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this presentation is to provide you with some information about possible problems we might have with diseases during the coming growing season during 2021 a lot depends on the kind of winter we're gonna end up having so so far it's been very mild you keep hearing reports that the polar vortex is out of whack and we might have some very cold temperatures coming our way but as i look at the extended forecast it keeps showing mild temperatures going forward so we'll just have to wait and see but if we end up with a mild winter then several diseases have the potential to be a problem for us when we've been dealing with the longest is brown rust i guess it's the one that occurs during the spring and is bad following a mild winter uh smut also is another disease it can be a more of a problem following a mild winter slutted of stools or susceptible winter kill and if they make it through there could be more trouble more recently we're dealing with a stress complex that you see this disease brown stripe developing very obviously and this has the potential to be a problem following a mild winter so what about rust this is a disease that affects the leaves and the fungus infects and causes these red brown lesions and the spores blow around and when it gets on the young leaves you can see it outside the field the field looks kind of reddish brown color and those are the leaves that are seeing the sun so it's directly taking energy from the plant but also interfering with photosynthesis so it occurs during the spring and mostly tillering is going on at this time but there's also crop growth occurring so if this thing is holding it back and particularly when it's time for it to go start growing more rapidly it can set back the growth and eventually the yield of the plants so it's going to be a problem following a mild winter wind you have a certain set of conditions and that would be a susceptible variety and we have several that are still susceptible to rust that we're trying to grow and it's mainly affecting plant cane on good land so unfortunately this tends to be the best cane on the farm with some of the highest yield potential so you hate to see your crop being hurt there it can affect stubble to a lesser extent good stubble so if this thing starts in april and can persist into june then it's affecting it for an extended period and yield loss can take place so the varieties we're looking at with potential for trouble 540 is still out there being grown successfully in places and so there's still going to be some plant came to this variety 283 is now the rust favorite here's where we see the biggest flare-ups it looks like the cane's on fire 804 is coming on and that can have some trouble we're going to probably see some trouble with rust in this variety and 183 as well so if we have a problem coming on what can we do about it well we have some good options fortunately in the breeding program we're continuing to try to develop more durable resistance in the varieties but in the meantime this is a disease we have to manage on farm in some cases and we have some effective chemicals available they're going to work the best if you get them out there before the rust gets bad if we treat after their field is already turned red well that's what we might call a rescue mission and it will recover but it takes longer and it won't have as big a benefit so if you can keep an eye on what's going on on your farm and around you and get it out there before you can watch kane say it's more advanced along a tree line where it's protected or along the ditch banks but if you get it treated before it gets bad you can get much more benefit from this management option so if it starts in april and maybe even early may you're likely to need two applications get three or four weeks most protection from an application if it's starting early the crop hasn't covered the middles yet and a banded application will work well and reduce the cost some so i think most people now have come to realize that this is a cost-effective program it will pay and there's not like you don't have any other things to do this time of year but if you can get it out there you can you can definitely protect some your potential and come out ahead so we've got different chemicals available one that's been uh the newest one with the label is called triba pro and we don't have any good field information on that so this past season we had problem with rust so we put out what we call a strip trial in a field of 283 it did develop a rust problem so we were treating six rope strips of cane and looking at truckloads of cane going to the mill so we were comparing non-treated to treatment with preaxer which is a good chemical we've been using for a while now and triba pro and you can see that the results in the end were very similar both provided similar benefits you can see about a three ton difference there um strip trials are good but they they are going to underestimate the effect uh compared to whole field level of trading where so the six row sets you know the treated rows still have on each side non-treated rows so you got more spores coming in and the treated road we're going to affect the non-treated with a little bit of drift so this would be an underestimate of the benefit so you you would have made money with this this this result but at the whole field level you would have gotten even better results so it just shows we've got another good chemical available to use another fungicide that can be effective managing rust on the farm so we've got multiple good options now headline was the one originally that came on the scene and would still be effective but it's probably hard to get and in any case pre-axor is the same component effective component headline but it's got another added fungicide for additional control and less chance of resistance build up it's been a very effective product uh in florida they've used five ounce rate a lot reviews more more towards the seven if you're going to a banded application you might want to go on the higher end of the range and get better residual quilt xl is a product we've had and used for a while there are generic forms of that available now and this product i would go on the higher end of the range there for for effective and longer-lasting control and traver pros so it's like quilt xl as with perhaps from headlines so it's got an extra component added in we've only looked at one right there so far so these can all be effective so you can look at cost and availability and and what your own experiences are but we've got some good options to manage rust and when it comes to be a problem and this year could be one of those years smut will be a problem if uh you know we have a mild winter and mainly and unfortunately it's affecting our number one variety 299. 299 is very susceptible to smut it will build up on the farm to damaging levels if you just keep increasing your own cane on the farm but fortunately we have this tissue culture based seed cane program and we can keep bringing in healthy material and also fortunately this disease is not explosive under our climatic conditions that is and it won't go from a little to a lot rapidly than within a crop cycle so we can keep bringing in healthy material you'll end up seeing some smut i mean these whips this is a caused by a fungus that infects the germinating bud the eyes and it grows with the plant you get these little grassy clumps or more often what you see here the ones that it makes the shoots grow more rapidly in their smaller diameter and you smut we'll call them a whip emerges at the top where lots of spores are released to blow around in the wind so you see these things waving to you up in the breeze and a little bit can look like a lot but if you have healthy material coming in it'll stay at a low level even through your return crops it's double crops so we've been able to grow this variety with this so uh beneficial yield potential particularly in stubble crops on blackland that has really helped our industry and we've been able to do it because of this program and it's kept smut from building up and damaging levels and we can keep growing the variety successfully the other thing we've been dealing with more recently in the last few years is uh overall it's a stress complex that ends up with a brown stripe problem it's the thing you see this another disease affecting the leaves the lesions look a lot like brown rust but they have what we call a little halo or yellow around them often and there's no pustule rough feeling under the underside of the leaf but uh it's going to be a problem after a mild winter uh if the conditions are a sensitive variety there is variation among varieties unfortunately 299 is where the focus is and seems to be very sensitive or susceptible 838 can be affected as well and the 804 coming on might be the first variety where we can have a double whammy with maybe rust and brown stripe problems so it's bad very bad and cane cut for seed in the following spring the mild winter it looks like it's going to kill it sometimes seem like it is the plants look like they're going to die but it's bad in plant cane in general too the conditions that are compounding it are low fertility and injury from herbicides coming out of the mild winter the crops trying to grow early and growing conditions are not optimal and it's a long ways off to get fertilizer out so it's struggling to grow under low fertility conditions and this disease occurs in other crops as well something very similar like there's one the rice called brown spot and so always associated with with low fertility nutrient problems particularly something like low potassium but herbicide injury also can trigger a flare up of this so we're getting both of these occurring last seasons rainy periods were a factor and this is a another disease problems being triggered root rot so under cool wet conditions we can have rotting of the root tips and the little feeder roots that are trying to develop the latter root system and when the cane's not growing as well and it's favored we can get some injury from this as well it turns off and get some cold spells and march and all this works together to really uh hurt these fields that are we're not sure what the overall impact it usually can recover mostly after it's fertilized but it's got to be a setback we're not sure how bad but it can't be good so we're focused on trying to find a way to prevent this but unfortunately solutions are so far elusive uh so complicated that uh it's it's given you know as problems finding a solution so people are trying fertility practices and adding some additional like starter fertilizer in the fall or early applications of nutrients like ammonium sulfate or something and not seeing any obvious benefits yet fungicides we're trying a few of those and haven't seen any benefits but in this case a fungicide even if it's effective needs a plant to be able to grow out of it and if there are other factors holding the plant back and it can't grow anyways but for other reasons well you can't get a benefit from the fungicide application so we're looking at the varieties in the selection program you know and some of the breeding trials are in these areas and when there's a problem there we can look at it we're getting some ratings for resistance the varieties because there is some variation there but overall we're still struggling with this one so i don't have a good answer for you as yet i hate the indomino so let's kind of finish up with a success story and that's the seed came program that we have that uh tissue culture based it's a public and private sector partnership we have a seed king certification system this is providing control of multiple diseases that are problematic for us smut mosaic which is re-emerged to some but i think we're going to not have a big problem with it because of this effective seed gain program leaf scald yellow leaf is our more recent disease most newest disease we don't really see the symptoms till later in the season and that means we usually don't even see them at all but it's out there to some extent but the program has prevented it from building up and the one that we've used this program most effectively on his rsd return stunt is no longer really hardly a present in our system so a big success story there but the big uh maybe i don't know maybe even the biggest advantages this program has uh allowed us to grow some varieties with high yield potential but have a flaw in this case susceptibility to disease it's moderate that can be managed with a healthy seed king program so the prominent example is to 299 and smut to keep going with these healthy seed cane is still extremely important managing and preventing loss to these diseases so that's the information i have for going into this season and uh hope it will be useful to you and i wish you good luck in the coming season