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so in many ways world war one is absolutely a continuation of the progressive era in part because obviously we see woodrow wilson as again the third of the three progressive presidents so we're going to be talking a ton about woodrow wilson and in many ways what we call idealism and sort of how he viewed the world and what he'd be able to do so when we have to think about sort of this supreme faith in america's historic destiny and the righteousness of its own ideals that's very much wilsonian beliefs and in that regard it allowed wilson and other leaders to think of the united states both as an emerging great power as it had become really as a result of the industrialization of the gilded age and this worldwide embodiment of freedom they're not necessarily contradictory but at times they certainly can be so the view that historians have given to wilson is known as liberal internationalism and more than anybody else wilson sort of articulated this vision of liberal internationalism to the rest of the world and his foreign policy rested on the con conviction that economic and political progress went hand in hand thus greater worldwide freedom would follow inevitably from increased american intervention in trade abroad so again as america would find new markets it would spread its freedom that it is so well known for obviously don't ask many of the people in the united states who aren't free about that but that was of course what wilson was projecting and this idea of liberal internationalism represented a shift from the 19th century remember the 1800s where there'd been a tradition of promoting freedom by example so in some ways going all the way back to 1630 like we shall be a city upon a hill but instead of being an exemplar it's going to be actively involved to make the world safe for democracy as wilson is going gonna say okay so when you look at wilson's foreign policy there was a paradox there okay and wilson really embodied that paradox because this is a man who spoke a ton about freedom again his most famous statement is i'm going to make the world safer democracy yet they're the ones that are most likely to intervene in the affairs of other nations again it doesn't always contradict again if you're saying i'm invoking freedom to help other people but again anytime that you intervene you're not exactly helping them be free now there's a ton of interesting information about wilson in mexico that leads to actually an attack on columbus new mexico a little-known attack on american soil but uh i'm not gonna have you read it okay or i'm sorry i'm not gonna ask you to have questions you can certainly read it so the war breaks out in europe in 1914 and it divides the united states particularly between british americans who obviously side with their nation of origin as did many other americans again remember despite the fact that you fought the revolution and you fought the war of 1812 against britain we've had a long relationship with britain and really have always looked at britain as sort of our cousin uh if you will okay and so there's always been an association believe it or not even though we fought against them for our liberty but looking at great britain as a place of liberty and democracy again that's who we're sort of spawned from we feel like and there's always been a view of germany as having much more of a repressive government now on the other hand you have you know nine million german americans in the united states and they identify with germany then you've got irish americans who we know that there are many immigrants from ireland going all the way back to the middle of the 1800s and they hate the british so again you've got you know british americans and many other americans were on the side of britain then on the other side you've got german americans who are on the side of germany and irish americans who don't want to help the british and then you've got many immigrants remember the new immigrants from really eastern europe from the russian empire especially jewish immigrants who have no desire to see the united states aiding the tsar's regime so again russia is going to ultimately be on the side of britain and there are many russians who are like we don't like that repressive czar we don't want to help him out in any way so certainly a divided country and so wilson's got to look at this you know when war breaks out and he's got to sort of come up with a policy and when war does break out wilson officially proclaims american neutrality there's plenty of reason for him to go to both sides based on the people that were in america but this naval warfare in europe reverberates to the united states so even though the you know the war is over there it still has impact here because britain declares a naval blockade on germany basically saying we have the strongest navy on the world in the world we're going to keep other countries from trading with you something that britain actually did to its colonies way back when okay and so american merchant vessels get sort of caught in all of this and germany realizes you know what we can't compete sort of on the water so we're gonna go below the water so they use submarine warfare against ships entering and leaving british ports so most famously or infamously in may of 1915 a german submarine sank the british liner the lusitania which germany said it's carrying weapons so it's fair game it was carrying a large cache of small arms okay not necessarily a military ship by any means it was a passenger ship that was carrying some weapons and it killed almost 1200 passengers off the coast of ireland including over a hundred americans so as you can imagine the sinking of the lusitania outraged the american public and it strengthened the the belief of those who said the united states has to get ready for war look american lives are in danger now wilson is sort of naturally predisposed by his background to be pro-british and he does not necessarily like germany but he doesn't go to war that's very important so even though the lusitania is sunk he doesn't go to war but he does embark on a policy of what was known as preparedness which is sort of this crash program to expand the american army and navy just in case okay so keep in mind the war starts in 1914 lusitania's in 1915 united states is not actually going to go into war until 1917 though so don't get fooled the lusitania does not draw us into war just as the boston massacre in 1770 didn't draw the united states into the revolution so wilson is going to run for his second term in 1916. and as he is running in 1916 germany basically says okay okay okay okay we are going to suspend our submarine warfare against non-combatants basically if you're neutral you don't have to worry technically german the german term was unrestricted u-boat warfare and they said we're not going to do it okay and it seems that wilson's preparedness program seemed to have succeeded like listen united states is ready to go to war if we need to and so germany sort of backs down and wilson runs on this policy in 1916 of quote he kept us out of war so again you know vote him back in he has navigated this neutrality so successfully and the republican party remember in 1912 was in disarray with the bull moose you know roosevelt folks and the incumbent taft folks but now they actually get their you know their party back together and ultimately with wilson saying i'm not going to send american soldiers to europe he actually does very very well in 10 of the 12 states that adopted women's suffrage remember the 19th amendment has not yet been passed but so he does very very well with those states that about that allow women to vote and really without the votes of women wilson would not have been reelected which is again ironic because at that point he hadn't even you know gone out on a limb and promised women suffered so he still got the woman's vote nonetheless now germany who had you know again suspended this unrestricted u-boat warfare the beginning of 1917 after you know wilson is re-elected they start again they get very desperate so almost immediately germany announces their intention to resume the submarine warfare against ships sailing to and from the british isles and several more american vessels are sunk remember the lusitania was not an american vessel it was a british vessel carrying americans so in march 1917 there's something else that happens british spies intercept and they make public this damning zimmerman telegram which was a message from jordan german foreign secretary arthur zimmerman telling mexico hey listen like i know you guys lost you know all of this land way back in 1848 the treaty of guadalupe dogo cool name hey if you join us you can get that uh land back because you know if we fight the americans and you're on our side and we defeat the americans look you can get all that land back totally really a preposterous idea and really when it was put out there it's just really to inflame the american public and so with the zimmerman telegram but really with the resumption of unrestricted u-boat warfare the day after uh my grandma was born although my grandma was born two years after this okay so i guess it's uh 365 plus 364 days before my grandma was born on april 2nd 1917 wilson asked congress for a declaration of war against germany and again making the famous quote that i have said over and over again the world must be made safe for democracy and the united states is the one that's going to do it now later that year in 1917 huge move in russia okay so you've got the communist revolution headed by lenin overthrows the russian czar now this is a really interesting move because again many americans had reservations about being on the side of russia with their autocratic are and we're actually sort of interested in like hey is is lenin gonna be more democratic this could be great we could you know fight on the side of russia and not feel bad about it but shortly thereafter after lenin takes over they withdraw russia from the war and publish the secret treaties by which the allies had agreed to divide up conquered territory after the war so this looks really really bad for wilson and the other allies who had said we're going to have you know a total just peace and this is not for you know gaining territory and conquering so it again starting to see that cleavage between the you know united states and its allies and its former ally russia now the soviet union now it's really important to understand that even during the war wilson was angling to sort of dictate the peace after the war so wilson had to sort of keep reminding americans listen this is for a moral cause in many ways this is a progressive war to help sort of clean up what is going on in the world and particularly in europe so in january of 1918 not even a year after the united states entered the war and again not going to be for about about a year until the war is over wilson issues what's known as the 14 points which was the clearest statement of sort of america in terms of its war aims but also its vision of this new international order for after the war and among the key principles that wilson mentioned was self-determination for all peoples that would basically mean that you could sort of determine if you were going to be your own country based on sort of the ethnic groups that were there it's it's actually really challenging to do because many different ethnic groups are like we want our own country and it seems actually somewhat unfeasible but he wanted freedom of the seas something that again america had been fighting for since it was its colonies free trade open diplomacy and an end to secret treaties there was a bunch of treaties that actually triggered the beginning of world war one they wanted the readjustment of colonial claims basically making sure that you know people that were part of empires could in fact sort of have a say which is again you know a bit ironic since america just sort of built its own little empire you know not two decades earlier and then sort of most importantly this creation of a general association of nations to preserve the peace now wilson envisioned this last provision which led to the establishment after the war of something known as the league of nations as a kind of sort of global counterpart to all these sort of commissions that the progressives had created at home to maintain social harmony all these sort of organizations of you know academics and smart people who would analyze stuff and in many ways the 14 points established the agenda for the peace conference after the war even though as we're going to find out many of wilson's plans actually never got sort of agreed to okay now i spoke about sort of how this is a progressive war and in many ways world war one is sort of considered the end of the progressive era although technically you are going to get the 18th and 19th amendments again for prohibition and women's suffrage sort of after the war but really the war is considered the end and then you're going to get into the next sort of era of the 1920s but for most progressives the war offered this possibility of reforming american society at home along scientific ideals instilling a sense of national unity and self-sacrifice in expanding social justice and so it's really important to also understand that america saw that it could sort of export its progressivism in terms of you know using the government as an agency of social welfare in other places that could sort of again become sort of mini americas like we will make you better through our sort of commitment to freedom and equality which again not everybody at home was free and equal which is again i guess ironic so it's important to understand that when you are fighting a war particularly a war of this magnitude the government has to take some pretty major actions and so what we're going to see is a bunch of sort of new agencies that get created at home to help the united states fight the war again when you're fighting a war you need to be really strong at home so the selective service act of 1917 just about a month after the united states entered the war 24 million men were required to register for the for the draft okay now of course we'd seen drafts in the civil war people could pay their way out um couldn't do that particularly in this war the web or the war industries board they got a wall street whiz named bernard baruch and he led the web in terms of sort of having the power to preside over all elements of war production from the distribution of raw materials so you know we've got these raw materials you know private industry you can't use them they're needed for war to basically saying you can't charge too much for manufactured goods and we'll talk about that in terms of inflation during the war now it also was looking to make sure that you know our industrial might could be used best to serve the war so to spur efficiency established standardized specifications for pretty much everything so when you're in a war the government sort of took over and created much more of this planned economy from everything from like what automobile tires could be to the fact that you could only have three different type of socks three different color socks that were being made but please understand that in world war ii the government takes over much more than it actually does in world war one in world war one the web was given the power but it didn't fully execute that power whereas in world war ii something called the war production board will do much more now the railroad administration is going to basically take control over the nation's transportation system and actually create oh i think we're going to see time zones as a result certainly of the war the food administration led by none other than herbert hoover who's going to be president later on and the food administration basically tells you know farmers how to best grow their crops to be more efficient it's also going to promote what are known as like meatless days and wheatless days to ration types of foods so that that food could actually be sent abroad to our soldiers then you've got the war labor board very very interesting phenomenon here and i want you to nderstand that during wars labor does much better unions actually get a bunch of what they want basically in exchange for quote-unquote being good like if you don't strike and you know you keep your people in line then you know we'll get you what you want so you had representatives from the government from industry and of course from the afl and they worked together and they created an establishment of minimum wage eight hour work day holy moses part of the holy trinity and the right to form unions which again still there are some questions about you know when you could actually form unions in certain facilities and so during the war wages actually went up working conditions and many industries improved and union membership doubled so it's a really really important note that sort of in combination with the clayton antitrust act which in the past earlier um in the progressive era along with world war one labor does really well well in the 1920s labor does really poorly so again when times are tough and war includes that labor does well when times are good as the 1920s are labor does poorly now you've got to finance the war just like we have seen going all the way back to the revolutionary war we've got questions of how you're going to get your money and again back then even the revolution um you had people that sort of gave you know money to the government they got an iou and the government didn't pay them back as much or in time and that was certainly something that pissed people off leading to shay's rebellion way back when and so one of the ways that the united states does it here is they increase income taxes so remember we actually had uh the 16th amendment which had created an income tax although during wars income taxes have been used in the past uh including the civil war but you're also going to have what are known as liberty bonds again so you go to the american people you say please buy these bonds you know for a hundred bucks to help finance a war we'll give you 105 when the war is over and it's considered patriotic to help finance the war and you hope that you get paid back okay now there were definitely people who opposed the war i already told you about the german americans the irish americans who did not like that we were fighting along the allies but you also have folks like the iww the wobblies the international workers of the world who'd always been sort of the more radical of you know the labor unions the time the afl and the iww the ones that were around in the early 1900s and then you have the socialist party which had been founded in 1901 and in 1917 they condemned the declaration of war as a crime against the people of the united states so basically by declaring war to fight people abroad you were actually declaring war sort of on the people of the united states in part because you're gonna see um this argument that going to war is simply going to benefit capitalism and war you know weapons makers and we're gonna certainly see that as well and that so socialists were very much thinking that this was just a capitalist-driven war now to combat any sort of opposition to the war and also to sort of get everybody rowing the boat in the same direction as they say the wilson administration created what was known as the cpi or the committee on public information to explain to the americans you know in the words of its director george creel so we need to make sure that you know everyone understands why america is taking up arms and defending its liberties and its free institutions so the cpi had a ton of people sort of going out and giving speeches known as four-minute men would give these four-minute speeches pretty much in any place it's very much a pro-war propaganda they use pamphlets posters newspaper advertisements motion pictures really to try to make everybody believe in what america was doing but at the same time there are people that are actively against the war as i said you know the iww socialists german americans irish americans and so the government goes out on a limb and it's actually going to create laws that restrict what people can say or do against the government so you have the espionage act in 1917 that not only prohibits spying and inter you know spying for the other side but interfering with the draft but also anything that you might say false statements that might impede military success and so actually we're gonna have a famous case that is not mentioned here called shank versus the united states where charles shanks speaks out he's a socialist and he speaks out against the draft and his speech is limited and he sues and the supreme court ultimately says that during war free speech can be limited and says that his speech created what was known as clear and present danger because by speaking out against the draft people might not go to the draft and it can endanger american lives so it's a very famous free speech case and i'm pretty embarrassed that foner didn't include it here okay now the espionage act allowed the postmaster general that's the head of the post office to bar basically a bunch of newspapers and magazines from being transmitted through the mail that were critical of what wilson's administration was doing so certainly we see you know freedom of the press not exactly happening during the war you also have the sedition act which sort of builds on the espionage act from a year earlier that made it a crime to make basically spoken or printed statements that intended in any way to sort of criticize the government or interfere with the war effort it's not exactly the same as the espionage act uh it's a little broader but ultimately um you're going to see that eugene v debs yes the eugene v dab was from pullman and the eugene v debs from the election of 1912 um he is convicted under the espionage act for delivering an anti-war speech he's sentenced for 10 years he actually appeals to woodrow wilson who again had been you know one of the guys running against him six years earlier and wilson's like i'm not helping you out okay but there was also sort of an auxiliary group that was not fully government but not fully private either it's sort of a mix there it's called the american protective league or the apl there's about a quarter million members of this apl that worked with the justice department to point out who the radicals were and who the critics of the war so you'd have like neighbors spying on neighbors and they carried out what were known as slacker raids in which they would stop men on the street of major cities and be like where's your draft registration card or you know um are you not going to the draft are you slacking and employers often cooperate with the government in making sure that again the iww couldn't get any power and this is something that business interests you know had long wanted and so in 1917 operating under one of the broadest warrants in american history that means basically with very little evidence they got a warrant federal agents swooped in and basically just ransacked iww offices throughout the country and arrested a ton of their leaders okay now when we look at this and we say wait a second from you know an espionage act the sedition act um this case that i mentioned shank versus the united states eugene v debs the american protective league going after the iww why aren't progressives speaking out more against this suppression of freedom of expression aren't the progressives about freedom and it is true that some progressives spoke out but most failed to speak out because civil liberties by and large had never been a major concern of the progressives and they always had looked at the you know the government once it could be cleaned up as the embodiment of democratic purpose and basically said freedom flowed from participating in the life of society not standing in opposition so i know it's weird because again the progressives you know fought to clean up the government and so in some ways they did oppose what the government was doing until it was cleaned up but they really thought that you had to be involved in society to make it better and they felt like many people who were speaking out against the war were really against society so the progressives did believe in a strong national government once it was cleaned up and many of the critics of war were actually complaining about what this strong government was doing now it's really interesting that the united states goes to war against germany because really going back to when germans started coming over they were sort of seen as the model immigrant in a way particularly in contrast to the irish who came at the same time and also the chinese who came at the same time albeit to the west coast and you know the first word of the first wave of german immigrants had come you know in the late 1840s early 1850s and by 1914 when the war broke out german americans numbered 9 million in the united states and they'd created really sort of strong ethnic institutions sport associations schools and theaters and in fact people in america were very much appreciative of the german traditions of literature music and philosophy and again it wasn't like you took spanish as a language a quarter of american students were taking german as a language but after america enters the war against germany and the kaiser the use of german and the expression of and the appreciation of german culture became something that you just were not allowed to do and in fact by 1919 really the end of the war the vast majority of states had enacted laws restricting the teaching not just of german but of foreign languages all together so it became very sort of what we would call sort of an anti-hyphenated american society sort of a 100 pure american sort of vision post-war and popular words you know of german uh origin like hamburger became liberty sandwich and sauerkraut became liberty cabbage and dachshunds you know the little wiener dogs they became known as liberty pups so again we're not gonna honor germany in any way okay now speaking broadly about immigration the war strengthened the condition that certain types of people were undesirable and ought to be excluded now again we'd certainly seen this at the end of the 1900s with you know the chinese exclusion act in 1882 and 1992 we'd certainly seen it with the immigration restriction league and the american protective association that came up in the 1890s against the new immigrants from eastern and southern europe but it really became this idea that you know there was this white anglo-saxon and everybody else you know really was inferior and we're gonna see that really spilling over into the 1920s so this the war really sort of closes the door on immigration and the 1920s is a particularly xenophobic era now it is interesting because during the war you're going to see an increase in mexicans coming to california and the southwest in part because the need for labor in the areas mines and in its farms uh particularly because you know so many men had to leave to go fight the war but that doesn't mean that mexicans and mexican-americans in the area were treated well at all so there was segregation by law which means dejare and by custom which means de facto and you saw that just as you saw throughout the american south so in the american southwest you saw it with mexicans the same way you saw it with african-americans in the south so in schools and hospitals and theaters and other institutions you saw this i don't even know if you'd call it separate but equal it was just separate okay and he certainly saw this in schools and in fact in phoenix arizona they established separate schools for indians mexicans blacks and whites so different schools for everybody and there was lynching throughout the southwest not like we saw with the numbers of african americans in the south but certainly that was a way that um people were were punished i hate to use that term because the punishment never fit the crime even if there was a crime oftentimes there wasn't even a crime now in san francisco in 1906 what we're going to see here is the san francisco school board is going to order all asian students combined into a single public school okay so again chinese and japanese as well and the japanese government protests and like what are you doing and teddy roosevelt's okay okay okay i'll get the city to integrate the schools again but the sort of trade was something called the gentleman's agreement in 1907 where japan basically said okay we're not going to send any immigrant japanese immigrants to the united states except for wives and children of men who are already in the country so this is not as restrictive as the chinese exclusion act but it certainly is anti-asian um anti-japanese not certainly at the level of keeping out all immigrants all chinese immigrants as we saw in 1892 and then 1882-1892 and renewed permanently in 1902 but in 1913 california basically says anybody who's asian cannot become a citizen and um it's making sure they can't even own or lease land so california where you saw you know the largest asian population in the country at that point is becoming very very asian or i should say continuing to be very very anti-asian now you've got to look in the south what's going on with african-americans and so we certainly understand what had happened during the jim crow era after reconstruction in terms of literacy tests and and grandfather clauses and poll taxes to disenfranchise so many african-americans in the south they also decide for not really being able to vote can't join most unions in terms of skill and skilled employment and nor could they really ever have the money to engage in the consumer economy either as employees of stores that were selling these goods other than being janitors or custodians or as buyers of these goods that are going to now flood the marketplace and you wonder like where were these progressives in terms of speaking out for african-americans they're speaking out for children they're speaking out for labor they're speaking out for women where are they well they're pretty much silent um on improving the black condition most settlement house reformers accepted segregation as sort of just part of what's going on it's natural and white leaders of the suffrage movement infamously sort of didn't really care about black female enfranchisement so again despite the fact that progressive era is supposed to be looking out for the little guy it was not looking out for african americans and in office you have woodrow wilson from virginia definitely not a racially progressive place and his administration is going to impose racial racial segregation in federal departments in washington d.c he's going to dismiss a number of black employees and perhaps what has come to sort of symbolize his racism the most was he allowed this film at the time a famous film the birth of the nation but it glorifies the kkk and he allowed it to have a premiere at the white house and certainly um people look back and they say that is an unbelievably terrible look for a film that glorifies the kkk is really the saviors of the south to be played in the white house now it is interesting to understand that w.e.b du bois is still a key figure in the african-american civil rights movement so he's actually sort of not totally contemporaneous with booker t washington so du bois has started in that the niagara movement which really morphs into the naacp which is still around today but what you're going to see here is this encouragement of the black press to really rally to get african-americans involved in the war and du bois himself in what is known as the crisis which was the naacp's monthly magazine he says to african americans to quote close ranks enlist in the army and basically you help america promote freedom you know abroad but also to really bring dignity um so white people can see just how remarkable it is that african americans are fighting for this and black participation in the civil war had actually helped you know end slavery and achieve citizenship really in the 14th amendment which wasn't obviously being followed during jim crow but during world war one closing ranks did not actually bring any significant gains the navy barred blacks entirely from serving and the army segregated the 400 000 soldiers who basically had to be in much lower sort of work supply units rather than in combat okay but there's a very important development that happened with african americans during this war at home as opposed to abroad and so you're going to see obviously there's increased wartime production there's much less immigration to the united states during this war and pretty much every war and so it opens a ton of industrial jobs to black laborers for the first time and so we're going to see this large-scale great migration from the south to the north so on the eve of the war we had 90 percent of african-americans still living in the south but between 1910 and 1920 500 000 african-americans are going to leave the south and then it's going to actually just continue all the way basically through the 1940s so the black population in chicago doubles new york city um goes up 66 percent uh and then smaller cities like akron and buffalo and trenton new jersey show similar gains and many motives you know sort of undergird this great migration higher wages in northern factories are much better than what you could get in the south opportunities for educating their children obviously you don't have separate but equal in the north to escape the threat of lynching and the prospect of actually being able to vote but many of these young men and women and their young families who carried with them this new vision of opportunity and social and economic freedom encountered disappointments because they didn't necessarily get the jobs they wanted they were excluded from unions they were basically put in black housing so rigid housing segregation and you're going to see many instances of white on black violence that basically say well the north is maybe not that much better than the south in many ways and so it's very very interesting to note that african americans will continue to go from the south to the north um you know through the 1920s through the great depression really up to world war ii but it's not always um as good as people thought it was going to be now in particular you're going to see three instances during the war and immediately right after the war that represent the terrible racial violence that's going on so east st louis which is actually in illinois dozens of african-americans were killed in 1917 when employers recruited black workers okay so they recruited them from the south to come to the st louis area as a way to weaken unions and many of you know again um sort of essentially as scabs or as lower wage workers and you're going to see white on black violence right here in chicago in 1919 you're going to see a terrible riot that we'll go over when we talk about the 1920s where basically there were black beaches and white beaches on lake michigan and a black teenager accidentally crossed this unofficial dividing line and it it got really really bad and really really bloody and and quite violent and by the time the national guard had restored order um 38 people have been killed four 500 people injured and in large parts of black chicago had actually been burned down now speaking of burning down uh tulsa oklahoma which is where my mom is from had uh what until recently most people did not know about but a terrible terrible race riot occurred when more than 300 african-americans were killed and 10 000 african-americans left homeless after a white mob that included police and national guardsmen basically burned this entire city called uh part of the city called greenwood or the black wall street to the ground and it's again only recently have people really started to pay attention to just how vibrant this community was and just how tragic the loss of it was now at the same time you're going to have this man named marcus garvey who we'll talk about more in the 1920s who sort of gets his word out in the new densely populated ghettos of the north and there's going to be this organization that he founds called the unia the universal negro improvement association that really is focusing on african independence and black self-reliance so basically buy from black businesses okay like the whole way that african americans can do better economically is if we don't buy from white stores we buy from black stores and so in many ways marcus garvey is also preaching what's known as sort of a pan-african identity that all people who'd originally come from africa should see themselves really as black together now many of the sort of more respected you know african-american civil rights leaders like du bois looked at garvey as sort of a charlatan sort of a fraud and ultimately the government does convict him of mail fraud and they were not too upset about it now a weird transition from garvey over to lenin and i don't know how to do it otherwise but what you're gonna see here is that there'd been some hope that lenin would bring you know better times to russia which are now calling the soviet union um but that is not going to happen so um you're going to see that the government nationalizes land holdings banks and factories and proclaims this socialist dream of a workers government um that being said uh as we are going to see uh they really do not give the power to the people but what it does do is it does create some concerns in america that there's sort of this creeping socialist communist influence now i know that communism and socialism are not the same but in america's ideas they were if you're going to have the ussr which proclaims itself a social estate practicing communism then in the end we just sort of used the words interchangeably at the time so in 1919 right after the end of world war one more than four million workers engage in strikes which is the greatest wave of labor unrest in american history and so we're going to talk that often happens after a war you have sort of economic shocks going through there were walkouts um again where workers walked off the job by textile workers telephone operators broadway actors and we're actually going to see they don't mention here but there's a major strike in seattle but there's a huge strike right in chicago called the 1919 steel strike that had about a third of a million 365 000 mostly immigrant workers who struck in demands for union recognition higher wages and an eight-hour workday so again there's certain um allowances that are made during war that sort of go away after war and those workers want them back in response to the strike the steel owners launched a very strategic counter-attack and employers appealed to anti-immigrant sentiment amongst native-born workers many of whom had come back to work okay after the war and they conducted this propaganda campaign that associated the strikers with you know the ada the iww communism and disloyalty and so again well labor unions had this sort of deal during the war with the government sort of like the deal is off at the end and labor becomes sort of public enemy number one again and that's going to continue through the 1920s so you see something in 1919 and 1920 that really is associated with this fear of communism known as the red scare and so it's not long but it's pretty intense and so what you're going to see is concerns about the effects of the russian revolution right here in the united states and looking at the labor stoppages that had occurred like this seattle strike that's not mentioned in your book and the steel strike that is mentioned in your book the attorney general a mitchell palmer in late 1919 or early 1920 is going to dispatch federal agents to raid the offices of radical and labor organizations throughout the country sort of like what we saw with the ransacking of the iww during the war and more than 5 000 people are arrested most of them without warrants and held for months without charge and the government is also going to deport hundreds of immigrant radicals so again you saw the crackdown during the war by the american protection league you're also going to see a crackdown by the actual the justice department after the war and so when you look at what were known as the palmer raids named after the attorney general a mitchell palmer the reaction to the pomeranians plants the seeds for a new appreciation of the importance of civil liberties now you're going to see that so in the long term you're going to ultimately see people starting to push back against the government but in the immediate impact right there in 1918 and 1920 basically it it has this effect of really identifying patriotic americans for people that are supporting this what warren g harding who comes in the presidency is going to call this return to normalcy so this sort of political and economic status quo and you know in this process of the red scare and the palmer raids the iww is going to basically be destroyed and many unions are going to be in disarray and the socialist party is really going to crumble so you do see um you know people that had protested the war and people that protested sort of where america was going after the war really are crushed now we're going to get right now to sort of the post-war uh issues that are being dealt with abroad at the treaty of versailles so in the end woodrow wilson had promised this sort of just and lasting peace based on his 14 points and he's not able to get it he travels to france and again your book does not go into how his travels actually really inflamed problems in the united states but he's going to be the american representative at the versailles peace conference the first american president to ever travel abroad during his presidency but he is sort of outmatched by his british counterpart david lloyd george and his french counterpart george clemenceau and so ultimately in his 14 points he said that you can't have any secret treaties we called for open covenants openly arrived at but the negotiations end up being in secret and in the end the treaty oversight does create the league of nations which was truly central to wilson's idea for this new international order it does also apply the principle of self-determination to eastern europe remember self-determination is ethnic groups sort of getting to choose their own sort of sovereign status but it's going to prove to actually be pretty challenging okay and in the end this you know just and lasting peace they're supposed to have you know the junior site turns out to be quite a harsh document so in the end david lloyd george persuades woodrow wilson to agree to what is known as the guilt clause where it makes germany declare that they are morally responsible for the war and that they have to basically pay back money because they started the war and so it's variously been estimated at 33 billion which is the number i've always used phoner uses the term 56 billion and that ultimately is going to the german economy and lead to the rise of nazism okay now in the end we look back at woodrow wilson's term for self-determination and there are colonial people around the world that are seeking independence and are excited by this in fact a man who doesn't go by ho chi minh at the time but will go by ho chi minh later who's the vietnamese nationalist leader who we will fight in the vietnam war he in fact was in france at the time he's like could you give my people freedom from france french controlled vietnam at the time it's a long story we'll get to that later but in the end wilson's belief in self-determination was you know what like yeah you can get it but like you're gonna need a long time sort of under care we call it tutelage before you're ready for independence sort of the way that america looked at the philippines okay and so when we look back and we say you know what did this failure of wilson's idealistic 14 points really lead to and in the end it creates this cynicism about what america was talking about with freedom and democracy it's like yeah you guys talk talk talk about that but you weren't devastated by war you don't really understand and then in the end basically wilson seems to sort of give up on his plan and he accedes to what the needs are for the british and the french and doesn't really go through with it and we know that as i just said before this german resentment of the peace terms the particularly harsh peace terms the guilt clause and the reparations payments are only going to sow the seeds for hitler in the 1930s now you have this league of nations and woodrow wilson looks at the league of nations like yes i got this done we're now gonna have an organization where countries can come together and they can basically make it so there's gonna be no more war but many americans particularly american politicians looked at the league and said wait a second like if we get involved in this league of nations this organization and other countries go to war won't that drag us into war and thinking back of course to the monroe doctrine and not wanting to be involved in other countries affairs unless it's roosevelt's corollary which means we'll involve ourselves in latin america but you have a bunch of senators who are known as the reservationists because they have reservations about this treaty of versailles and so they say you know we will accept this treaty if you basically make some amendments to it because we really don't like the fact that if any member of the league of nations is attacked and go to war we'll have to go to war and again congress had the power to declare war but if in fact we were part of the league of nations that could supersede it so many american politicians are like well that would absolutely take away a really important constitutional power that we have but wilson who had this god complex in many ways is basically like no no no i will not negotiate with you this is what i have brought home from france you're going to ratify it and so there's this really fierce debate that again phoner doesn't go into and we'll go into in class wilson actually goes out to try to convince the american people himself that it's the right idea and he suffers a serious stroke and basically for the next year and a half his wife edith runs the government some people call her the first female president and during this time in november 1919 again a few months later in march of 1920 the senate rejects the treaty of versailles we actually do not sign the treaty oversight that wilson helped create we don't join the league of nations so really important to understand that this organization that wilson created to try to you know make it so there wouldn't be another war we didn't join and probably because we didn't join it created conditions that led to world war ii we're going to talk much more about that later on so if you look here america was not involved in world war one for very long just over a year and a half and as i'll talk about in class and fonor doesn't really talk about we actually didn't fight for very long overall but world war one is going to have a really important impact for better and for worse into the 1920s and so what we're going to see is the country that got itself involved in international affairs and again prior to that imperialist age and prior to world war one america had been very reluctant to get involved in world affairs so after this sort of 20-year period america is going to be out but in the long run you have this wilsonian idealism and it is going to continue in some ways certainly we're going to see it with fdr and world war ii this commitment to democracy open markets and also to be sort of again a city on a hill about american freedom and to use the american military to promote american interests and values we're not going to see it immediately after the war is over like i said america sort of retreats but once we get into world war ii and the cold war many of wilson's ideals are very much in play i know this went really long but again there was a ton to talk about even though we actually barely talked about the war itself