Industry sign banking new mexico ppt fast
hello everybody here we are again for another fantastic lecture if I do say so myself and of course I do today in this lecture we are going to look at the Industrial Revolution now when speaking about an Industrial Revolution we really have to understand that this also implies developments in agriculture and this would include specifically the increase in cotton production and more specifically the development of the technology the cotton gin by Eli Whitney and we'll be talking about that as well but in order just to give us a broad sense we're going to refer to this as the Industrial Revolution during this time a wealth of new technologies we are going to be developed there will be new forms of business organization the market revolution will occur and the United States will generally grow economically Okoye according to America a narrative history it says this the Jacksonian era political debate between democratic ideals and elitist traditions was rooted in a profound transformation of American social and economic life between 1815 and 1850 the United States became a transcontinental power expanding all the way to the Pacific coast and geographically this is because of course the mexican-american war it says an industrial revolution in the Northeast began to reshape the region's economy and propel an unrelenting process of urbanization by the way for those of you who are not familiar with what urbanization is or what urban sprawl is I've used that term a couple of times it simply means the development and growth of cities ok whereby something like sub urbanization would refer to the development of suburban towns outside of cities ok this book goes on the state in the West commercial agriculture began to emerge focused on the surplus production of corn wheat and cattle in the South cotton became King and rain required the expanding institution of slavery at the same time innovations and transportation large horse-drawn wagons called constabies canals steamboats and of course the railroad knit together an expanding national market for goods and services in some the 18th century economy based primarily upon small-scale farming and local commerce was maturing rapidly into a far-flung capitalist marketplace entwined with world markets and that's what we're gonna be looking at here hopefully not too in-depth but in depth enough to get a sense of what's going on in this lecture so with that said let's go ahead and dive right in ok it says the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy took more than a century in the United States but that long development entered its first phase from the 1790s through the 1830s now the reason why I say the first phase is because the Industrial Revolution doesn't really stop it just matures it changes and indeed some historians refer to this early industrial revolution as the first Industrial Revolution and they would refer to a Second Industrial Revolution after the Civil War concluded ok but it is a long process whereby the United States goes from being largely agricultural to largely manufacturing mercantile capitalist sort of system ok it goes on to state that the Industrial Revolution had actually begun in Britain during the mid 18th century but the American colonies lagged far behind the mother country in part because the abundance of land and scarcity of labour in the new world reduced interest in expensive investments in machine production in other words the the factors simply weren't ripe for an industrial revolution to develop in the United States or the colonies at the time at the time that the British began to develop industrially indeed the factors of production were far more prevalent and readily available in Britain at the time and that's why they sort of were the pioneers of the Industrial Revolution and in fact much of what the United States and other nations will do after the fact and their own industrial revolutions is they improved upon things that the British had already begun and this doesn't mean that there wasn't you know unique innovation going on it's just that the British sort of laid the foundation for an Industrial Revolution and goes on here to say that nevertheless with the shift from handmade to machine made products a new era of human experience began where increased productivity created a much higher standard of living than had ever been known before one thing I want to point out here is that this shift from handmade to machine made products is really what marks an industrial revolution okay you're creating more standardized commodities you are no longer relying upon skilled labor but rather semi skilled labor and indeed the Industrial Revolution is going to bring a number of immigrants into the United States both livery in its early phases and in its latter phases because you don't need skilled labor to run a machine the machine does most of the work all you need is semi skilled or low skilled workers and that's what you're going to get with a lot of the immigrants who come to fill those employment opportunities so let's move on to the next slide and we'll just dive in more into this a little bit more okay so where does the Industrial Revolution or win rather does the Industrial Revolution begin in the United States unlike say the start of World War 2 where we could say you know December 7th 1941 right this marks America's entry into World War two trying to pinpoint a start date for the Industrial Revolution in the United States is a bit complicated because it wasn't as if someone did something and all of a sudden everyone recognized that as the genesis of the Industrial Revolution but if we have to pinpoint a time I think the best place to start would be to go back on the timeline a bit to 1790 and look at Samuel Slater Samuel Slater opened the first industrial mill in the United States in 1790 and he actually borrowed his design from the British now this first industrial mill is not necessarily revolutionising business methodologies or business organization it's not changing the way in which labor effectively functions you know we're not looking at a highly efficient system here and indeed the modes of production are probably still very much owned by those who produce the commodity as opposed by some Factory okay but it gets the ball rolling okay it says here that Slater's pirated technology greatly increased the speed with which cotton thread could be spun into yarn now one of the things that do need to point out to you is that I have mentioned in the past that the economy in the United States should not necessarily be looked at as two separate economies it's not as if there was an economy in the north and an economy in the south the two were very much intertwined with one another and one way that it was is that you had southerners who grew and picked cotton but they didn't do anything with the raw product that they created or that they had grown rather they would send that raw product north into northern factories and those northern factories would then transform that raw material into a finished product and over time that whole process would eventually be done in one single factory okay but we must to recognize that the north including these northern factories were dependent upon slave labor had the slaves not been picking the cotton then those northern factories would not have received the raw material that they then used okay northern banks who gave loans to southern farmers were reliant upon slavery right northern shippers who were reliant upon finished product were reliant upon slave labor so you know it's something we have to keep in mind okay but I digress going on it says while he Slater introduced a vital new technology to the United States the economic takeoff of the Industrial Revolution required several other elements before it could transform American life so again Samuel Slater's sort of a start but he doesn't necessarily alter the the state of the American economy in 1790 as it says here there's other elements that have to be in place and so that's what I want to talk about now okay so in addition to say Mills and what will eventually become the factory system and we'll talk more about that but in addition to that another key to the rapidly changing economy of the early Industrial Revolution where new organizational strategies and the reason for that is because in an industrial revolution you're looking for efficiency you're looking for increased productivity that's the whole point of a machine the machine is can be more productive than say a human being right it can be more standardized it doesn't have to be fed and unless it breaks down it pretty much just works now granted early machines didn't function on their own you needed semi skilled low skilled employees laborers to run those machines unlike today where you just flip a switch of the machine runs itself but the point of it is is that if you're going to have an Industrial Revolution you cannot work with an outmoded outdated organizational system ok now initially the Industrial Revolution began with a system known as the outwork system and the outwork system was a process where a portion of the work on any particular commodity would be done in one place and then when that portion was completed it would be sent off to another place and you know you could have four or five different locations that were trying to make one particular commodity okay so it says the outwork system whereby small parts of a larger production process were carried out in numerous individual homes okay well that system works pretty well if you do not have machines that can do some of the work for you in fact this outwork system works well because you have skilled laborers who know how to do a particular part of a job right but as time goes on new technologies will replace the need for skilled labor and therefore makes the outwork system outdated okay and so you're going to need a new organizational system and for the Industrial Revolution that organizational system was called the factory system the factory system was a process where work was performed on a large scale in one single location what we would now refer to as a factory and eventually these factories will have all the machines that would be needed in order to turn cotton from its raw material into a finished product and that would all be done in one factory all by machines that semi and low skilled laborers would run this was far more productive and so where samuel slater introduces a new technology and a new type of mill it is the factory system that in many ways revolutionizes what will become the market revolution because it allows for these commodities to be made more efficiently and the mode of production is going to also change in this process because the labourer who in the outwork system may have owned his tools may have worked out of his own home the modes of production or the means of production will not be owned by the labourer anymore okay think of it in this terms today if you were to have a business where you were self-employed you owned the building you owned all the tools then you would the means of production but let's say you work at Carl's jr. you as a laborer do not own the means of production rather you use what the employer gives you and therefore you have a lot less control over your own work okay and that's one of the changes that's going to happen with this Industrial Revolution is the entire process of work and labor itself will shift once we move from a type of economy where the people the laborers the skilled laborers themselves owned the means of production to a more factory style system where the means of production was owned by he who owned the factory okay so hopefully that didn't confuse you but if it did let me know I'll try and clarify just send me an email otherwise let's move on okay so this new organizational strategy is going to be called the factory system as already mentioned and one of the earliest innovators of this particular organizational structure was a group of entrepreneurs businessmen known as the Boston associates and one particular individual who you will want to be aware of his name is Francis Cabot Lowell and Lowell establishes a factory in what is now Lowell Massachusetts under the Boston associates and his particular factory is incredibly important and revolutionary because his factory was the very first Factory to be fully mechanized and what that means is that lost factory that he built in Malabo Massachusetts was the very first factory of its kind in the United States to be able to transform cotton from its raw material to a completed commodity what we would call the textile industry with the help of machines at every stage of the way now again these are not machines that are running themselves completely making the worker obsolete these machines have to be run by people and largely for lolz factory he actually ended up hiring women who became known as low girls or mill girls and this is what America a narrative history has to say they write the factory system spraying full-blown upon the American scene at welcome Massachusetts in 1813 in the plant of the Boston manufacturing company formed by the Boston associates one of whom was Francis Cabot Lowell their plant was the first Factory in which the process of spinning and weaving by power machinery were brought together under one roof with every process mechanized from the production of the raw material to that of finished cloth in 1822 the Boston associates developed a new water-powered Center at a village along the Merrimack River which they then renamed Lowell and so the factory system really begins to develop under the Boston associates and specifically under Francis Cabot Lowell so what Slater began in 1790 altom utley develops and grows into something much bigger under Lowell and his factory here and again the commodity that they are focusing on is textiles and that's why these factories are going to be dependent upon this southern slave system because they need the cotton northerner simply could not grow cotton in fact much of the reason why they've industrialized even early on and had a more diverse culture and economy rather is because the soil simply was unsuitable for them to engage in large-scale agriculture so they didn't do it unlike the south where the soil was suitable for that type of work and so they did that thing but in order for the factories to work you're gonna need that type of cotton okay from the south and unfortunately as it was the South relied upon the slave system in order to make that function so chase down a rabbit hole a little bit there that's okay let's keep moving on as alluded to before it says the use of female factory workers brought advantages to both employer and employee says the Boston associates preferred female labor because they paid the young girls less than they did men now many women who came to the Lowell factory to work were young they tended to be single and they were single because of course as a married woman if you were to be taken out of the home to work in a factory you would have been seen and regarded as not doing your womanly duty of raising the family and home but these young women many of whom would have worked on small farms okay now I mentioned that the North was not suitable for farming I mean large-scale production farming yeah there were a lot of farms but they would have been personal farms consumption based farming as opposed to farming being done for the purposes of selling it on the market and so many young women who had tired of this sort of farm life thought that they this is a good opportunity now does this mean that the the social perception of women radically changed when these women began to work in this factory for a wage by the way no it did not women were still regarded as the inferior sex they were still understood as being socially inferior and civically inferior and even the labor that many of these women engaged in the the money that they would acquire would oftentimes be sent back to the head of household which would have been their father or other male leader of the home quote/unquote right but this is a first step in the right direction towards helping women gain a sense of e
uality in the workplace now these young women who ended up at the factory they would have been understood as engaging in labor and as having been part of a market process women who did not gain money or did not earn a wage for their labor were not regarded by the United States as having actually labored so if you were a housewife and a mother you would have worked all day every day tirelessly back-breaking but yet you would not have been considered as laboring although the women themselves when you read their diaries and what have you they very much considered themselves as having labored ok says these female workers often called mole girls benefited by experiencing a new kind of independence outside the traditional male-dominated family farm now to be sure there was a lot of oversight on these women they couldn't just run willy-nilly as they desire there was a lot of control that these women were under but they were also granted an education they had an opportunity to get to know other women and develop friendships and generally they had a sense of Independence that was not going to be had on the family farm heading back to America narrative history it says moreover by the 1820s there was a surplus of women in their area because so many men had migrated West in search of cheap land and new economic opportunity in the early 1820s a steady stream of single women began flocking toward Lowell to reassure worried parents the mill owners promised to provide the Lowell girls with tolerable work prepared meals of which they got to add a comfortable boardinghouses moral discipline and educational and cultural opportunities and indeed they did now I find the Lowell mill girls to be incredibly interesting indeed I find women's history as a subject of inquiry to be incredibly interesting one thing that I would like for you to do who is before you move on to the next slide click where it says tin bow 467 it's gonna give you a brief overview of these mill girls and give you a little bit more information on who they were how they lived and what they did so click on that take a look at that and then move on to the next slide okay so one thing that you're gonna need in order for this Industrial Revolution to occur is a new system of organization and we just looked at what that would have been that would have been the factory system as we saw with most factory but in addition to that you're gonna need a couple of other things as well okay it says here that dramatically increase production like that in the New England textile mills were key parts of the Industrial Revolution but required at least two more elements for widespread impact right in other words you're gonna need more than just a new organizational system right you're going to need a couple of other things as well for example one you're gonna need an expanded system of credit okay banking institutions are going to have to develop why because in order to make a factory system work in order to be more productive in order to increase the market revolution you're going to have to have capital and oftentimes if you don't have working capital you're gonna have to work with loans and so banking systems are going to develop largely in the north now again I want to stress this northern banks developed and in order to feed the northern factories with the cotton northern banks are going to offer loans to southern plantation owners who oftentimes had slaves so again here's another connection but an expanded system of credit was necessary to help entrepreneurs secure the capital that they needed for large-scale and risky new ventures right you need capital in order to invest in new technologies you need capital in order to pay for the development and construction of new factories you need capital in order to pay those people like the mill girls a wage for working your factory okay and of course you're going to need capital in order to purchase or sell what-have-you the commodity that you're purchasing and selling thus we need not just factory system we need banking but in addition to that you're also going to have to have improved transportation in order for a market revolution to occur you have to be able to meet the needs of a consumer outside your locality right it's one thing to have a local small business and to meet the needs of say like a hundred people but for an industrial revolution to actually occur you're gonna have to broaden your market outside your locale and the only way that that can work is through the development and improvements of transportation networks now prior to the Industrial Revolution right you have course you have foot you might have some canoe right you're gonna have very slow moving ways of transportation not to mention that it's incredibly expensive because it simply takes a very long time to move goods from one place to the next if we are going to have a market economy that is going to be revolutionary there has to be improvements in transportation and there was there were at least two in significant increases in developments of transportation one was the construction of canals and for example the Erie Canal referred to as the river of gold actually revolutionized the way in which commodities could be moved okay it says here in the book it says the Erie Canal was the longest canal in the world it virtually revolutionized American economic development for example it reduced travel time from New York City to Buffalo from 20 days to six and it dropped the cost of moving a ton of freight from $100 to five okay and the Erie Canal was such a success that it actually spawned a whole host of canal building projects but the problem is is that not every state has a waterway system where canals would work okay and during the winter months particularly if it gets cold canals are not helpful because the water freezes over and so while canals are revolutionary and the Erie Canal specifically you're gonna have to have another development and it is the railroad that will meet that need let's move on it says here that state governments played a key role encouraging both new banking institutions and vastly increased transportation networks this latter development is often termed the market revolution because of the central importance of creating more efficient ways to transport people raw materials and finished goods as I've already mentioned okay now what's the most remarkable invention in my opinion it is the railroad ok the railroad could be used year-round right and the railroad could go through places that water couldn't go through ok it also created new jobs for people who had to build the railroad it created new industries such as the steel industry the lumber industry right and of course the railroads are going to be significant in the development of urbanization because railroads are going to help create cities wherever a railroad hub was there you're gonna see more and more people and cities will develop and so in fact these types of technological innovations really will destroy Jefferson's notion of an agricultural Republic and indeed what we see going on here the development of a market revolution is far more in line with what Hamilton had in mind for the country ok so now let's take a look briefly at the railroad it says here that the development of railroads was one of the most important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution and indeed one could argue that the railroads did for the 19th century what say the internet is doing for you know us today as far as business goes it changed everything and let's be honest particularly as we will see during the American Civil War it's also going to change the way wars are fought because now you can move people and goods and supply lines much more quickly and efficiently than you could before changing the outcome in nature of various battles including as we will see the very first battle of the Civil War First Battle of Bull Run but not wanting to get ahead of myself let's just stick to this it says with their formation construction and operation they brought profile social economic and political change to a country only 50 years old now as I will show you on the next slide I'm going to show you a map of railroad development between 1850 and 1860 and you're gonna see that the Industrial Revolution really brought about a mass amount of railroad building railroads were incredibly important but and this may not be so obvious railroads also had the ability to create sectional differences because oftentimes railroads were going to be built in the north in order to support infant American textile factories and because you had to pay taxes in order to build these railroads many in the south began to feel alienated as they pay taxes to build railroads that in many respects weren't benefiting them because their construction was in the north okay it says here that over the next 50 years America would come to see magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would run awesome deep oats ruthless rail magnets and the majesty of rail locomotives crossing the country okay so let's take a look at this map real quick okay now we can see by 1850 all those lines that you see those are representative of railroads okay and you can see that by 1850 the majority of the railroads are built and the north okay looks like you've got one heading out of Virginia which connects you not even fully into Baltimore you'd have to get out and change rails by 1860 the number of railroads had drastically increased but one thing I want to point out because I had mentioned this already is that if you look at the south and if you go to where it says New Orleans and you're gonna see a railroad just to the left of it that goes north starts New Orleans and goes north if you follow that railroad it will take you from New Orleans to Chicago that is the only railroad that links the north to the south okay it's the only one the only other railroad that gets anywhere close is the one where it starts in Memphis and goes east close to near where Baltimore is but not quite okay now again that's important because it demonstrates who is benefiting from these railroads and indeed one of the things that's going to damage the south during the Civil War is that it does not have a systematic network of railroads okay but the point of this map is simply to demonstrate yes railroads became important and particularly the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad or what became known as the B and O railroad which if you've ever played Monopoly you've probably tried to purchase at one point so a little little fun fact there for you let's move on he says Baltimore the third largest city in the nation in 1827 indeed the top three largest cities in the United States in 1820s were all in the north it had not invested in a canal right New York had invested in a canal the Erie Canal but Baltimore had not and it recognized that if it was going to half if it was going to be competitive within this new market revolution it was going to have to build something and so it chose to build a railroad it says but yet Baltimore was 200 miles closer to the frontier than New York and it's it and this is important because people are moving west right and they need commodities and so soon it recognized that the development of a railway could make the city more competitive with New York and it's Erie Canal right the result was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad the first railroad chartered in the United States and there when the thing was built the first spadeful of Earth was actually turned over by the 91 year old Charles Carroll who had signed the Declaration of Independence he was the oldest and last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1927 28 rather and a little bit symbolic right he helped to inaugurate the nation through the declaration of independence and he helped to get its going on it's and development through pulling over this Spade full of Earth but again the point here that we're seeing is simply just the need for the United States and particularly Baltimore to meet the needs of the American West its frontier and just to meet the needs of a general market economy that was growing so that's an example of the Baltimore on Ohio Railroad and of course railroads began to spring up all over the place all right all right let's move on all right it states new railroads came swiftly in 1830 the South Carolina canal and railroad company was formed to draw trade from the interior of the state it had a steam locomotive built at the West Point foundry in New York City called the best friend of Charleston which was the first steam locomotive to be built for sale in the United States a year later the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad reduced a 40 mile wide wandering Canal trip that took all day to accomplish to a 17 mile trip that took less than an hour and again the point here is simply to demonstrate the significance of the railroad to read to you from American narrative history it says the railroad gained supremacy over other forms of transportation because of its speed carrying capacity and reliability the early trains averaged 10 miles per hour more than twice the speed of stagecoaches and four times that of boats but the railroad boom had negative consequences as well by opening up possibilities for quick and shady profits it helped corrupt political life and indeed one of the things we are going to find among many of these industrial technologies is that they had both positive consequences and negative consequences all right let's move on to the next section okay it says that the American industrial revolution concentrated in the North East would ultimately prove to be the most significant force in the development of the modern United States this economic innovation sprung primarily from necessity New England's agricultural economy was the poorest in the country and that helped to spur experimentation there again as is true with almost anything that you see wherever there's an industrial revolution wherever it's happening it's because the factors are are sufficient for it to happen there that the Industrial doesn't not the Industrial Revolution doesn't happen in the south at least not initially is because the South was content to grow cotton the South was content to work on a slave based system that system didn't work in the north and so innovation started there okay it says meanwhile the far more fertile southern states remained fully committed to agriculture as the central source of its wealth here two dramatic changes created a wholly new economy that would have been unrecognizable to late eighteenth century Americans now I want to read to you briefly from a book called the half has never been told slavery and the making of American capitalism written by Edward Baptist it's a fairly new text in one of his general arguments is that the slave system of the south was central in fact fundamental to the development of American capitalism he says this he says for a long time I wasn't sure how to tell the story of this muscular dynamic process in a single book the most difficult challenge was simply the fact that the expansion of slavery in many ways shaped the story of everything in the pre Civil War us in slavers is surviving papers showed calculations of returns from slave sales and purchases as well as the costs of establishing new slave labor camps in the cotton states newspapers dripped with speculations and land and people and the commodities they produced dramatic changes in how people made money and how much they made and the dramatic violence that accompanied these practices the accounts of northern merchants northern bankers and northern factory owners showed that they too invested in slavery bought from and sold to slave owners and took slices of profit out of slavery's expansion what's his point the northerners were just as tied up in slavery as the southerner was scholars and students talked about politics as a battle about states as rights or republican principles but viewed in a different light the fights can be seen as a struggle between regions about how the rewards of slavery's expansion would be allocated and whether that expansion could continue it's an incredibly important point to dress out here because you
ould easily forget slavery as you look at Industrial Development but one of the things I have attempted to try to do here is to make that connection quite clear that as the North industrialised specifically the Northeast and as urbanization is going on this is connected and linked to the institution of slavery and it makes the westward expansion of slavery all that more critical now let's take a look at this system real quick in the south it goes dire to say that the slave based tobacco economy that sustained the Chesapeake region as you might recall as we spoke about when we were talking about Jamestown was in deep crisis in the late 18th century and some Virginia leaders even talked about ending slavery slavery was not being it was not profitable enough to continue on but as fate would have it a technological invention that Eli Whitney came up with known as the cotton gin revolutionized this process it made slavery profitable you know prior to the cotton gin which the job of the cotton gin was to clean the seeds out of cotton which was a laborious process that when done improperly or even the efficiently could damage and tear the cotton okay prior to the cotton gin one slave could produce about a pound of cotton a day with the cotton gin that one slave could quadruple if not do more than that day and so plantation owners begin to produce far more cotton than they've ever done before they're making far more money than they've ever made before and they are going to reinvest that cotton in slaves now you definitely need to watch this film if you click on the word cotton you're gonna get to get sent to a link of a TED talk and it's going to quickly cover the cotton gin for you you may know what this is but you need to listen to this discussion on the cotton gin ok so click on that watch that and then we'll finish up with the next slide ok as that TED talk made quite clear there were both positive and negative consequences of the cotton gin but what it did was it made cotton King in the south and it says here that the rise of king cotton as the defining feature of southern life revitalized slavery the promise of cotton profits encouraged to speculator spectate I'm sorry I can't speak the promise of cotton profits encouraged a spectacular rise in the direct importation of African slaves now the transatlantic slave trade and we've mentioned this once before the transatlantic slave trade ends in the United States in 1808 and in fact the TED talk talked about that it says here that the promise of cotton profits encouraged two spectacular rise in the direct importation of African slaves in the years before the transatlantic slave trade was made illegal in 1808 250,000 new slaves arrived in the United States from 1787 to 1808 now in 1808 the slave trade is made illegal but that doesn't necessarily stop the number of slaves growing in the United States indeed slaves were often bred and masters would give incentives to women to get pregnant and to have more babies because in the United States once a slave always a slave and this will be legally codified in the Dred Scott decision and says after 1808 the internal slave trade forced african-americans from the broader straight states and the Chesapeake into the new cotton belt which ultimately stretched from upcountry Georgia to eastern Texas in fact more than half of the Americans who moved to the southwest after 1815 were enslaved blacks thanks to the cotton gin but that cotton gin though it had a negative impact in that it made slavery profitable that cotton gin also helped to make the American economy what it was because from the backs of slaves came a wealth of cotton that northern bankers northern shippers northern textile factories were reliant upon and so there are positive negative consequences to this process but there you have it now that's a very rapid overview of the Industrial Revolution hopefully you'll be able to find out more information as you read your textbook this week but that's going to call it for the day so with that go on pace be warm and Phil may the force be with you and live long and prosper thanks guys
