How Do I Sign Nevada Banking Presentation

How do i industry sign banking nevada presentation online

uh yeah what i'm going to talk about today is a climate change of mining or how mining will save the world so why the minerals industry is going to be a vital part of the transition to a low zero co2 future um maybe not 0 02 but certainly low co2 mining is all dirty problematic and we don't need this is bingham canyon in utah and just across the border and you know quite a lot of people but not us in the you know geological sciences but a lot of people around the world think that you know mining is kind of old and dead and we don't need any but uh you know if you answer that question then yeah yes you know it's all dirty and problematic and we don't need any more than you're wrong but few people continue to acknowledge or even think about this but you know one example of many that's actually out there that people tend to ignore the general public tend to ignore is the un 2002 wilson unsustainable development i'm going to just read this out mining minerals and metals this is important to the economic and social development of many countries mineral is essential for modern living it's been vital to modern life and society for centuries it's one of the reasons we can live the the we have the standard of living we come to expect and enjoy and it's going to remain that way for the foreseeable future we need mining to if you want to hit things like the un's sustainable development goals there's actually a lot of research and information out there on how these sustainable development goals actually link with mining but you know mining is dirty and harms the environment and people perhaps mining companies these days do a better job of environmental assessment cleanup than they have in the past they're more socially aware minorca provides communities with benefits and equally they're going to have to become more aware of all of these factors into the future all you need to do is look at rio tinto and yukon gorge and what's happened in there and the fact that people are having to resign as a result of decisions made relating to mining that they didn't think through from a kind of social viewpoint and this equally it's probably a case for domestic sourcing of metals and minerals rather than outsourcing giving stricter environmental regulations we have here it's all right saying we don't want mining in this country certain people might say that but if they do say that though all they're doing is exporting environmental issues elsewhere with more relaxed regulation equally if people want to do anything meaningful about climate change and hitting co or limiting co2 emissions you're going to need mining you're getting more of it and i'm going to show you data to back that up that claim up shortly but before we get into that this might be preaching to the converted in some ways i just want to remind people why modern society needs mining this is a minerals baby that's produced each year on the minerals education coalition and this is what american what every american born in 2020 is going to need throughout their lifetime in terms of minerals as well as other kind of natural resources so you know you're looking at uh two and a half thousand or two thousand seven hundred pounds of bauxite uh twenty one uh more than twenty one thousand pounds of iron ore uh an awful lot of salt awful long lead or full of copper and a lot of gold you don't want not troy ounces per person an awful lot of aggregates on all of this has to be mined there's some of it that can be supplied by recycling but the vast majority needs to come from primary production and mining there's been some changes the amount of coal we use has decreased obviously the amount of oil and petroleum we might use has decreased but the vast majority of these other metals minerals we need are only increasing over time and equally modern technologies have become more mineral intensive nobody's well i actually very few people are still using phones like this uh which contain you know the elements shown here more often than not we're using phones like this which contain a far wider range of elements might contain less lead maybe a bit less beryllium but they contain a far greater range of elements than we've seen before then we've seen say 20 30 40 years ago and that applies to nor basically every single technology we use more mineral intensive it's using a far wider range of elements that is then that was the case previously and the vast majority of those elements need to be to be mined they need to come from mining they need to come from mining operations uh if we just look at a smartphone for example uh you've got things like the touchscreen which contains indium tin oxide that's the reason your touch screen is a touchscreen if you don't have indium if you don't have tin you can't have touchscreen technology and that's becoming more and more important in a wide variety of different uses in modern life then you've got things like the rare earths and the screen the battery obviously lithium is in the news a lot these days uh but you know without if we want something that operates a modern-day smartphone these are the elements you need and if you just look at this array of elements then you'd realize that the vast majority is from mining they have to be from mining you can't grow copper or indium or tin similarly uh electric and hybrid vehicles uh we've heard that you know a lot of uh vehicle car companies are turning are going to be all electric by 2030 2040 and so on this means that cars are becoming more metal intensive you know this is just the rare earths alone present within electric vehicles but then you think about copper to transmit the electricity the batteries they're going to require all of this means that essentially the cars are going to become more metal intensive the amount of metal present in cars is going to increase over time just as a function of increased amounts of electric vehicle use and similarly if we think about green energy or low co2 or zero co2 energy generation solar panels wind power all of this infrastructure we need if we're going to have a low co2 future is going to require a significant amount of metals minerals you know you look at a wind turbine 1200 tons of concrete 335 tons of steel 4.7 tons of copper two tons of rare earth elements in the the magnets that generate the electricity three tons of aluminum or aluminium zinc molybdenum and this is just a one three megawatt turbine if you have 300 of the things then obviously the materials intensity of developing a wind farm actually increases significantly and that's just a few examples of how the things we take for granted as part of one life require metals and minerals but the materials basis for modern society and hence we need mining we're going to need mining into the future and you know us our job as geologists is to tell people that to emphasize that fact is that if you want green energy and if you want more co2 energy you want to do something about climate change you're going to need more mining and this combined with increases in population is the reason why we mine more minerals and metals than any other time in human history and we can see that just in recent times this is annual gold production from 1913 to getting close to the present day you can see we've gone from producing about 700 tons of gold a year to getting home from north of 3000 tons of gold a year an awful lot coming from china obviously this is a bit out of date because china is now the world's largest gold supplier taking over from south africa but the main thing here is that the shape of this curve you know we've gone up like this and you see this for every single metal even things like lead we don't think we we use a lot of these days so this is gold uh this is copper even more so from 1880 through throughout 2014 you know we've gone from less than a million tons of copper a year to basically 20 million tons of copper now driven by development in paul frees in chile and the rest of the world and the same zinc same for any metal you think of you always see the same trends there's a few blips over time but the dominant trend is just increasing production and minerals and methods that trend is not going to decrease it's not going to change why is it not going to change because more people want more modern technology and a higher standard of living and all of that is more materials minerals and metal intensive so that's why we need mining we need mining to meet our demand for metals but you know i showed an electric vehicle and a wind turbine you know one question some people might have is am i going to link mining with climate change mitigation and you know what about the future what about climate change can we what are we going to do about it if we have any hope of meeting co2 emissions targets we're going to need more mining move towards electric vehicles move towards renewable energy makes this demand increase inevitable even if you don't think about climate change people want renewable energy people want electric vehicles this change is already happening and it's not going to stop electric vehicles require more metal than gas vehicles there's no point powering electric vehicle with electricity generated at a coal-fired power station it's worse than a gas-guzzling suv so if you want to do something about climate change you're going to need to do something about increasing the amount of methane similarly if those of you in the audience if there's anybody out there who doesn't believe in anthropogenic climate change first of all the science doesn't really care what you believe in secondly these trends are happening already we're already shifting to low co2 energy generation and transport and this is where the us can become a leader or it can be left behind it's a global movement it's driven by consumer spending consumer sentiment investment funding there's money behind this it's happening already so you can either get on board or get left behind metal mining processing green technology low co2 technology energy development and low co2 energy all of this involves the production of high value raw materials has the potential to generate a lot of well-paid jobs especially if those raw materials stay in country in a processing country as part of manufacturing checks or you could mine coal or you could import these materials from south africa australia and canada and places like this which all gearing up to be the world's supplier of critical metals metals needed for low co2 technology lower co2 energy generation it's all about positioning it's about what you want to be you want to be left behind or do you want to become a leader of this and i think this is a decision that needs to be made and made soon and people need to get on board with it otherwise as i say my my opinion probably the opinion of quite a few other people is that it's either get on board become a driver in this or get left behind so back to my point that in order to do do anything about climate change you're going to need to reduce co2 emissions your efficiency can get you so far but you might not even get to some of these degree temperature increases that we've seen modeled by the international energy agency and others you know it should be nice that the four degree scenario it's a four degree increase in global temperature as a result continuing co2 emissions uh this actually with some limitations to co2 emissions and although this four degree scenario certainly results in harmful climate change worldwide it would still require significant changes in current policy and technology in other words even if we want to have like a low you know lessen the impacts of climate change by a small amount we would still have to change what we're doing right now better targets uh lowered temperature increases uh which which are associated with significant impacts or significant lessening of co2 emissions so what we need to think about is by 2050 needing co2 emissions to decrease by about 60 and then decrying after that towards essentially carbon neutrality so what are the implications of that for the mining industry let's have a think about that with cars as a starting point so here's a vw golf and a chevy bolt one's gas one or petrol uh one's electric uh if we look at the total weight uh they're fairly you know they're fairly equivalent to what they do um we have a lessening in steel in the chevy volts we have more aluminum uh more copper and less iron about the same rubber and you got all this other which is the batteries and things like this and a lot of this is mech most the copper is uh in the electric motor whereas in the previous uh incarnations gas vehicles uh into critical parts of the the car its infrastructure the electrics and so on but what we see here is an awful lot more metal materials going into these cars to not basically compare to cars that would have done the same in the past so electric vehicles are more materials more metals intensive if you look at the copper content by vehicle type a gas vehicle has 48 pounds of copper a hybrid has 88 battery electric vehicles nearly four or five or uh four times the amount of copper you have in a typical gas vehicle that's an awful lot of copper to go into the world's vehicle fleet and where's that cover going to come from it's not going to come from recycling especially if you're recycling cars that don't contain much copper it's going to have to come from increased amounts of copper mining and you know here's a back of the envelope calculation global vehicle production uses about a million tons of copper a year five percent of global copper production one percent of these new vehicles are currently electric if we go to all electric by 2035 let's say all electric vehicles everywhere by 2060 electric vehicles need four times more copper as a gas vehicle so therefore if we go all electric the car industry is gonna need four million tons of copper production it's a 400 increase over what 40 50 years but i mean that's that doesn't sound like much but uh you know if you imagine the same happening uh with the infrastructure needings of these electric vehicles the electricity transmission and generation of low co2 energy and so on if you think about all of these um these things that will increase the consumption of copper then you're going to need an awful lot more copper production from mining this is just transport this is just copper what about energy generation and other sectors i mean if we look at the this is another example from the uk you know uk electric going aiming to go all electrical or majority electric by 2050. if you want to do that for the uk alone it's not the huge biggest country in the world uh but the uk alone to turn all those vehicles into electric vehicles you need two times global cobalt production all of the global production in neodymium three-quarters of the global production of lithium half the world's copper production and you need 20 increase in the electricity generation within that country so this is just one country going to all electric vehicles by 2050 and this is a just one example of many i mean if you imagine the uk is not the biggest country in the world let's say india going all electric vehicles the implications of that are pretty darn huge that means there's an awful lot more metal demand we're likely to see into the future and this just shows uh this is kind of modeling or estimates of uh you know this is bloomberg's electric vehicle outlook 2018. uh this shows you know demand in 2018 for copper aluminum graphite which is an important component of a lot of batteries and so on uh nickel cobalt lithium manganese as well and you can see all of this is kind of manganese is dropping off a little but everything else is increasing as we go through uh you know through to 20 30. and this is just this is a million tons so you know you're talking 8 million tons essentially extra metals and minerals for lithium-ion battery packs alone within passenger electric vehicles never mind the rest of the vehicle just the batteries along and this uh this kind of uh if we look at energy i mean obviously electric vehicles is just one facet of moving to a low and zero co2 uh energy future if we think about energy uh you know energy tech ologies this is looking at 2050 annual demand if we go for fairly severe limits on co2 emissions so this is 2050 annual demand for energy technologies alone as a percentage of 2018 production so you're talking nearly a 500 increase in demand for lithium graphite cobalt significant increase in indium vanadium nickel silver and so on so less lower increases for copper but certainly uh significant increases in a lot of metals over here and the actual numbers you're talking you know five and a half billion tons of aluminum uh five million tons of graphite two and a two and a bit million tons of nickel annual demand energy technologies alone in 2050 and this is a uh again just showing some of the statistics this is what we produced in 2018 uh you know an awful lot of iron quite a lot of copper 21 million tons of copper in 2050 the annual demand from energy technologies alone is uh i think for copper is a 1.3 million tons uh aluminium is 5.5 million tons so that means if we think about energy technologies alone in 2050 we're likely to need an increase for energy generation alone of nine percent aluminum nearly 500 cobalt 500 graphite you know 500 lithium over 10 lived in them 100 increase in nickel production and this is just energy that's not nickel in anything else is just energy technology energy generation so all of this basically predicts a significant increase in mining globally is needed to make this energy the demand that we're expecting to happen into the future and i'll just in bulk to you know in kind of raw number terms this is what we're producing right now in terms of million tons of minerals not all minerals just select minerals and metals and so on but this is what will happen if we carry on so we'll basically see a demand or production of minerals between now and uh 2050 1.8 billion tons uh total demand or mineral metal production between 2020 and 2050 but if we have increased amounts of uptake a low co2 0 co2 energy transport and so on we're expecting uh the demand for metals and minerals to jump up to here so 180 million tons of metals per year demand up from about 40 or so in the current on the present day so where we're going to get the metal from you know world bank estimates indicate that 3 billion tons of minerals and metals are needed to deploy wind solar geothermal power transition to electric vehicles and energy storage required to limit uh co2 emissions and to basically limit global increases temperature to two degrees c what does that mean that means we need to mine an awful lot of minerals and matters that's not the only thing and there's a few less if we go back a few slides there's a few odd metals like neodymium lithium you know one question is where do we get those from we know where we get copper from we know where we get a nickel from we get them from copper mines and nickel months where do we get neodymium from well we can get it from mountain pass down the road but not another matter and but there's a whole range of metals like this that are generally called the critical metals that could also be problematic and might require a change of thinking one of the critical metals um there's no strict or global agreement on what what elements are critical you might have seen the us has defined its own critical element list critical mineral list the same applies for other jurisdictions where they thought about critical minerals but in general they provide essential properties to a technology or product especially low co2 technology they're not substitutable you can't just swap another element in and they're not recycled in any significant way in general and they're subject to supply chain risk and are often strategic you know the one commonly used example is the rare earths but why should we care about these when we're dealing with the kind of the future of mining and climate change i mean the federal government critical minerals list this is 2018 it's it's maybe being revised in the not too distant future but these are the elements that the u.s considered to be critical and this will you know this is a list of the elements that the u.s thinks is strategic and should be prioritized in terms of domestic supply and there's certainly a risk of issues over supply primarily because they're imported from elsewhere and maybe one country who has a dominant supply over the vast majority of these these minerals and metals what do they do they impart specific properties to things and this is a i've got a couple of uh more fun examples here this is a neodymium magnet being dropped through a copper pipe rather than falling through because the straight the neodymium magnet here means it's interacting with the pipe around it um equally just another example of a magnet falling through another copper pipe uh i just thought i'd throw a few animations in to break this up a little um but it's because of these properties you know these extremely strong magnets we have here as demonstrated by this animation um this gif this is why we use neodymium in magnets in say an electricity generation or in your hard drive in your laptop but you're watching this this this lecture similarly this i just like this one because it's a pretty cool magnet being swallowed up by magnetic putty just again showing that the strength of the magnet and the the attractiveness of it in magnetic terms that you know means that neodymium is a key component of a lot of things that use magnets these days so why do we need more critical metals what's been driving increased use you know what's going to happen in the future these are a few examples here so this is production efficiency and infrastructure development low emissions energy low emissions energy storage and usage and lowering fuel efficiency and performance in transport so these things that have underlined here are all part of the kind of issue of the ways of the climate change mitigation and as such what we need is more production of the the elements over here things like indium antimony gallium tellurium lithium cerium uh zirconium scandium thorium rhenium there's all these elements that we don't really think about a huge amount but because things that have become more um material intensive because we use more elements that become part of everyday life even though we don't know about them we'll think about them and these are problematic because if we look at just wind turbine production alone and we currently produce a annual neodymium production of 7000 tons if we want to do anything meaningful about climate change we need to kind of about production of a neodymium to maybe uh you know cumulatively uh 20 000 tons of neodymium by 2050 or even higher if we go depending on the scenario for wind production you know this is a significant increase considering we only produce 7000 tons a year right now and we're thinking about 400 000 tons over the next 40 years uh sorry 30 years then that's more than 7 000 tons a year we need to significantly up the production of this one element that's used in one or a variety of different technologies that we consider just part of modern day life and certainly would be important for low co2 energy generation the other thing to note is that we can't substitute these metals we can't just bring use another metal in place of it um so the color coding here indicates how bad substitute metals are in general you it's very difficult to substitute one metal for another metal in an end you know an end product and that applies to the vast majority of metals some are somewhat substitutable maybe uh niobium and tungsten are a little substitutable but you know manganese atrium europium dysprosium and magnesium you're talking 94 unsubstituted you can't substitute metals without a significant loss in performance so we know that critical metals are crucial for green technology uh crucial for low co2 energy generation the strategic they're using defense purposes but i'm not talking about that here but we know that world bank estimates also suggest that when technologies alone are going to require lots of critical and other methods if we're going to do anything about climate change or if consumers demand renewable energy which is happening already and this effectively means to move to a lower co2 future we're going to need lots more metal i've talked about that already and we're going to need lots more of these critical metals uh critical metal production what's the issue well where do we get these from not many are producers main products by mining and they're almost always dominated by extraction and smelters or refineries as byproducts that means that in other words the source mine don't actually accrue much value and therefore don't care about there's also significant unrealized potential for critical mineral production and metal production that large amounts of critical metals are currently just ending up in tailings or waste rock piles or just not considered not thought about during the extraction process and this is a function of economics mineral processing approach is used and a lack of understanding of the distribution of these elements and resources are not reported because then nobody ever thinks about the potential economic value you know there's a number of deposits that are known to produce critical metals like rhenium as a byproduct of molybdenum but they're not stated in resource or reserve reporting they just magically appear at the smelter or refinery and the other major issue here it's worse for the critical metals than for most metals is that we don't really recycle them the rare earths for example we recycle less than one percent of so we dig them up we put them in end components we put them in our smartphones put them in our cars and put them in you know in the technology we use and then they just go to landfill so in other words we need to get a little bit smarter about the way we use these metals and the technologies we uh we generally uh you know part of a modern life this just shows the problem so these are main product metals so we've got uh gold uh titanium iron nickel copper zinc lead tin and so on all the metals outlined in red here are considered critical and the other thing to note is that the closer the metals the smaller fonts here are to the center of the circle the more they are that production of those metals is reliant on the production of the main metal in the middle so we'll look at selenium and tellurium uh uh certainly tellurium is an impulse component in a solar panel technology if we look at those metals and then 100 production 100 of them as a hundred percent and the production of these elements is a byproduct of copper similarly indium cadmium they're all byproducts of zinc you know we think about antimony bismuth timing is a byproduct of lead as well as a couple of other elements but the fact is that all of these metals are reliant on the production of another metal and if somebody sends that concentrate to a smelter that doesn't extract tellurium that tellurium is effectively lost for example and we can put it more simply this table here just outlines that the relationship between main product metals and byproduct metals so we have copper we have cobalt molly partner group elements rhenium tellurium selenium mastic all of these metals are generally produced as a byproduct of copper similarly tin you know you get niobium tonsil and produced as a byproduct of teeth the question here is you know so what happens if we do see a change in demand for one of these main product metals what impact could that have on other metals so if we have zinc demand the production of that zinc drops for a reason and we lose production therefore these are the metals as a result because we've saved zinc production is hard for some reason we've also have the production of these other metals because they're always produced as a byproduct of zinc and that means that this inherent reliance that these critical metals have is a key factor in what may limit our production of them into the future unless we actually think about them in in a different way than we are now now this data this is from data's a little old right now but maybe a couple years old but it just shows the reliance we have all the reliance on these metals here these critical metals uh how reliant they are on by-product production as a byproduct so these red bars indicate that the amount of this uh this this metal has produced as a byproduct of other metals and you can see the vast majority hover around 100 percent some somewhat less some we don't have data for which is another problem so we don't know how much uh tungsten niobium lithium tantalum is produced as a byproduct of other metals we don't have production data for some of these metals and elements either so this this kind of compounds the problem but we don't actually know the numbers of relating to supply these uh these critical commodities the other thing here is looking at the the production so this is production in tons of metal you know we've got molybdenum which is the highest here which is getting on for uh 200 000 plus tons of metal a year but if you think about copper copper is about 20 million tons of production a year so these are fairly small amounts of these metals that are produced but they're all produced as by-products of other metals or the vast majority are at least third one problem is the few critical metal resources are actually well quantified other critical metal resources have lots of uncertainties or you don't have information on resources and reserves or even production we have data that differs from different sources so one thing one question is you know how can we actually assess how critical a metal is on its criticality scarcity if we don't know where it's coming from we don't know how much is actually in the ground in the mineral deposits we know about the other question is how can we produce more of these metals and ensure their supply given the buying code of nature and there's a lot of thinking going on around the world about this right now uh including some here in nevada and i think we're going to see more of this into the future because these things are critical for modern technology and a lot of them are also very strategic so what do i think we need to know we need to know global resources we need to know baselines to predict how much we can meet future demand how much we need to find and how much you know we need to extract and so on we can't rely on published resource and reserve data so the sierra eta mine in arizona produces rhenium for example but it doesn't report any resources or reserves probably because it's a they think it's insufficient economic value and to be reportable under a current regulations reporting regulations but we know it exists similarly and we're in australia and led zinc mineralization in australia we know the minerals that the mineral deposits there contain indium but australian zinc refineries don't produce the processing approaches they used mean that indium is not recovered so we can sum this up by saying we don't know how much we have we don't know what we have where it comes from we don't know how you know we don't often uh know how to increase production of these metals as a result there's some fundamental knowledge gaps in these creep these critical metals that we need to address in the near future this is one example uh so this is a mining in broken hill the famous broken hill deposit in australia where bhp got their start mining started in 1883 through 2003 we know there's india in broken hill we know mining then never produced it therefore it's in the tailings and if we actually work out the percentage of milled indium in the deposit that actually went through to the tailings we can calculate that the tail is there uh cons you know optimistically they might contain around three and a half thousand tons of tailings conservatively uh three and a half thousand tons of indium conservatively maybe 500 tons of indium which is still half global production you know the remaining all body of broken hill contains something like 16 1600 tons of india which isn't being produced so this this is the kind of opportunity that lies out there in terms of thinking about mining waste never mind primary minera ization so we know we're getting better at identifying and producing some of the critical metals you can look at ratios of main to byproduct elements like rhenium and molybdenum indium to zinc uh although in some cases we're getting seems to be getting worse like we seem to produce be producing less tellurium as a byproduct of copper primarily maybe because of a change in their processing approaches you know all these decisions are primarily economic but then they certainly relate to main product metals rather than critical methods so whether concentrates are sent to a zinc refinery that can extract indium depends on the zinc price they're going to get not on the indian price all of this shows the range of challenges we need to meet need to undertake researching to have a chance of meeting any co2 terminals the other thing is what about recycling why can't we recycle these metals it's a great idea we recycle a lot but not all metals can be recycled recycling can't always meet increased demand especially demand on the scale we might see in the near future product design means that a lot of the metals within waste materials like your iphone like this simply are not designed for recycling they end up with landfills and metals and minerals can't be substituted so in other words we're putting things in end products that are ending up in landfills we're not recovering from the metals from them and that's a factor that just drives up primary demand and the demand for primary metals and this shows that the kind of uh the end-of-life recycling rates uh typically present in metals or typical from metals you know the rare earth is less than one percent all these elements over here in triumph zirconium hafnium lithium uh you know this is typical end of life recycling rates maybe we're getting better at living recycling now but still i wouldn't i would hazard against that it's pretty low and that means you know if you're on an awful lot of lithium batteries we're gonna have to produce an awful lot more primary lithium rather than trying to hope that recycling improves in the near future there's a recycling potential we can improve recycling so anything in this kind of cooler here this indicator is potentially recyclable or maybe even we can recycle some of this material colored in here which is currently unrecyclable but if you look at uh like eterbium uh sorry uh you know you know an awful lot of these elements because of the way they're used they're going to be dissipating we're never going to be able to recycle so we'll be able to improve recycling some of these elements but not to the extent where we can never get 100 recycled there's an awful lot of barriers to rare recycling and that need to be overcome i'm not going to go into this in detail i just want to emphasize that saying yes we can increase recycling and needs to overcome a huge number of hurdles before we get anywhere close to a decent proportion of the materials we used the critical elements we used being recyclable at an effective rate there's a few other channels uh challenges to think about uh it doesn't stop with all the stuff i've mentioned already we need to find the mineral deposits we need we need to think about making more of these deposits extracting the metals we can and we need to think about waste rock and tailings if we're going to be mining more we're going to need to secure the installers securely make the most of them uh co2 sequestration potentially for certain types of waste rock and tailings we're going to face other challenges like uh esg environmental social governmental issues all of these are basically going to be potential impediments to increasing metal supply and then there's nimbies and bananas uh nimby's are not in my backyard so in principle this is a great idea but i don't want anyone near me and bananas are people who don't want anything but build absolutely nothing anywhere near any so these are the kind of people we need to talk to you can't have solar power you can't drive your tesla without raw materials so there needs to be some increased acceptance that mining is required you can't ship it all from china for a huge number of logistical security supply costs geological and even kind of exploitation reasons so there's you know if you if you want to feel good about having a tesla you really want to export a whole big load of people in china as a result if you do then there's probably something wrong in that thinking there's also it's not just mining you know it's not just mining of metals concrete and cement is a huge issue i'm going to need an awful lot more concrete for infrastructure development the concrete is a huge co2 producer yet we don't have a solution for mitigation in that area we also will still need to mine coal there's no substitute for metallurgical coal and we still need it for metal production there are some developments here but there's going to be a number of other challenges and things to think about as a result of what we're seeing in terms of global change and development and the bottom line is if you want to do anything about meaningful about climate change you're going to need more mining great to the questions and problems and opportunities you know where we're going to find these metals and minerals we need to understand more the geology of mineral deposit formation we need to increase the way we process and mine uh mineral deposits we don't just have to mine natural deposits we combine waste rock mining waste we can mine landfills we can do you know all of these should look it should be looked upon as potential future sources of metals the question is what impact will this metal extraction have environmental social factors governmental challenges and risk and you know it needs education research and discussion and understanding the problems that we face i'm trying to emphasize this and to my students geoscience at unlv and yes that is a slight plug but basically what i wanted to sum up and wrap is basically if you're not already being convinced i emphasize again every single person and listening and watching to this watching this talk needs mining you know you're watching it on an electronic device things are being transmitted to you via cables and you need the energy to be transmitted by a copper all of that requires metals that derive from mining you know any sustainable future which is where we're moving and will reduce anthropogenic climate change and lower co2 emissions is going to be built on the back of the mining industry there's no point having a tesla fueled by electricity generated by coal it's worse than having a gasoline and if your immediate impact the immediate attitude is climate change doesn't exist the world is moving this way anyway right it's happening this trend is changing you know we're seeing changing trends already this is the chance of the us this is john for us here in nevada to be a world leader demand for metals is better increase can we actually supply the world with raw materials and high-tech manufacturing and the end products produced as a result of both of those processes so this is the final slide what now we need more conversations we need more discussion of this rather than just saying we need to reduce co2 emissions that means people in the mining industry people in education and the geosciences need to explain to people even with our own within our own science but they need to even more effectively explain to the general public why mining is important and why that's going to increase we need more research education outreach and consideration of these things during policy development there's no good somebody in government saying we need all electric vehicles by 2050 if they don't have a way of actually happening by providing the raw materials or seeing work or understanding where the raw materials need to come from and we need a more open conversations about this you can talk all you want about how we need to combat climate change how we need policies but you can't do that by efficiency unless you want to go back to the stone age and even then in the stone age we still have mining as if you don't understand and accept the mineral and metal costs of the changes you want the changes that are happening already you're only halfway there that's my argument and my feeling at least and if anybody has any questions i'll happily answer them now if not you could always email me there's a whole lot of papers and data associated with this and this powerpoint i can hardly pass that on continue this discussion and there's much more information available that i can present at this time i've got 16 hidden slides that i had to cut out otherwise we'd be here all night