How To Sign Mississippi Assignment of Partnership Interest

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all righty guys so chapter 5 is about the progress of going from the colonists being happy to go into the American Revolution we start with everything being all fine in 1750 to within a 26 year time span right in the Declaration of Independence and fighting a Revolutionary War that's what chapter 5 starts out with let's go through the story so the story starts actually with a conflict between Great Britain and France again the year is about 1750 and Great Britain in France have actually started to bicker with each other over certain things going on in the empires specifically there's one area where there's actually a really big contention that area is going to be the Ohio Valley territory so what's happening here is that the American colonists who are mainly farmers are going to start wanting to get more land to farm so they're going to start pushing westward as they push westward they're gonna run into a lot of the territory the problem is this territory is controlled by the French and also there's a lot of Native Americans there as you can guess there's going to be some contentions some small Fighting's going to ensue and almost immediately the American colonists are recognizing that a full-blown war is on the verge of breaking out one of these people that notice as this was going to be this dude named Ben Franklin and he's gonna make something he's gonna help call for something called the Albany Congress and basically the idea the Albany Congress was hey US colonies need to work together in case a war breaks out we should protect each other they draft a document called the Albany plan of Union which pretty much says that exact idea but none of the colonial legislatures actually approve of it so it's this idea for the colonies to unite together to defend themselves but it's never actually going to come to fruition despite the political cartoon which you can see here in the lower right that Ben Franklin drew despite the fact that he thought it would be a good idea for the colony to unite together they don't yet but the Albany Congress was right about one thing a full-on war is brewing that war is called the French and Indian War so this war is actually not that complicated to understand remember what's going on here the American colonies are trying to grow and expand they have a lot of people that are living here they're trying to grow and expand and they're gonna start taking over the Ohio Valley territory the problem is that's controlled by the French so a fights gonna break out and it's important to remember at the start of this fight it is British soldiers versus French soldiers in North America the American colonists were actually not involved in this war at the outset and things are not going well for the British in fact they're not coming well for the British at all so eventually after about almost a year are the British giving their butts kicked the sorry a new commander is going to come into power in Great Britain his name is William Pitt and he's gonna make a promise to the colonists he tells the colonists that if you fight in this war you will not have to pay for it now again perhaps you've never heard of this before but I'm going to tell you this is the crux of the American Revolution right here the American soldiers drop something the American soldiers are going to fight in this war and this is actually going to be a well it's not going to be an immediate success there's gonna be still there's still gonna be some problems but the American soldiers help turn the tide for the British and the Americans and the British are going to win this war the Treaty of Paris in 1763 is basically going to have the French agree to give up all colonial land claims east of the Mississippi River now granted that's there's gonna be this Louisiana thing later that's a whole other story and they're really gonna leave the area or so they're told there's gonna be some stuff that's happening in a little while but that's that's another story again the North Americans are going to win so everyone's expecting this should be a great great cause and a great celebration across the entire country right well hmm a big reason why there isn't a huge celebration in the American colonies is because of this king this guy came George the third is young he's impetuous he thinks he knows everything and he's gonna make some really strange decisions that are going to upset the colonies he doesn't trust his advisors he thinks he knows what he's doing and he's gonna make a pretty bad decision almost immediately the first bad decision he makes is called the proclamation of 1763 now what this says this says that the American colonists are not allowed to go over the Appalachian Mountains and settle this Ohio Valley Territory think about how unpopular this decision would be the American colonists have just fought and died for the right to use this land in the right to make more money get more farmland for better opportunities and then the King says no you can't go in there even though you just fought a seven-year war for it you can't go in there the American colonists are gonna be upset but let's think about this from the Kings perspective what he has to fund a huge giant army to protect the colonists if they move over the Appalachian Mountains too soon they're gonna run into the the remaining French that are still there and they're gonna run into a bunch of Native Americans no one's gonna be happy with them being there so from the Kings perspective he's doing this as a means of saving money but to the American colonists they are going to be very upset over the fact that they could not use this land almost immediately the king had a problem he had to pay for this war but again because according to Pitts promise the colonists wouldn't be responsible for paying the Spore since they helped to fight it the king has a really hard time trying to figure out how was he gonna get raise any money he can't tax the colonists but he needs to raise money and sidenote he really can't tax the British citizens because their being in taxed extremely heavily by this point in history in fact they're the most the most taxed people in history up to this point so the Kings got a little bit of a problem as such the Kings gonna go out of his way to try to find colonists that aren't playing by the rules that are in place colonists that are buying illegal goods or smuggling illegal goods or not buying things from within the Empire if you buy something from outside of the Empire you are costing the king money so the king is gonna pass something called writs of assistance these are designed that way a British officer a British soldier can search a colonists house at any time he wants looking for illegal or smuggled goods that were obtained outside of the Empire if that was done there could be fines and everything else the main thing you have to know about writs of assistance is that they are another means of trying to enforce mercantilism on the colonies the colonists also saw these as a violation of the rights of Englishmen they should have be protected in their property and not have a government just come and take it away from them oh but the writs of assistance were just the first of many things that the King does to bother and pasture the colonists the next one is going to be the Sugar Act now again as we discussed sugar is actually not just used here for food in fact because the water in colonial America was actually not really all that healthy most beverages that our drink of the empire are actually going to be alcoholic in nature because the alcoholic content of the beverage is actually going to make the water or the liquid safer to drink so if you're gonna be making alcohol you need sugar in order to do it what this tax really came down to was this was not just a tax on you know making our food taste better it's actually a tax on the water or sorry the liquid that we are drinking let's not call it water the liquid that they are drinking the sugar at is what we call an indirect tax the reason why we say that is the fact that the average American colonists is not paying in this tax it is the people that are shipping sugar that are paying for this tax not the actual average American colonists so this tax is considered indirect but still the American colonists going to be really upset that they're paying any sort of tax at all sugar costs a little bit more money but it shouldn't have to this is seen as a violation of the rights of Englishmen and a violation of the Pitts promise so what do the Americans do whenever there is a tax that they don't like imposed upon them they start either illegally smuggling or boycotting sugar both work so well both the boycotts and the illegal smuggling that the king is almost immediately going to back off and say okay well this isn't a good idea and he's gonna come up with another idea for raising revenue so with the boycotts mounting the Sugar Act doesn't work the king is gonna have to find another way to raise revenue how is he gonna do it well he's trying to find something that the colonists are gonna use on a pretty regular integral what better to use in this case than paper paper is going to become pretty ubiquitous in the colonies and people are using it for pretty much everything especially for all these you know new land and other things that are going to be expanding out westward so why not start taxing paper and that's essentially what the King does the Stamp Act is going to be a tax on pretty much all paper used in the colonies I'm talking paper that is used for newspapers documents licenses legal for from the British forms of payment pretty much any way that paper could be used in the colonies me it's gonna require that it has a stamp a basically a Royal stamp and every time you use that stamp you're gonna be charged for it now you may have noticed something I'm saying the colonists here the colonists themselves are gonna be directly responsible for paying for this tax this is called a direct tax this is an indirect like the Sugar Act the colonies themselves are directly paying this tax and immediately they're going to be upset over it why because again this is a violation of Pitts promise they worked it told they would not have to do this so they're gonna be pretty upset in fact no way to sugarcoat it okay get the joke it's actually gonna be hey there's gonna be riots that break out pretty much all across North America tasks collectors are going to be taken from their homes and in the very least they're going to be threatened in some of the worst case scenarios there's actually going to be physical punishments done to the tax collectors almost immediately after this starts happening a group called the Sons of Liberty forms and they try to organize these protests it's not going to do the American colonists any good if a bunch of British officers are killed in protest that's just going to make the King even more upset so the protests need to be more organized and perhaps less violent that's what a sense of Liberty comes in the colonies themselves are gonna actually try to meet again in something we call the Stamp Act Congress and they're gonna try to meet again and say how upset they are but again there's something really important to note here the American colonists still want to be British citizens we in 1765 pretty much no one saved for a few revolutionaries are saying that America needs to be an independent country from Great Britain the American Revolution is 11 years away and at this point all they want is for the King to get rid of all of these bad things and to go back to the way things were before by the way I'm saying the King a lot here but you could also say Parliament they pretty much are working together on this right now well the colonies are gonna organize a boycott of all British goods if they're gonna sit there gonna say fine if you're making us play by these games and we don't want to do it and they're unfair and you're breaking the law then we're just not gonna buy anything from you it's gonna basically be we're going to ignore you we're gonna have a full boycott in fact 40% of all trade in the British Empire came through North America so if North America decides they don't want to play that could really bankrupt the British which is the not something that they need so the King Parliament whoever you want to call it is gonna get rid of the Stamp Act and say okay fine that was a mistake it's gone they repeal it but as they repeal the Stamp Act they pass another act called the decollete act what this act says it basically gives Parliament the power to legislate over any colonial issue which essentially means that anything going on in the colony and the colonies can be legislated by Parliament it kind of really takes the power away from the colonial legislatures and really suspends this idea of solitary neglect William Pitts gonna die and when he dies well there's gonna be some new leadership in town in Great Britain our new real let's call him an enemy because we're not gonna like him his name is Charles Townsend and he's gonna go out of his way to try to find new ways to attacks the colonies the first one's actually pretty ingenious but also kind of devious he's going to say that it costs so much money to have housing for the soldiers so what if we passed a law and let's call it the quartering act what if we passed a law that said that the American colonists would have to pay to house the soldiers and on top of that if a soldier stopped it's some random colonist house that colonists have to pay that soldier and feed that soldier and clothed that soldier being you know for as long as the soldier was there now the implication here is oh you should be so happy that the soldiers are here to protect your property but really what this comes down to it's just a way of the British saving money and it's another indirect tax on the American colonists by the way do you think the soldiers stayed in the small out-of-the-way houses oh no they'd stay in the nice houses of the rich which is gonna make the rich even more upset oh but Townshend wasn't done there he decides he still needs to raise more money and he's gonna pass a new act as a way of getting money for the king and again he doesn't even sugarcoat it by calling him get it again okay he doesn't even try to mask it by calling it something else he's gonna call this the revenue act it's designed to gain revenue and what this is going to be this is gonna be a indirect tax on pretty much every item that the colonists are using it's going to be a tax on glass paint LED paper tea and other things that are imported into the colonies now the tax is going to be done indirectly but the point of the tax is going to be the same as the others this is going to be seen as offensive to the American colonists because even though it's an indirect tax it's still a tax which they were told they were not to have to pay this is the first time you start hearing words and phrases like no taxation without representation and what started out a couple years ago is a minor movement about about protesting against parliament the king is gonna become a bigger and bigger and bigger movement so much so that boycotts are going to increase across the colonies again and many of the Townshend duties are going to be removed except for one but I'll get there in a second let's keep our story going in order now we've discussed the Boston Massacre before but I'll give you a quick little recap of it what essentially is happening here is a bunch of well basically teenagers are going to be protesting outside of a tax collectors house in Boston a couple of soldiers are called up to be there to protect the tax collector a little fight breaks out because the American colonists are throwing snowballs somebody for somebody else fire not the British general and the American soldiers are going to be fired on I'm sorry the American colonists are going to be fired on by the British soldiers when this is over five colonists are dead six more are wounded and really it's a big giant misunderstanding but this is going to inflame the City of Boston and it's going to show the rest of the colonies that there are some bad things going down and maybe that the British government cannot be trusted after the Boston Massacre the colonies are gonna start thinking wow maybe it's a good idea if we start you know working together more the king is getting more and more violent things are getting more and more treacherous things are not going well in the colonies so a groups gonna form called the Committees of Correspondence this really served two purpose purposes one it was to have the columns have a chance to talk to each other but two what would happen in the Committee of Correspondence is that one got a committee would meet and then every town would send a representative to this committee the representative would hear what was going on and then he would go back to the town and tell everybody what had happened it's basically a way of spreading information before Facebook and Twitter okay so the Townshend duties or the Revenue Act is going to be taken apart all except for the Tea Act the Tea Act is going to remain it's going to be a tax on team now the real reason why the Tea Act is kept in place is that one of the things that the British Empire is able to produce outside of the American colonies is tea most of the tea that the British are drinking are is coming from India so what the Tea Act does the tea I basically forces Americans to buy tea solely from the British East India Trading Company which again is gonna mean for the British that they keep the Empire intact if you ask me this is just another means of supporting mercantilism what's the American colonists this is going to be seen as another illegal tax so they're gonna try to boycott tea and boycott these goods which leads us to the Boston Tea Party a large group of rebels is going to dress up as Native Americans and they're gonna go as a means of protest and destroy this tea again there are some other side stories here but really all the matters for what's going to happen next is the fact that they are protesting this tax on tea by destroying tea and of throwing it into the Boston Harbor what really matters about this story is how the British respond the British are going to respond with something called the Intolerable Acts the response to the Boston Tea Party is dire for the city of Boston the Intolerable Acts have five different steps to them I'll discuss them all pretty quickly and we will move on the first one's called the Boston port bill which says the entire Boston Harbor is going to be shut down by the British government until the tea that was destroyed is paid for problem of course being that everyone in Boston is working in shipping and trading if you shut the harbor and you shut the port there's no way that they could actually make money to pay back this loss of tea not that they do it anyway so that's a problem number two Massachusetts Government Act this is gonna revoke the colony charter and give the royal governor all authority over the area so basically this is a complete suspension of site area neglect and the colonists in Boston are essentially going to be controlled directly by the team next the administration of justice Act now this is actually a tie back to the Boston Massacre but what this says is that any soldier or person charged with murder while enforcing the Intolerable Acts is gonna face trial in Great Britain even though the guys that had a trial in North America ended up having a fair and just trial it doesn't matter the king is gonna basically give a blank check I guess is a way to describe it basically tell that the soldiers can do whatever they want and that they're not gonna face punishment because if they were to kill a colonist well they'll be tried for the crime back at home and back at home they're probably gonna be cheered not actually put on trial number four the new quartering act says that any empty buildings in the city of Boston can be taken over by the royal governor for use as military barracks which again businesses are gonna shut down any business that shuts down can be taken over by the government in this city so this is gonna be even more egregious to the people finally the Quebec Act now there's gonna be an area on the northwest side of the American colonies and the idea was that the American colonies ie especially the New England states would be able to grow and get bigger and moved westward the Quebec tack is basically going to take that away from them and take away possible and the City of Boston is going to be mainly targeted in all these acts and it's going to be really really difficult for them but at the same time this is going to show the rest of the colonies that the king is not messing around anymore and that if you rebel bad things are gonna happen to you so how are the colonists going to respond now the response of the American colonists is going to be one that you might not expect they're basically gonna tell the King why they're not happy but at the same time they're basically gonna say hey let's work this out let's organize back together we don't want to fight we want to be British citizens let's stop all of this fussing and fighting they're gonna draft a document oh wait by the way who are these colonists well the colonists are gonna send representatives to meet in something called the First Continental Congress and they're basically going to be representatives from each colony that explain what's happening in their colony they're gonna write a document called the Declaration of Rights and grievances and they're gonna send it off to the king the Declaration of Rights in grievances is essentially gonna say hey these are the things that are going on can you stop doing them can we go back to the way things were it's also kind of a veiled threat it's basically saying that hey look we're not happy and a rebellions gonna come maybe if this doesn't work now take a look at the date it is 1774 we are still a ways off from the Declaration of Independence so what happens well as we know it takes a little while for a response to come back from the king the First Continental Congress disbands they go home and they wait for the Kings response six months later this is the response it is now April 1775 and the British respond by bringing in a whole bunch more troops into Boston the response of the king is to say fine if you even dare you even mentioned the word rebellion we're basically gonna threaten war against you the actual Battle of Lexington and Concord is outside the scope of this class so you are more than welcome to read about it but this is the start of the American Revolutionary War well about a month later Congress is gonna meet again we'll call them the Second Continental Congress because that's what they are they decide to send another petition to the king it's called the Olive Branch petition the Olive Branch petition of course has a biblical reference to it it is a reference to the story of Noah's Ark where things are going real bad if the flood is over Noah sends out a dove the Dove comes back with an olive branch it's a sign that the flooding is over in that humanity can keep going so the colonists are basically gonna do the same thing they're gonna send a layer to the king and say hey look we're not asking for much here we only want three things a ceasefire in Boston a repeal of the Intolerable Acts and to guarantee us the rights of Singlish men that's all we want all we want is a guarantee of the rights of Englishmen let's work this out we don't want to fight you meanwhile as soon as they send that letter they're actually going to go ahead and announce General George Washington to be the commander-in-chief of the American army and they're basically gonna wait a couple months to see if anything has changed while they wait for the Kings response a very important book is going to be written in the colonies this book is called common sense it is published in January 10th of 1776 written by a revolutionary named Thomas Paine now common sense is actually probably the best title for a book ever the idea here is that most Americans still even despite all the stuff going on most Americans are still Pro British what common sense does it uses very simple language and tells the Americans word-for-word what basically any response to an argument about staying with the king it's gonna give detailed explanations about why America is actually worse off because of staying with the king and how America can become a prosperous self-sustaining government on its own this is gonna be one of the most popular books in the American colonies three out of every four males have a copy within to within three months I should say wait let me say it again within three months of one out of every four males have a copy but upwards of three out of every four males have read this book this is one of the most widely read books in all of America except of course for the Bible being the most read this is gonna change public opinion of the American Revolution it is now June of 1776 and the King has not really sent a response and now the American public more so than ever is getting ready for America for independence this gentleman named Richard Henry Lee who's going to propose a resolution on Independence on June 7 1776 his resolution states and again if I probably should have kept the exact wording but it basically says that the American colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states and that they should no longer have a connection to Great Britain that's a heck of a statement in fact it's such a crazy statement that all of the delegates in the Second Continental Congress have to go home and ask their families friends and constituents if they agree if Richard Henry leaves resolution is agreed to America is officially at war it is no longer a British colony this is a crazy crazy thing to consider so all the men go home and they asked their colonies if they agree to Richard Henry Lee resolution meanwhile a document is going to be drafted you might know it as a Declaration of Independence to explain to the world why we want to declare independence I want to make sure this is perfectly clear the resolution that we are voting on is given by Richard Henry Lee he gives that resolution on June 7th the delegates go home to discuss with their constituents if they agree meanwhile a document is going to be drafted by these gentlemen namely Thomas Jefferson as a means of telling the world and telling the King why we are going to be independent and vote for our independence assuming we do now it's gonna take a little bit of time to actually get that vote to come through but in the meantime let's take a quick look at the document I could spend an entire month talking about the Declaration of Independence but instead I'm going to keep this really simple the Declaration of Independence has three main things that I want you guys to remember the first main idea is the argument of natural rights life liberty and the pursuit of happiness it sounds a lot like John Locke because it basically was copied from John Locke number two this idea called popular sovereignty it's gonna come up again later but for now just know that popular sovereignty means that the people rule the people rule the government not the other way around number three the right of revolution the very end of this document says that if the government should become destructive of these ends it is the right and duty of the people to overthrow and abolish it if the government can't protect your natural rights it should cease to exist that's the document says on July 2nd 1776 Congress comes back in session and they decide to have a vote on Richard Henry Lee resolution and on July 2nd 1776 the resolution isn't approved in Congress and officially North America has declared its independence you can now call them the United States of America if you would but where does July 4th come from well the declaration itself is going to be argued over for the next two days as the wording is very carefully considered by the members of the Second Continental Congress eventually on July 4th 1776 the wording of the Declaration is going to be approved it is sent to a printer that printer happens to write on the top in Congress July 4th 1776 and that day stuck even though the Declaration is not officially printed or even signed by everyone until several weeks later at this point we have declared our independence and the reason why we celebrate it on July 4th is because of what was said on document but if he asking me we should really be celebrating it on July 2nd and you know what we're Americans we should be celebrating this every single day so what happens after this document is signed oh that is where things get really interesting in Chapter six we're gonna go from the American Revolution so we're actually going to fight the Revolutionary War all the way up through the building of this country and it turns out building a country is kind of difficult we actually fail at the outset but I'm getting ahead of myself let's tell the story now I'm gonna briefly discuss the war because again in AP US the war itself isn't drastically important what's important is to know why is this war fought so obviously this war was fought for American independence that's what really matters here but let's tell the story because we have the time the colonists you can really split up into three distinct groups on the one hand we have about a third of the colonies as what I would call loyalist people that are loyal to the king sometimes they're called Tories the other third of America are Patriots or what we would also call Whigs and then finally the remaining third of America is relatively indifferent to this war so that's something to consider really only a third of America was gung ho about this war most of America was like it or not supportive at all it makes the war effort a little bit more impressive when you think of it in that regard loyalists are gonna have the military strength in this regard though because loyalists were actually normally former military veterans that were fighting from Great Britain then they came to America and settled for the land so they actually have a little bit of military strength here loyalists also had the support of African slaves because the British Empire has essentially decided to get rid of slavery by this point and the American colonies or I should say the United States at this point are pretty much okay with keeping it let's see how this fight breaks down let's talk about the strengths and weaknesses of each group the British have about eleven million people they can call on whereas the United States only has 2.5 million people and a third of those people are loyalists there are 110,000 trained soldiers British soldiers in America and with 50,000 more mercenaries available to them they are also the best most experienced Army and Navy in the world and have conquered almost the entire world at this point however there are some weaknesses here they have a large Navy but it's so large that it's in disrepair they have little to no experience on the North American terrain and this is something that's always interested in a war if you're fighting a war outside of your own country well that means you have to bring everything you need with you which makes it very difficult to supply your soldiers so they prove necessary and finally Parliament and the British citizens were not fans of this war to begin with they didn't want this war to go down because they knew was gonna cost a lot of money so there actually isn't a lot of public's support of this war in Great Britain you think there would be but there's really not they'd almost rather get rid of us truth be told now let's talk about the United States now what are the strengths and weaknesses of the United States well they have about 350,000 men that are available to fight even though not that meeting actually do and most of these men when they fight are only gonna serve for a really short term remember most Americans are farmers they can't be away from their farm for all that long the u.s. also had home-field advantage which just like in any sport home-field advantage really matters it matters in a war too why well you know the terrain knowing the terrain is really really important in a war and perhaps most importantly the United tates did not need to win the American Revolutionary War really all they had to do was not lose the best parallel I can make to this is think about the wars that are currently being fought in the middle it's not so much that the insurgents are winning in the Middle East in fact they're getting you know they're getting beaten pretty decisively the problem is they keep fighting and then what happens is that this public support in America goes away same thing here the the US soldiers did not need to defeat the British they had to just not lose for a long enough time to make the British citizens give up and that's actually exactly what happens what are some of the weaknesses of the United States well they have basically no organization no central government really at this point no official army or Navy they had no money really to pay their soldiers or just to get weapons they're gonna have numerous numerous losses and it's gonna really hurt soldiers morale this is gonna be very tough war for them there this is not looking good for the United States from the very outset okay again I'm gonna go through a bunch of battles really quick here because there you don't really ever need to know all these specifics it's good to know obviously and I'm not saying it's not important but in regards to the AP exam and what you're going to be tested on they're not going to expect you guys to be able to give me the specific dates of specific battles of the American Revolutionary War what's more important as always is can you tell the story most of the fighting in the American Revolutionary War is going to take place in the north in the northern well States now they were colonies now they're gonna take place why well Boston's in the north that's where most of the Patriots and also ironically most of the loyalists are in the north so that's where the fighting is gonna take place let's go through a couple these battles first one Bunker Hill really this is not necessarily that much of a victory for the United States they're gonna lose important ground around Boston which is where Bunker Hill is however they're going to inflict really heavy casualties and at this point they're going to be officially seen as in recognition again notice the date June of 1770 now we're looking for help from foreign countries but they don't send that help right away but what they do send especially the French the French were going to send a general to us to basically check and see how the war is going his name is general Lafayette in really if you want to think of it this way it's kind of a spy for the French to see if the Americans are actually worth supporting mmm fast-forward to October of 1777 this is the Battle of Saratoga the British are going to plan a major attack but they are going to lose so good for them as soon as this battle happens in the United States has a pretty decisive victory as soon as this happens France and Spain decided to join the side of the colonists which isn't too shocking when you think about it because France and Spain are the other two big colonial powers they actually have a vested interest in watching Great Britain fail next we have Valley Forge in 1778 this is going to be a camp ground and training ground for American soldiers problem is it's a bleak cold hellhole many American soldiers are gonna starve or basically freeze to death training here they're also gonna get some help from this guy named Friedrich von Steuben there was a German soldier who's basically gonna help organize the colonial army and once he comes in and kind of teaches the colonists how to fight they become a much better fighting force and a much bigger opponent for the British in the south there's actually less real fighting going on here but that's actually where the war is going to end the British aren't doing too well in the north they're not doing great well I'd say the back they're not doing terribly but they're not doing too well in the north so they're gonna actually reassert and try to move their way back down through the south there are less Patriots in the south so if they go down to the south and try to fight there they're gonna have less opposition to face unfortunately for the British the South was no longer as safe a safe haven basically they're not as loyalist as the as the British expected them to be leads us to the Battle of Yorktown the student named General Cornwallis he is the British general thought he would receive reinforcements from the sea so he marched all of his troops towards the ocean unfortunately for him the reinforcements do not come because they are going to be blockaded by the French and that's actually what helps the Americans win the American Revolution it's the French I'm sorry but we / the French for us winning the American Revolution and now doesn't stink you have to think about that the rest of your lives we owe the French now the Treaty of Paris is going to be signed in 1783 and this is what it recognizes number one the Great Britain must recognize the Independence of the United States number two Great Britain is going to remove all troops from the United States number three Great Britain forfeits all land east of the Mississippi River and they don't really have any land west of it either so this is just going to be a lot of land that's given up number four is going to sound really strange to you but it's gonna matter later Great Britain is gonna let the United States have fishing rights off the coast of Canada that sounds like the silliest thing you've ever heard but I guarantee you it will come up again in a couple weeks and more interesting ly more interesting the loyalists are not going to be punished what ends up happening is that the loyalists don't have their property taken away don't have they're not financially punished but most of them actually do leave where do these loyalists go they go to Canada that way they don't need to be part of the United States now there are some flaws in this treaty number one they do not settle the border with Spain and there's going to be a fight over the area of Florida coming up pretty soon for the new United States state governments refuse to compensate loyalists for their property losses that happen during the war war is destructive oops you were a loyalist in your house blew up oh well and also there's a big group of people that happen to be hanging out in North America that are completely ignored in this treaty perhaps you've heard of them they're called Native Americans what are some results of this war well the first is that 5% of all white males die in the colonies fighting this war it's pretty big number two over fifty or sorry five hundred thousand natives are gonna be killed and the war is going to cost over one hundred and sixty million dollars which the new United States does not have this is going to be a major problem let's talk about some social considerations of this war this is actually gonna be pretty interesting what's gonna start happening is that this whole idea of class warfare and the differences between the rich and the poor actually kind of goes away during this war and a new idea springs up we call it nationalism nationally nationalism basically means that you are proud of your nation you're proud to be part of your nation if nationalism gets a really bad rap because of World War One deservedly so but there are some benefits to it it's the difference between saying that you live in California or you're American you much rather be American than be a Californian right you know there's no popular memes about California but there's memes about being American that's the difference that's nationalism but that has really interesting social considerations because it doesn't matter if you're rich or poor all that really matters at this point is that you're American and that's more important than anything else as for women women as always are going to take a stronger control on the home front during the war and this meant that women are going to be doing the jobs that men would normally do during the war and do them very successfully Abigail Adams who's going to be a big supporter of women's rights is going to even give a very important letter to her husband in what she says and the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire that you would remember the ladies he forgets slavery is actually in a diminish in the north in fact within ten years of the American Revolution there aren't any more slaves in the north that just goes away it's not part of their economy they don't need slaves however slavery is still going to exist mainly because the war needed to be paid off the South has a lot of money they get that money from free labor so we're gonna have to keep slavery as a means of paying off the American Revolution it sucks but it's true almost immediately after the American Revolution the United States faces a problem we don't have a government which it turns out you actually need to run the country you need a government so the Second Continental Congress was acting as our government but they actually didn't really have any official power so we needed to make a formal Constitution before the end of the war really that all that was keeping the country together was the hatred of the British now what's gonna start happening here is that the individual states you know the thirteen we can call them states now as opposed to colonies already have their own constitutions they've already made up their own rules now by the way let's get something out of the way Constitution with a little C is what basically is a document that limits and defines the power of government in a couple slides we're going to talk about the Constitution with a big C that is the American Constitution it's the same idea so again just keep in mind that whenever I talk about a constitution right now I'm talking about a document that limits and defines the power of government now States had made up their individual constitutions for each state and they had some things in common first they have a fear of a strong executive branch which means that while they might have a governor or a mayor in charge of their state he's basically just a figurehead they have very little actual power this is on purpose this is because of the fear of the king having too much power so they're gonna have a very limited executive branch they also are big on voting obviously so they're gonna have a system of voting in place the problem is they have the restrictions on who can vote namely you have to be a white male who owns property they also have a list of protections meant for citizens which we will talk about later and they also pretty much took away all power to the church the church doesn't really have any governmental authority anymore well that's great so those are a bunch of state constitutions but we don't have a National Constitution yet we don't have a means for the national government to protect us and we don't have a national government at all so using the state models as an example the Second Continental Congress is going to start working on a constitution little C Constitution that would define the power of our government that document is called the Articles of Confederation so when you get to AP gov you're gonna start learning about the different types of government systems a confederation is a grouping of individual states the best way to think about a confederation is that it's usually a weak central government some examples of a confederation well the United Nations is a confederation and the European Union is a confederation so the European Union when they meet they all talk about the individual problems that each country is happening or is having and they try to discuss them and make a solution that all of Europe can agree with but if you follow the UN at all they pretty much never do anything that's because they're a confederation it's intentionally designed to be weak the first government of the United States is a confederation and it is weak it's going to fail the government that we create is explained under our Constitution little C known as the Articles of Confederation here's the idea each state and there are 13 of them should have one vote and seven votes will be required to pass a minor bill which never comes up nine votes will be required to pass a major bill and if anybody wants to amend this document to amend the Articles of Confederation it requires a unanimous vote of all thirteen there is no executive branch and there is no judicial system all this government has is a legislature and the legislature is weak for example this document is going to tell you again a constitution is going to limit the power of government the Articles of Confederation could only or sorry hit the back the Articles of Confederation had no power to do the following Congress had no power to levy taxes which means raise attacks to draft soldiers to pay for an army or Navy to enforce the laws it makes to settle the speech between states to regulate trade and to print money can you imagine the problems that would happen if you have a government that can't do anything a government needs to do especially if they're to protect your natural rights that can't be done here the Articles of Confederation is obviously going to fail states are not forced to obey because the states have all the power no one is afraid of the national government the government couldn't do anything useful it couldn't raise money it couldn't do anything this is gonna be a very very weak government it's designed that way on purpose but that doesn't make it good immediately there's going to be some major problems in the United States that the Articles of Confederation is going to be unable to address remember the American Revolution it costs a hundred and sixty million dollars but there are only six hundred thousand taxpayers that would mean that in taxes it'd be two hundred and sixty six dollars per person which that's not that bad the problem is the average yearly income is four hundred and fifty dollars per family so this is a lot of debt that the Americans are gonna have the Articles of Confederation Congress wanted to pass a small tax to help raise money but the state said no we're not going to pay taxes so it doesn't happen there is no way for America to get money America is bankrupt from the very beginning states refused to give money to the Articles of Confederation which made the Articles of Confederation look even in fact France and Spain are going to begin to question the sovereignty of the United States the United States can't be a country if it can't pay off its debt to make matters worse a majority of the money that the United States made as a British colony was being part of the British Empire and being part of all that trade Thomas Paine said that we could take care of ourselves and not be part of that Empire but what happens if the Empire decides to stop trading with us well that's how that's how we plan to make a lot of our money the British say fine you don't want to be put you don't want to be friends anymore then we're not gonna buy from you and suddenly almost everything in North America shuts down it's actually a really big problem one ongoing issue of the Articles of Confederation Congress which they had to address was the establishment of the American West a big cost for the war was the proclamation of 1763 so the leaders knew that they had to open up this area and open up this land to American settlement the citizens want land but the natives didn't want them there so this is gonna be a pretty big problem Congress addresses this by passing something called the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 it's actually pretty much the only success that the Articles of Confederation actually has it developed a process for admitting new states into the Union if a state wants to come into the Union it must number one have a governor in the region that kind of controls what's going down they must have five thousand males living there and once the five thousand males live in a defined territory they can start working on a state constitution 160 thousand people live in that defined State they can apply for statehood and their state constitution is going to be read over by the national government and the national government is going to decide at that state should be allowed to be contained to the Union now there's gonna be a problem in fact the Articles of Confederation is going to collapse and this is the reason why the Northeast does not recover quickly from the economic depression of the war had caused the state legislatures decide to tax heavily to pay off the war debt but the problem is not everyone can pay those that's equally this becomes a major problem in Massachusetts were elsewhere the problem happened but Massachusetts where unemployment is so high to begin with so there's are they're already vastly unemployed and now they're gonna raise taxes people can't pay them they are starving and dying in the streets this is the very early story of America well this guy named Daniel Shay is gonna lead a bunch of farmers to our courthouse to attempt them to stop from foreclosing their farms and to stop them from taxing them so much they end up at a local Arsenal and decide to take over the Arsenal now before a big problem can actually happen the militias gonna step in a lot of people are gonna die in this is actually a relatively minor event in US history but it signals a larger problem the states themselves were not able to protect their citizens natural rights the Articles of Confederation here has officially failed the fact that nobody has jobs the fact that property is being taken away from people the fact that people are dying and their government isn't doing anything to step in that's a failure to protect your natural rights the Articles of Confederation Congress while intentionally designed to be weak is so weak that it's completely useless for the citizens something's going to have to change in 1786 a small gathering of a couple of people perhaps you've heard of them James Madison George Washington and Alexander Hamilton they're gonna get together and they're gonna discuss about making some changes to the Articles of Confederation maybe if they change the Articles of Confederation they can actually have a well-functioning government well almost immediately they decide that the that the Articles of Confederation is not worth saving and it should be completely destroyed and replaced and this is the end of the Confederation period we no longer have the weak Articles of Confederation instead we have a much better much stronger document to protect America and to make America work that document of course is the US Constitution now this is the word Constitution with a big C now I'm going to be talking about the Constitution of the United States big C remember little C is the word Constitution which means a document that limits and defines the power of government Constitution with a big C is the United States Constitution well twelve out of the thirteen states are gonna send delegates to this convention seventy-four guys are going to be appointed only 55 actually attend attend to have a discussion of this new document General George Washington is going to be elected president of this convention so he's basically gonna just sit there and listen to people talk for a long time and the average age of the people involved in this process is 42 that's really not all that old I'm sure 42 was actually younger than most of your parents yet these guys are gonna get together and basically reshape and Forge the governing document that rules America to this day the entire session is held in secret even today we don't really know don't really know what they talked about at the Constitutional Convention the only information we have comes from notes of one of the people there his name is James Madison he took a lot of notes he's basically a big nerd we'll talk about him later but that's the only reason why we know anything that happened here you might notice that Jefferson Adams and Lee are not going to be present here this is not a mean of revolutionaries they need to make a government here Jefferson Adams and Lee are not the people to help make a government they can tear one down but they're not so good at building one up not yet there are three major problems that have to be solved in whatever new document these men come up with number one there's no central government you need a central government to run a country number two well if we're gonna have a stronger central government how do we design a government that has power and how do we settle the issue of representation in this government finally number three there's a big issue of slavery do we keep it do we get rid of it half the country uses it half the country doesn't what do we do about slavery now James Madison that nerd that took all the notes he basically had the entire Constitution written before anyone showed up he basically goes okay guys here's my here's the idea that we should go with and amazingly there isn't a lot of debate about what he came up with the actual idea of the government that you know what today with the three branches legislative executive and judicial and the idea that there should be checks and balances and that there should be two branches in the government like all that stuff that you guys already know that all kid that was all there the first day the first day the first meeting that was all there well so what did they talk about what did they debate about the biggest issue of this new government was who is going to be involved in it and how is each state going to be represented that's the big debate let's talk about it there are two theories about how the government should be run the first one comes from this place called Virginia it's it's a state case you didn't know now the idea was large states have more territory they have more people which means that they're gonna pay more taxes so because they're bigger because they have more people and because they pay more taxes they should have the right to say what the government does they should say hey we should they should have more power there should be more representatives from the state of Virginia because Virginia has more people and is a bigger representation of America so Virginia's idea for the government is to have a really strong national government three separate variant branches that's all normal and they want to make sure that representation in Congress the people that make the laws representation in Congress should be based on the population of the state the more people in your state the more power your state should have in the national government that that makes sense right we're from a we're from in California right now we are the biggest most populous state so to you and me this makes a lot of sense we should have the most say but what about a small state like New Jersey New Jersey is a small state and they say well the wait a second the size of our of our state was already decided before this whole government got set up sorry it got set up this isn't really fair that they're gonna have to they're gonna have a weak government because there's they're already defined as a small territory they say wait a second it would make more sense if each state had an equal representation in Congress each state is equally concerned about the US government now again to you and me this doesn't seem to make any sense because you're a weak piddly state we don't care what you think there's no one living there I mean does anyone care what New Jersey says No so there had to be a compromise should the large states have control or should the small states have control the great compromise sometimes called the Connecticut plan basically comes up with the government system that we know and love today we have two houses in our government in our legislature I should say we have two houses one is called the Senate which is the upper house which technically means it has more power in the Senate every state sends two representatives to the Senate there are 100 senators in the United States today because each state gets to send two equal representation the second branch of the legislature is called the House of Representatives they are the lower house which doesn't mean anything and their representation is based off of population there are 435 of them in California being the most populous state has the most members in the House of Representatives go California the national government under these plans is going to be strengthened at the expense of the state governments the states are gonna give up a little bit of power in order to be part of the United States government it's just like the social contract theory but this argument over who should be more powerful the states or the federal government that whole argument that that we're having right now is actually a major reason why we're gonna have the American Civil War okay the next big issue once the whole representation thing in Congress was figured out the next big issue that the Constitutional Convention had to decide was over the idea of slavery the question becomes should slaves count as members of this government even though they don't they aren't actually citizens and can't vote the south is gonna want slaves that count for representation seeing as how it's a majority of their population but the North felt that slavery was morally wrong in that sense they aren't allowed to vote they shouldn't be considered as part of representation so the question is our slaves property or are they people well the South wanted to make sure they kept their power they wanted to keep their power by by having slaves be able to count for representation and they actually threatened to walk out of the Constitutional Convention and to walk out from the nation the civil war almost happened in 1787 that was this close to happening until a compromise could be reached Congress or the convention decided that slaves should count as three-fifths of a person in regards to representation and also on taxes and tax revenue the only real limitation they put in the in the Constitution itself says that the slave trade must stop by 1808 but if the slave trade doesn't matter in the US history anymore because most of our slaves in fact all of them are gonna be the children of current slaves so the slave trade pretty much means nothing to the United States by this point but the south is essentially going to win their argument they're going to get their representation in Congress and this is gonna be the first of many band-aids put on the Constitution to prevent a civil war but you and I both know it's going to happen eventually now the rest of the Constitution gets knocked out pretty quick because again James Madison walked in with the document pretty much already done before anyone said anything they decided to have the three branches of government they decided to have an executive branch a legislative branch and a judicial branch they decided to have checks and powers and separation of powers no branch is any stronger than any other that's actually a lie the legislative branch is by far the strongest and most powerful the president is intentionally weak by design but he can veto laws made by Congress the president can work with other countries but the Senate has to approve all treaties that's the whole checks and balances thing and again we'll go over the structure of the Constitution specifically in class but for now that's what we need to know let's talk about ratification ratification is the process of approving in the Constitution now only nine of the thirteen states actually needed to ratify the Constitution for it to be coming to effect but really it's pretty obvious that everyone needs to approve what's the point of making a whole new government if not everyone's going to agree turns out the Constitution did not have a lot of popular to support despite the fact that it was necessary to run this government there actually wasn't a lot of popular support for this document in fact Virginia and New York the two largest states in the Union held the deciding votes on whether or not this would go down if New York votes to approve the Constitution the north and middle colonies are going to go along with it if Virginia votes to keep the Constitution well then the southern colonies are going to go with it so a huge debate is gonna break out across the country over whether or not we should keep this new constitution or we should bring this new constitution in there are two sides to this argument the first side are called the Federalists they argue in favor of the Constitution they wanted this strong central government they draft a series of papers called the Federalist Papers which were essays that were published to persuade people to vote in favor of the Constitution these are written at a really high level and they're kind of hard to understand so it really only influenced people in Congress these were written in secret mainly by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton the guys that wrote the Constitution anyway on the other side of the coin we have the anti-federalists these guys are going to oppose a new constitution they believed that the government was already too large and they would approve a constitution only if a bill of rights were added to give protections to the citizens turns out the anti-federalists were a majority of the US population the thing is the anti-federalists are gonna disappear because pretty much everyone agrees that a bill of rights would be necessary so it's going to be at it anyway and as soon as it is the Constitution pretty much comes into effect immediately here are some dates for you On June 21st 1788 the Constitution was ratified and on April 6 1789 George Washington is inaugurated as the first president of the United States the Bill of Rights is going to be added to the Constitution almost immediately after rather ratification because it was demanded by the anti-federalists and we can pretty much all agree it's a pretty good idea now there are a couple of common themes to the Bill of Rights number one we have a series of individual rights and protections of the citizens against their government number two we have basic freedoms basically this is the First Amendment speech religion press petition and assembly number three we have the rights of the accused and legal procedures number four we have this idea that we recall federalism which says that if the federal government doesn't specifically control that idea the idea is up to the states a good example of this would be speed limits speed limits are decided by the individual states because it's not in the Constitution saying that Congress can decide what the speed limit is for the entire country doesn't work that way each state has its own speed limit and finally perhaps the most interesting part of the Bill of Rights says that if there isn't a law that says you can't do something in this country that means you're allowed to do it you guys right now if there isn't a law saying that there isn't a law saying you can't do an activity you're allowed to do it doesn't mean they won't make a law eventually that says that activity is illegal but if it's not already a law you're allowed to do it until they make it a law saying you can't and that is the story of chapters five and six now that the government set up will step forward to Chapter seven and see how things actually go once we are settled