must go for KiSSFLOW ($9/user/month).
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What is Bitcoin and how do you create a bitcoin wallet?
A cryptocurrency wallet is a software program that creates a digital wallet to send, receive, and store digital currencies amongst enabled users by storing private and public keys. This concept is often misunderstood, where people believe it’s a wallet that stores currency. As digital currency does not have a physical form, so in fact what gets stored are the records of transactions registered in a Blockchain.With Bitcoin Wallet, only you have access to your private keys. You can instantly transact with anyone in the world and transform the financial system right from your pocket. Create a new Bitcoin Wallet or access your existing one on your mobile device.ICODevelopment is one of the most leading Bitcoin development companies where you can buy and store them in wallet. ICODevelopment have strong background in blockchain developing because they have talented and vast experienced developers and they have knowledge of all blockchain related platforms and they also provide all services and solutions related blockchain developing.Today many of IT companies are developing the Bitcoin wallet app for mobile wallet system but ICODevelopment Company is the most experienced and successful Bitcoin wallet payments app development company. These applications based on the Android platform. Bitcoin wallet app companies help through any bitcoin payment gateway mode and allow transferring money easily. Money transfer is a fast and secure method rather than the other process which are highly expensive. This is mainly preferred as this is eco-friendly and anyone can easily access through Bitcoin wallet app.ICO Development Services, Apart From Bitcoin Wallet App Development:Bitcoin Wallet DevelopmentBitcoin Software DevelopmentCrypto Coin CreationCrypto Coin MiningBitcoin Exchange PlatformCrypto and Blockchain ConsultationCryptocurrency IntegrationWhy Choose ICO Development?ICODevelopment give projects delivery on-time, they provide you payment gateway services they have experienced team of blockchain consulting development they have a project in mind let’s buckle up, and they give best quality service, they also give full technical support, and They have a vast experience.Contact them and they will give you individual customized solution for your business requirements at https://www.icodevelopment.io/#c...
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What is the difference between 2000-2010 and 2010-today?
From 2000 to 2010, in the U.S., there was much more focus on what was going on in the Middle East, and Afghanistan.We still used analog media to communicate a lot of the time, and carry out business, though print news reports from cable news outlets and newspapers, and feature stories in magazines, were moving online. CDs were going away, being replaced by iPods and MP3 players for music. DVDs were the way to watch movies, and distribute software for PCs.Broadband internet was starting to become the norm for internet access. Dial-up was fading away.E-commerce was becoming much more popular than it had been in the ‘90s.In the ’90s and the 2000s, the most popular service on the internet was e-mail.Facebook was restricted by its founders. You had to be invited to get on it, and at first, most of the people who were on it were university students. It was considered a plum gig as a high school student to be invited on it, because that gave you special access to people inside the universities you wanted to attend.YouTube and other cloud-based video services were just getting started. Though there had been online video since the mid-90s, using plug-ins for browsers (RealPlayer was the main way of doing it then), this was the first time I remember seeing a Flash video player. Prior to this, Flash had been mainly used for online animations, and was mostly used in advertising, though there were some efforts to use it for business/enterprise-type applications.In the ’90s and into the 2000s, it used to be more common for content creators to host their own videos. This is still done today by those who want to control their own video distribution.Business enterprise software development was moving solidly into web applications, mainly using Java.Most web applications used the built-in “submit” capability to transfer information between client and server, meaning that every time you sent or received something, the browser had to reload the entire web page.Cell phones were popular, though for the most part, the only digital application on them was SMS texting. Portable digital assistants (PDAs) became more popular, since they got wi-fi capability in the 2000s, enabling them to be used on the internet for e-mail and browsing the web. PDAs were around in the ’90s for keeping notes and lists of contacts. Tablet PCs running Windows were around in the 2000s for consumers, though they cost more than $1,000 each. Smartphones were just starting to come on the market, the most popular being the Blackberry, since it had e-mail capability, though the idea of “apps” on phones didn’t exist as we understand them today. Applications on smartphones were preloaded at the factory, and that’s all you got. The iPhone came out in ‘07.In the 2010’s, we got tired of the Middle East.Now, it’s much more common for web pages to dynamically send and receive information, without having to reload the entire page.With the advent of cheaper mobile platforms, however, it’s become possible to ditch web applications, and go to mobile apps. Increasingly, online content and applications have moved to phones and tablets.Newspapers and magazines have started to go out of business, or have moved completely online. DVDs have become passé, since movies have moved online, and it’s become normal to get software over a broadband internet connection. Now, online video and print news has become a competitor to cable news. In addition, TV entertainment has started to move online, also creating competition for cable, though it’s still nicer to watch movies using a dedicated TV or projection system than on a computer, or mobile device.Broadband internet has become the norm. Dial-up is still available, though little-used.E-commerce has created serious competition to brick-and-mortar retailing, and to many other long-standing business sectors, such as hotels and taxi services.Now, business is increasingly done solely online, using web forms, mobile apps., digital documents, digital signatures, and electronic funds transfers.Social media has opened up to the world, and has become a major influence on our social lives, and our politics (not all in good ways). There’s some suspicion that it has become a dangerous tool wielded by corporations to shape society (too much centralized control over what information we see, and what they know about us). E-mail is still around, but my guess is it’s mostly used as an enterprise business service, as it’s been now for decades. Most everyday online communications are done on social media. It’s been discussed that most people get their news now through social media, via. postings of information articles, and online videos.
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Do fighter jets use decoys to misguide fast approaching missiles? Which fourth generation jets are equipped with such decoys?
Thanks for the A2A.Q: Do fighter jets use decoys to misguide fast approaching missiles? Which fourth generation jets are equipped with such decoys?A: Yes, fighters do use ‘decoys’ (technically speaking dispensable counter-measures), of 2 large families, totaling 4 basic types, to deal with missiles.Then again, not getting shot at in the first place is much better than using last ditch measures as ‘decoys’.ALE-50 towed decoy (above) and flares (below), together with chaff (which is barely visible in air) are ‘reactive decoys’ - you deploy them as a last ditch attempt to evade missilesThe MALD, basically a ‘disposable drone’, is a ‘proactive decoy’ - you deploy them before getting into a ‘hot’ zone, fooling the enemy to reveal the positions of its defensive systems‘Decoys’ are part of the larger ECM (Electronic Counter-Measures) effort. They emulate an aircraft signature (usually in terms of radar / ‘heat’), and attempt to ‘seduce’ the missile to attack them instead of the actual aircraft.In addition to jamming, that is, to use fake electronic signals to confuse radars/missiles, there are 2 main families and 4 main types of decoys. I’ll call them ‘reactive decoys’ (used when you’ve already been attacked: chaffs, flares, towed decoys) and ‘proactive decoys’ (used to fool enemies to shoot at the decoy when you’re not actually there; ‘disposable drone’ decoys).But first, let’s define what’s a kill chain[1]. ‘Kill’ in the military has a broad meaning, but usually means you’re either out of action or actually dead, any of which may ruin your day.The kill chain - F2T2EA, or Find, Fix, Track, Target, Engage, Assess - is a series of steps needed to ‘kill’ the enemy.One military kill chain model is the "F2T2EA", which includes the following phases:Find: Identify a target. Find a target within surveillance or reconnaissance data or via intelligence means.Fix: Fix the target's location. Obtain specific coordinates for the target either from existing data or by collecting additional data.Track: Monitor the target's movement. Keep track of the target until either a decision is made not to engage the target or the target is successfully engaged.Target: Select an appropriate weapon or asset to use on the target to create desired effects. Apply command and control capabilities to assess the value of the target and the availability of appropriate weapons to engage it.Engage: Apply the weapon to the target.Assess: Evaluate effects of the attack, including any intelligence gathered at the location.This is an integrated, end-to-end process described as a "chain" because an interruption at any stage can interrupt the entire process.[2]We’re in the classical ‘cat and mouse’ game, where the cat tries to invite the mouse for dinner and the mouse tries to decline that apointment. As the cat becomes ever more persuading, the mouse has to get ever more effective in skipping.The sooner you break the chain the better; once the chain goes all the links down to the ‘engage’ thingie you must deal with an incoming missile, which isn’t at all easy - sometimes the ‘engage’ link lasts only a few seconds.Turkish AH-1 CObra shot down by insurgents on 13/May/2016[3]. The whole kill chain lasted only about 1 minute, with the ‘engage’ part being as short as 5 seconds from the moment the insurgent launched the missile until impact. Had the helo launched flares, it might have missed this dinnerAircraft are usually detecded via radar, visual, sound or IR (Infra-Red, ‘heat’) signatures. While visual and sound are still important, especially when fighting helicopters, the most dangerous signature is radar, as it’s longer ranged and less affected by weather. IR is also important, especially for missile guidance, like the shoulder-fired beast of the video above.In general terms, the bigger the signature the easier it’s to find / fix / target / track the target, and/or the farther away that can be done. ‘Stealth’ is a broad term regarding signature reduction, and as radar is the most important sensor it’s also where most signature reduction efforts have been directed. To be sure, competent stealth designs also reduce the IR signature somewhat, but nowhere near the radar signature reduction.Stealth intends to break the chain before the ‘target’ link, ECM in general try to break the chain in each link except for ‘assess’, ‘reactive decoys’ try do avoid the ‘engage’ becoming ‘assess’. Stealth can be mightily effective, reducing radar detection distances by up to 10 times.‘Proactive decoys’ try to lure the enemy into activating the whole chain without actual aircraft around, making it easier for attackers to disable the enemy defenses by means of ECM, SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses) and DEAD (Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses).‘Reaction decoys’ can be very effective, and sometimes are the only option available.Each decoy has its pros and cons, and I’ll talk briefly of each.‘REACTIVE DECOYS’CHAFFExamples of chaffBroadly speaking, radars work by emitting EM (Electromagnetic) waves of certain wavelengths and analysing the return signal.By the late 1930s three countries - US, UK and Nazi Germany - had developed a way to trick radars. UK used it first, in 1943[4]. In modern parlance, it’s commonly referred to as chaff.Chaff is a set of small metallic fibres (usually of aluminium), with a length adequate to the wavelength of the radar you want to spoof. Chaff creates a series of false targets on radar displays[5].While being almost invisible to the human eye, the ‘cloud’ formed by the fibres can have a signNow radar signature, masking the actual aircraft or breaking the lock of a missile, causing it to go ballistic.Most BVR (Beyond Visual Range) missiles, both air- and surface-launched, are radar-guided; additionally, radars are often used to vector intercepts and direct flak and other weapons, so it’s easy to see how chaff can be useful.Modern radars, however, can use techniques to avoid the chaff, like pulse-Doppler[6], which detects mobile targets and can distinguish between aircraft and ‘chaff clouds’ with relative ease. But even these advanced radars can be fooled long enough for the missile to lose track of the aircraft.FLARESFlares are fairly visible[7]Chaff generate a lot of radar signature, and flares generate a lot of IR signature, to fool IR-guided missiles, like the shoulder-fired ones that are so popular with insurgents worldwide, and the short-ranged airborne ones like the Sidewinder[8].Modern missiles have several tricks to deal with flares: IIR (Imaging Infra-Red, which uses ‘heat’ images of the target instead of just chasing a heat source) and dual-band sensors (usually in the IR and UV / Ultra-Violet bands, that have libraries of how aircraft and flares behave in either band) are the most used. Then again, even these modern missiles can be fooled by flares.TOWED DECOYSALE-50 towed decoyThe most effective way to deal with radars is the use of ECM; the emitters can mimic radar signals, and the most recent ones can fool even the good pulse-Doppler radars that are largely immune to chaff. To counter those pesky emitters, the cat developed a new trick, HOJ (Home On Jammer), where the missile will target the emitter.The mouse had to develop a new trick, and the towed decoy was created. It is used as a complement to the aircraft’s on-board ECM suite, emitting signals at a safe distance from the aircraft. It’s a win-win for the mouse - either the missile will be fooled and miss entirely, or be partly fooled and hit the decoy, leaving the aircraft unscathed.It was first used by the Allies during the War of Kosovo, with excellent results.‘PROACTIVE DECOYS’‘DISPOSABLE DRONES’MALD on an F-16D during tests‘Proactive decoys’, like the modern MALD family, are launched in an area just before the actual aircraft, or as a distraction while the actual attack happens elsewhere, or even when there's no attack at all.Modern decoys can emulate signatures, flight patterns and even ECM systems of modern aircraft, and are mightly seductive. Once an enemy activates its defenses against decoys like the MALD, they’ll be targeted by SEAD/DEAD aircraft, or have their characteristics and locations revealed for future activities against them.The widespread use of such ‘disposable drones’ may be one of the reasons behind claims like ‘we shot down most incoming aircraft and missiles’ regularly made by the likes of Syria - despite the fact that they mostly fail to show evidence of such interceptions while the remains of the areas they allegedly protected can be seen on satellite pictures.Footnotes[1] Air Force Magazine[2] Kill chain - Wikipedia[3] Turkish Cobra Helicopter Shot Down With Heat Seeking Missile[4] Bombing of Hamburg in World War II - Wikipedia[5] Chaff (countermeasure) - Wikipedia[6] Pulse-Doppler radar - Wikipedia[7] Flare (countermeasure) - Wikipedia[8] Ja'Din shootdown incident - Wikipedia
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What are the laws - Data Protection, Data Transmission and Export and Data Encryption in India to operate a technology platform
The Information Technology Act, 2000 came into force on 17.10.2000 vide G.S.R No. 788(E) dated 17.10.2000 and for the first time, a legal definition of “Computer”, “Data”, “electronic record”, “Information” et al were provided. The said Act gave a legal recognition to the electronic records and digital signatures and in Chapter IX thereof provided for penalty and adjudication. Section 43 of the Act interalia provided that in case of unauthorised access, download or copying or damage to data etc, the person responsible shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation not exceeding one crore rupees to the person affected.Apart from civil liability provided under Section 43, Chapter XI (Sections 63 to 78) of the Act of 2000 provided for criminal liability in cases of Tampering, Hacking, publishing or transmitting obscene material, misrepresentation etc. Apart from the same, Section 72 of the Act provided for penalty in case of bsignNow of confidentiality and privacy and laid that in case any person who has secured access to any electronic record, Data or information, discloses the same to any other person without obtaining the consent of the person concerned, he shall be punished with imprisonment upto two years or with fine upto Rupees one lakh or with both.However, the provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000 were not adequate and the need for more stringent data protection measures were felt, the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 was enacted which came into force on 27.10.2009. The said Amendment Act brought in the concepts like cyber security in the statute book and widened the scope of digital signatures by replacing the words “electronic signature”. The amendment act also provided for secure electronic signatures and enjoined the central government to prescribe security procedures and practices for securing electronic records and signatures (Sections 15-16) The amendment Act also removed the cap of Rupees One Crore as earlier provided under Section 43 for damage to computer and computer systems and for unauthorised downloading/ copying of data. The said Amendment Act also introduced Section 43A which provides for compensation to be paid in case a body corporate fails to protect the data. Section 46 of the Act prescribes that the person affected has to approach the adjudicating officer appointed under Section 46 of the Act in case the claim for injury or damage does not exceed Rupees Five crores and the civil court in case, the claim exceeds Rupees Five crores. The amendment act also brought/ introduced several new provisions which provide for offenses such as identity theft, receiving stolen computer resource/ device, cheating, violation of privacy, cyber terrorism, pornography (Section 66A-F & 67A-C). The amendment act also brought in provisions directing intermediaries to protect the data/information and penalty has been prescribed for disclosure of information of information in bsignNow of lawful contract (Section 72A)With the enactment of the Amendment Act of 2008, India for the first time got statutory provisions dealing with data protection. However, as the ingredients of “sensitive personal data and information” as well as the “reasonable security practices and procedures” were yet to be prescribed by the Central Government, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology vide Notification No. GSR 313 (E) dated 11th April 2011 made the Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information ) Rules, 2011 (the said rules). Rule 3 of the said rules defines personal sensitive data or information and provides that the same may include information relating to password, financial information such as bank account or credit card details, health condition, medical records etc. Rule 4 enjoins every body corporate which receives or deals with information to provide a privacy policy. Rule 5 prescribes that every body corporate shall obtain consent in writing from the provider of the sensitive information regarding purpose of usage before collection of such information and such body corporate will not collect such information unless it is collected for a lawful purpose connected with the function or activity of such body corporate and collection of such information or data is necessary and once such data is collected, it shall not be retained for a period longer than what is required. Rule 6 provides that disclosure of the information to any third party shall require prior permission from the provider unless such disclosure has been agreed to in the contract between the body corporate and the provider or where the disclosure is necessary for compliance of a legal obligation. The Body corporate has been barred to publish sensitive information and the third parties receiving such information have been barred to disclose it further. Rule 7 lays down that the body corporate may transfer such information to any other body corporate or person in India or outside, that ensure the same level of data protection and such transfer will be allowed only if it is necessary for performance of lawful contract between the body corporate and provider of information or where the provider has consented for data transfer. Rule 8 of the said rules further provide reasonable security practises and procedures and lays down that international standard IS/ISO/IEC 27001 on “Information Technology- Security Techniques- Information Security Management System- requirements “ would be one such standard.The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology further issued a press note dated 24th August 2011 and clarified that the said rules are applicable to the body corporate or any person located within India. The press note further provides that any body corporate providing services relating to collection or handling of sensitive personal data or information under contractual obligation with any other legal entity located within India or outside is not subject to requirements of Rules 5 &6 as mentioned hereinabove. A body corporate providing services to the provider of information under a contractual obligation directly with them however has to comply with Rules 5 &6. The said press note also clarifies that privacy policy mentioned in Rule 4 relates to the body corporate and is not with respect to any particular obligation under the contract. The press note at the end provides that the consent mentioned in Rule 5 includes consent given by any mode of electronic communication.Data Protection relates to issues relating to the collection, storage, accuracy and use of data provided by net users in the use of the World Wide Web. Visitors to any website want their privacy rights to be respected when they engage in e-Commerce. It is part of the confidence-creating role that successful e-Commerce businesses have to convey to the consumer. If industry doesn't make sure it's guarding the privacy of the data it collects, it will be the responsibility of the government and it's their obligation to enact legislation.Any transaction between two or more parties involves an exchange of essential information between the parties. Technological developments have enabled transactions by electronic means. Any such information/data collected by the parties should be used only for the specific purposes for which they were collected. The need arose, to create rights for those who have their data stored and create responsibilities for those who collect, store and process such data. The law relating to the creation of such rights and responsibilities may be referred to as ‘data protection’ law.The world’s first computer specific statute was enacted in the form of a Data Protection Act, in the German state of Hesse, in 1970.The misuse of records under the Nazi regime had raised concerns among the public about the use of computers to store and process large amounts of personal data.The Data Protection Act sought to heal such memories of misuse of information. A different rationale for the introduction of data protection legislation can be seen in the case of Sweden which introduced the first national statute in 1973.Here, data protection was seen as fitting naturally into a two hundred year old system of freedom of information with the concept of subject access (such a right allows an individual to find out what information is held about him) being identified as one of the most important aspects of the legislation.In 1995, the European Union adopted its Directive (95/46/EC) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (hereinafter, the Directive), establishing a detailed privacy regulatory structure. The Directive is specific on the requirements for the transfer of data. It sets down the principles regarding the transfer of data to third countries and states that personal data of EU nationals cannot be sent to countries that do not meet the EU “adequacy” standards with respect to privacy.In order to meet the EU “adequacy” standards, US developed a ‘Safe Harbour’ framework, according to which the US Department of Commerce would maintain a list of US companies that have self-certified to the safe harbor framework. An EU organization can ensure that it is sending information to a U.S. organization participating in the safe harbor by viewing the public list of safe harbor organizations posted on the official website.Data protection has emerged as an important reaction to the development of information technology. In India data protection is covered under the Information Technology Act, 2000 (hereinafter, the Act). The Act defines ‘data’ as, “‘data’ means a representation of information, knowledge, facts, concepts or instructions which are being prepared or have been prepared in a formalized manner, and is intended to be processed, is being processed or has been processed in a computer system or computer network, and may be in any form (including computer printouts magnetic or optical storage media, punched cards, punched tapes) or stored internally in the memory of the computer”. Protection of such data and privacy are covered under specific provisions in the Act. In the recent past, the need for data protection laws has been felt to cater to various needs. The following analyses the position of data protection law with respect to some of the needs.Data Protection Law In Respect of Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES)India started liberalizing its economy in the 1990’s and since then a huge upsurge in the IT business process outsourcing may be witnessed. Financial, educational, legal, marketing, healthcare, telecommunication, banking etc are only some of the services being outsourced into India. This upsurge of outsourcing of ITES into India in the recent past may be attributed to the large English-speaking unemployed populace, cheap labour, enterprising and hardworking nature of the people etc. Statistics have shown that the outsourcing industry is one of the biggest sources of employment. In a span of four years, the number of people working in call centers in the country supporting international industries has risen from 42,000 to 3,50,000. Exports were worth $5.2 billion in 2004-2005 and are expected to grow over 40% this fiscal year. US is currently the biggest investor in Indian ITES, taking advantage of cheap labour costs. Statistics indicate that software engineers with two-years experience in India are being paid about 1/5th of an equivalent US employee.Concerns about adequacy of lawBPO FraudsWith globalization and increasing BPO industry in India, protection of data warrants legislation. There are reasons for this. Every individual consumer of the BPO Industry would expect different levels of privacy from the employees who handle personal data. But there have been situations in the recent past where employees or systems have given away the personal information of customers to third parties without prior consent. So other countries providing BPO business to India expect the Indian government and BPO organizations to take measures for data protection. Countries with data protection law have guidelines that call for data protection law in the country with whom they are transacting.For instance, in, the European Union countries according to the latest guidelines, they will cease to part with data, which are considered the subject matter of protection to any third country unless such other country has a similar law on data protection. One of the essential features of any data protection law would be to prevent the flow of data to non-complying countries and such a provision when implemented may result in a loss of "Data Processing" business to some of the Indian companies.In the recent past, concerns have been raised both within the country as well as by customers abroad regarding the adequacy of data protection and privacy laws in the country. A few incidents have questioned the Indian data protection and privacy standards and have left the outsourcing industry embarrassed. In June 2005, ‘The Sun’ newspaper claimed that one of its journalists bought personal details including passwords, addresses and passport data from a Delhi IT worker for £4.25 each. Earlier BPO frauds in India include New York-based Citibank accounts being looted from a BPO in Pune and a call-center employee in Bangalore peddling credit card information to fraudsters who stole US$398,000 from British bank accounts.UK's Channel 4 TV station ran broadcast footage of a sting operation exposing middlemen hawking the financial data of 200,000 UK citizens. The documentary has prompted Britain's Information Commissioner's Office to examine the security of personal financial data at Indian call centers.In the absence of data protection laws, the kind of work that would be outsourced to India in the future would be limited. The effect of this can be very well seen in the health-care BPO business, which is estimated to be worth close to $45 billion. Lack of data protection laws have left Indian BPO outfits still stagnating in the lower end of the value chain, doing work like billing, insurance claims processing and of course transcription. Besides healthcare, players in the retail financial sector are also affected. Financial offshoring from banks is limited because of statutory compliance requirements and data privacy laws protecting sensitive financial information in accounts. In the Human Resource (HR) domain, there are many restrictions on sharing of personal information. In the medical domain, patient history needs to be protected. In credit card transactions, identity theft could be an issue and needs to be protected. Companies in the banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI) sector and healthcare have excluded applications/processes which use sensitive information from their portfolio for offshoring till they are comfortable about the data protection laws prevalent in the supplier country.Since there is lack of data protection laws in India, Indian BPO outfits are trying to deal with the issue by attempting to adhere to major US and European regulations. MNCs have to comply with foreign Regulations so that they don’t lose on their international partners. There are problems involved in this. Efforts by individual companies may not count for much if companies rule out India as a BPO destination in the first place in the absence of data protection law.Today, the largest portion of BPO work coming to India is low-end call centre and data processing work. If India has to exploit the full potential of the outsourcing opportunity, then we have to move up the value chain. Outsourced work in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)-intensive areas such as clinical research, engineering design and legal research is the way ahead for Indian BPO companies. The move up the value chain cannot happen without stringent laws. Further, weak laws would act as deterrents for FDI, global business and the establishment of research and development parks in the pharmaceutical industry.Looking to the above scenario, we can say that for India to achieve heights in BPO industry stringent laws for data protection and intellectual property rights have to be made. . Thus, a law on data protection on India must address the following Constitutional issues on a "priority basis" before any statutory enactment procedure is set into motion:(1) Privacy rights of interested persons in real space and cyber space.(2) Mandates of freedom of information U/A 19 (1) (a).(3) Mandates of right to know of people at large U/A 21.Once the data protection rules are enforced in India, companies outsourcing to India are unlikely to dismantle the systems they have in place straightaway, and move data more freely to India. Hence ,the need for data protection laws would win over the confidence of international business partners; protect abuse of information; protection of privacy and personal rights of individuals would be ensured; there would be more FDI inflows, global business and the establishment of research and development parks in the pharmaceutical industry & impetus to the sector of e-Commerce at national and international levels would be provided.Data protection law in India (Present status):-Data Protection law in India is included in the Act under specific provisions. Both civil and criminal liabilities are imposed for violation of data protection.(1) Section 43 deals with penalties for damage to computer, computer system etc.(2) Section 65 deals with tampering with computer source documents.(3) Section 66 deals with hacking with computer system.(4) Section 72 deals with penalty for bsignNow of confidentiality and privacy. Call centers can be included in the definition of ‘intermediary’and a ‘network service provider’ and can be penalized under this section.These developments have put the Indian government under pressure to enact more stringent data protection laws in the country in order to protect the lucrative Indian outsourcing industry. In order to use IT as a tool for socio-economic development, employment generation and to consolidate India’s position as a major player in the IT sector,amendments to the IT Act, 2000 have been approved by the cabinet and are due to be tabled in the winter session of the Parliament.Proposed amendments:-The amendments relate to the following[22]:(i) Proposal at Sec. 43 (2) related to handling of sensitive personal data or information with reasonable security practices and procedures.(ii) Gradation of severity of computer related offences under Section 66, committed dishonestly or fraudulently and punishment thereof.(iii) Proposed additional Section 72 (2) for bsignNow of confidentiality with intent to cause injury to a subscriber.It is hoped that these amendments will strengthen the law to suffice the need.Data Protection Laws In Order To Invite ‘Data Controllers’.There has been a strong opinion that if India strengthens its data protection law, it can attract multi-national corporations to India. India can be home to such corporations than a mere supplier of services.In fact, there is an argument that the EU’s data protection law is sufficient to protect the privacy of its people and thus lack of strong protection under Indian law is not a hindrance to the outsourcing industry. To enumerate, consider a company established in EU (called the ‘data controller’) and the supplier of call center services (‘data processor’) in India. If the data processor makes any mistake in the processing of personal data or there are instances of data theft, then the data controller in the EU can be made liable for the consequences. The Indian data processor is not in control of personal data and can only process data under the instructions of the data controller. Thus if a person in EU wants to exercise rights of access and retrieve personal data, the data controller has to retrieve it from the data processor, irrespective of where the data processor is located. Thus a strong data protection law is needed not only to reinforce the image of the Indian outsourcing industry but also to invite multi-national corporations to establish their corporate offices here.Data Protection And TelemarketingIndia is faced with a new phenomenon-telemarketing. This is facilitated, to a large extent, by the widespread use of mobile telephones. Telemarketing executives, now said to be available for as low as US $70 per month, process information about individuals for direct marketing. This interrupts the peace of an individual and conduct of work. There is a violation of privacy caused by such calls who, on behalf of banks, mobile phone companies, financial institutions etc. offer various schemes. The right to privacy has been read into Article 21, Constitution of India, but this has not afforded enough protection. A PIL against several banks and mobile phone service providers is pending before the Supreme Court alleging inter alia that the right to privacy has been infringed.The EC Directive confers certain rights on the people and this includes the right to prevent processing for direct marketing. Thus, a data controller is required not to process information about individuals for direct marketing if an individual asks them not to. So individuals have the right to stop unwanted marketing offers. It would be highly beneficial that data protection law in India also includes such a right to prevent unsolicited marketing offers and protect the privacy of the people.Data Protection With Regard To Governance And PeopleThe Preamble to the Act specifies that, the IT Act 2000, inter alia, will facilitate electronic filing of documents with the Government agencies. It seeks to promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records. Stringent data protection laws will thus help the Government to protect the interests of its people.Data protection law is necessary to provide protection to the privacy rights of people and to hold cyber criminals responsible for their wrongful acts. Data protection law is not about keeping personal information secret. It is about creating a trusted framework for collection, exchange and use of personal data in commercial and governmental contexts. It is to permit and facilitate the commercial and governmental use of personal data.The Data Security Council of India (DSCI) and Department of Information Technology(DIT) must also rejuvenate its efforts in this regard on the similar lines. However, the best solution can come from good legislative provisions along with suitable public and employee awareness. It is high time that we must pay attention to Data Security in India. Cyber Security in India is missing and the same requires rejuvenation. When even PMO's cyber security is compromised for many months we must at least now wake up. Data bsignNowes and cyber crimes in India cannot be reduced until we make strong cyber laws. We cannot do so by mere declaring a cat as a tiger. Cyber law of India must also be supported by sound cyber security and effective cyber forensics.Indian companies in the IT and BPO sectors handle and have access to all kinds of sensitive and personal data of individuals across the world, including their credit card details, financial information and even their medical history. These Companies store confidential data and information in electronic form and this could be vulnerable in the hands of their employees. It is often misused by unsurplous elements among them. There have been instances of security bsignNowes and data leakages in high profile Indian companies. The recent incidents of data thefts in the BPO industry have raised concerns about data privacy.There is no express legislation in India dealing with data protection. Although the Personal Data Protection Bill was introduced in Parliament in 2006, it is yet to see the light of day. The bill seems to proceed on the general framework of the European Union Data Privacy Directive, 1996. It follows a comprehensive model with the bill aiming to govern the collection, processing and distribution of personal data. It is important to note that the applicability of the bill is limited to ‘personal data’ as defined in Clause 2 of the bill.The bill applies both to government as well as private enterprises engaged in data functions. There is a provision for the appointment of, “Data Controllers”, who have general superintendence and adjudicatory jurisdiction over subjects covered by the bill. It also provides that penal sanctions may be imposed on offenders in addition to compensation for damages to victims.The stringency of data protection law, whether the prevailing law will suffice such needs, whether the proposed amendments are a welcome measure, whether India needs a separate legislation for data protection etc are questions which require an in-depth analysis of the prevailing circumstances and a comparative study with laws of other countries. There is no consensus among the experts regarding these issues. These issues are not in the purview of this write-up. But there can be no doubt about the importance of data protection law in the contemporary IT scenario and are not disputable.
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Who are the most notable figures persecuted for queer acts or otherwise outed and attacked under charges of homosexuality?
Alan Turing: widely considered to be the father of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence. During World War II, Turing worked for the code-breakers at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking center. He devised - almost single-handedly - an electromechanical version of the bombe, a machine invented by Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski, that was used to break the German Enigma machine cipher. This single development is widely considered to have enabled the Allied navies to win the Battle of the Atlantic by reading the German High Command's orders to its U-boats. At the time, Turing's sexual orientation was well known to government officials, but his value to the war effort protected him from persecution.After the war, Turing's homosexuality resulted in a criminal prosecution in 1952, as homosexual acts were still illegal in the The United Kingdom. He accepted treatment with female hormones (chemical castration) as an alternative to prison. He died in 1954, several weeks before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined it was suicide. On 10 September 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown (former British Prime Minister) made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for the way in which Turing was treated after the war.
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