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[Music] by the mid 16th century a legend is proliferating among the Spanish in the Americas the existence of Seven Cities of Gold the Seven Cities of Cibola and this legend is based on a story according to the story seven Christian bishops back in Spain fleeing the Moors of Spain had crossed the Atlantic at some point in the past and founded here Seven Cities a Christian realm that would become you know fabulously wealthy so this is something akin to the Prester John Legend of the east but in any case you've got these Seven Cities and their existence in their reality becomes a little more believable when several eyewitnesses or at least those claiming first-hand knowledge come forward to the authorities in New Spain add to that the fact that in recent memory several conquests in the Americas have been insanely profitable I mean just a few decades earlier the Aztecs had been conquered and the gold and silver that had come from that conquest had kicked off the largest gold rush in world history and this was believable stuff a couple decades after that in just a few years before Coronado would set out on on his expedition the Incas had been conquered and again hugely profitable in terms of gold and silver so it just might be that these cities of gold actually existed so a guy named Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was tasked with finding them and hopefully bringing them into the orbit of New Spain so he sets out with a huge expedition like a thousand troops in 800 Mexican troops 200 Spanish troops and then slaves and animals there are also three supply ships that followed as far as they could and ended up sailing up the Colorado River so quite an expedition he marches north and eventually he gets to this area where in the distance he sees what looks like could be a city of gold but it turns out to be a Pueblo City a city made of stone and Adobe he sends expeditions out and scouting parties they find a lot more Pueblo towns but no cities of gold one of the scouting parties actually finds the Grand Canyon but no Cities of Gold well that winter things were tough Coronado didn't really know how to take care of such a huge group in this arid region so he forces some of the Pueblo peoples to outfit him feed him shelter him and his group this breeds resentment and eventually war breaks out between the two and in the process the Spanish burned several Pueblo towns and burned several Pueblo people as well well by the spring good news has arrived news of plentiful gold to the north and this news is being brought by a guy again who claims first-hand knowledge the Pawnee who the Spaniards called Turk and so they follow Turk as their guide all the way up into what we today call Kansas so he's right there in the interior of the continent they have traveled a very very far distance on foot they get there and unfortunately for them as we all know there is no city of gold in fact the City of Gold turns out to be a city of grass huts so naturally the Spaniards strangled poor Turk and turn around and go home first they go to the pueblos return to the pueblos and then Coronado goes home to Mexico never having found any Cities of Gold but having explored thousands of miles of previously uncharted territory well after the failure of Coronado to find his cities of gold it would have been easy to ride off this whole region the Southwest as completely unprofitable and not worth anyone's time it was filled with desert the only people living here were Pueblo people for the most part no Cities of Gold no Aztecs no Incas and so it was ignored it was ignored for decades until about 60 years after Coronado had gone home disappointed another man organized an expedition this time not so much of gold seekers but of settlers these are soldier settlers about 500 of them and they marched north along the Rio Grande with their 7000 heads of cattle I mean they mean to settle and they follow the Rio Grande all the way up to what we would call north-central New Mexico and there they find a cluster of Pueblo towns they march into one of these pueblo towns kick out the inhabitants and establish it as their base they take possession possession of it for themselves Juan de Onate renames it San Juan and it becomes his capital his base as he coordinates the conquest of the Pueblo peoples in the surrounding area now of course there's resistance and in one memorable incident 13 Spanish settlers 13 Spanish soldiers are killed by the Acoma Pueblo and so in retaliation on yata attacks Acoma itself the the pueblos itself is situated high up on a Mesa top and he goes up there with his army attacks it the battle rages fiercely for three days but in the end the Acoma are defeated there about six thousand inhabitants of that pueblo acoma pueblo up there on the mesa top probably one in seven died in the three-day battle hundreds more men women children are taken as slaves while all of the pueblos in the area on on yachties order all the men above age 25 had their left foot cut off to prevent such resistance in the future so antic could definitely be brutal but he saw in this area he you know it was arid it was desert but he saw it as having great sheep herding potential meanwhile the Franciscans were able to successfully establish missions in every Pueblo along the Rio Grande up in that region so the Spanish were here to stay in the decades after own yacht they had established Spanish rule here in New Mexico the relationship that the Spanish have with the pueblos the various Pueblo people well the deal was this the Spanish they justified their rule in their overlordship by saying we're going to protect you and it's true that the pueblos did require some sort of protection perhaps I mean not only had they been mutually hostile to one another speaking different languages never considering themselves one people they were often at odds with each other the Spanish sort of ended that but also they were the frequent targets of Apache raids of Navajo raids and the Spanish offered some protection from such things however the Spanish required a lot in exchange for this supposed protection they taxed the Pueblo Squire Valley you know some of them ended up being a little more than slaves and they required the pueblos to stop practicing their traditional religion no longer were they allowed to participate in you know religious dances in their Kiva's this is a Kiva right here very large Kiva these are circular underground sort of pit houses think of them as temples the the pueblos have been building these things for 1500 years and now they're not allowed to practice the old faith system they're all rituals in them in fact the Spanish priests would enforce this by invading the Kiva's and if you were found practicing the old ways you could be flogged so they can be quite brutal this builds up a lot of resentment among the various Pueblo peoples there's still the protection aspect so maybe they put up with it you know in the meantime however in the 1660s a drought hits the area and the reason this is such a bad thing besides the obvious is that it drives the Navajo and the Apache to raid much more and this time it seems the Spanish are unable to protect even themselves let alone the Pueblo the the Navajo Apache are raiding consistently from the pueblos and the Spanish stealing horses mules food all sorts of stuff and this is the last straw you know the pueblos they might put up with all sorts of things but at least they have Spanish protection now even that is failing well eventually a guy named po'pay rises up this isn't 1680 he rises up and he says look the old gods are offended it's time we give up anything Spanish and go back to our old ways we must and the Spanish don't like this and they take po'pay and they accuse him of witchcraft and they whip him that's exactly the type of incident that can incite the locals against you know foreign rulers this type of thing happens throughout history there's there's some spark well this is the spark all sorts of people join Pope A's revolt the Pueblo Revolt as it will be known later they join his revolt and this is significant because the Pueblo peoples as I mentioned historically not United but now united against a common enemy the Spanish and ironically using the Spanish language taught to them by their overlords as the means to communicate with one another like I mentioned previously it was difficult for them to communicate with one another because they spoke different languages well now they all speak Spanish so the revolt is a success the 2,000 Spanish settlers that are here I mean almost a quarter of them are murdered over the course of the revolt and those who survived flee back to Mexico so the revolt actually rids the area of the Spanish and po'pay sets himself up as a dictator he takes residence in the old governor's palace and he he he rules as a despot he proclaims that all all things Spanish must be done away with if you are found even using a Spanish farm implement you will be executed so po'pay rules this way until his death in 1688 now it turns out that po'pay himself was what had been holding the various Pueblo peoples together because when he dies that unity dissolves they split a lot of that mutual hostility comes back and you hear a lot of pueblos begin to Pine unbelievably before the Spanish they say look the Spanish gave us the horse the Spanish gave us cattle and other animals the Spanish taught us better ways to practice agriculture they gave us better farm implements they did protect us a lot better than we are protecting ourselves currently against the continued Navajo and Apache raids so some people are pining for a Spanish return the Spanish do return just a few years later by 1692 they have completed their reconquest of New Mexico and at this point the pueblos and the Spanish able to work out more of a cooperative relationship now the Spanish still are the overlords but they rule much less harshly and in fact the Spanish and the Pueblo has ended up really needing each other not just against the Navajo and the Apache but further down the line against the mighty Comanche thank you so much for watching to the end I really appreciate that you want me to keep creating content like this consider becoming my patron over on patreon.com also follow me on Instagram where weekly I issue updates as well as set of history challenges a little more engagement there it's a lot of fun we'll see you there