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so i have said that the poor people of africa cannot manage europe for america's waste if we all belong to a global community then why would any government sit down and watch this hazardous waste being transported or exported to a poor country like africa for me i see it as a deliberate attempt by the west to dump obsolete technology and hazardous materials on africa because they think that the solution in their respective countries are more expensive and it's cheaper to bring it down here to africa and so i got really angry because if he wastes a hazardous waste then somebody must pay for his management and if you're not ready to pay and rather dump it on somebody else then you are not being fair i mean you can guess by just mere looking at it about 70 percent of the people who are impacted by these u.s activities are women and children they are in the majority of people who come here some really have nothing to do with the e-waste but we must begin to think more carefully so that one day another generation will not rise up and say it is the west that have killed developing countries situations like this must not be allowed to continue this is agbo gloshi a scrapyard in acro ghana alongside chernobyl it is ranked as one of the most toxic places on the planet the dismantling of electronic waste or e-waste is done by men women and even children they work to extract valuable materials from items we discard it is a toxic and harmful process both to the people and to the environment but the rate of production and disposal of electronic items is increasing every year and more of these unregulated sites are appearing all across the world they are the face of our growing e-waste crisis ghana has huge impact of secondhand electronics and the last studies that was carried out indicated that 70 percent of all imports of electronic and electrical appliances are second hand so already that is huge and even within the 70 percent 20 percent almost 20 percent is coming as complete junk and these ones go to the dump sites or the scrapyard taco belushi where they are taking through environmentally hazardous means to retrieve precious metals added to this is lack of employment for our youth and so because there are precious metals that they can actually sell and make some money out of it a lot of young people go into this hazardous business just to make income for themselves and so these are the multiple facets of problems that we have electronic waste in general not only in accra but in ghana as a whole yeah i started the job with burning and this mountain i was 17 to 18. the electronics is coming from the the towns you get is from some of the companies houses and fitness shops when they brought it from europe they would select the one it's good and self the one is no good they'll sell give us for scraps so when you break when you brought it here you will dismount it remove the copper and then the wires aluminum the rest will bend it we are a group of scrap dealers that have come together to form an association we are called the greater grass crab dealers association in our scrap yard we deal in scrap metals which is the copper aluminium and the other structure automobile vehicles big machineries from factories computer parts electronics like radio sets televisions and all other aspects of metallic objects we are interested in all that yes if someone had said to me 10 years ago right you'll have a laptop which does internet phone you can watch watch films on it you'll have a phone which does all of that stuff as well but you can make phone calls and then that won't be quite enough so you'll need something that fits in between those so you'll need the tablet that does most of all of those things i wouldn't believe them but we've got increasing i.t and that's happening in the developing world as well take the cell phone in 2011 almost 500 million were made two years later that number had doubled to 1 billion today there are more operational cell phones on the planet than people but eventually all cell phones break in 2014 we produced 42 million tons of e-waste globally that's about 400 of the world's largest aircraft carriers or 115 empire state buildings or seven times the weight of the great pyramid at giza there are two problems with the disposal the first one is that we're generating too much of it because we throw things away and also the other problem is when we get to the end of life these things have inherent hazards in them if they're normally recycled in the standards we would expect then there's absolutely nothing wrong with it there's protection of human health and the environment if however they end up in a country or a place where there's not those controls then we can have real issues with what people can be exposed to when they're not looking after them in a sound manner it's a really nasty business the things are designed um for example not to burn they have flame retardants in them they have all sorts of chemical additives in there which are functional they do a job both in the manufacturing process and when you're using it when you start taking it apart when you start to burn it for example trying to get to melt the copper out or the gold when you try and treat it with acids to try and leach out some of the materials you may want to gain that's really bad news because you have no control over what's being released it could be released as a smoke it could be released to something in the acid which then goes into the ground the problem of the this thing it's just only the smoking when you breathe it even time you're not feeling well no go for sleep and this get fever again when you breathe this in the smoke that is your chest when you cough it will be black well i have an interest in seeing how the environment environmental change and human health all interact my background being in toxicology for testing for new compounds the team of eli film wanted to do an independent study to test if there is chemical contamination related to electronic waste dumping and processing in aqua blueshield as part of the study i worked with samson otiemo at the gun atomic energy commission samson is a former school teacher and currently a researcher at the commission which is a governmental research station i was teaching in a secondary school when one time we had a letter from a dutch company that i didn't want to mention the name that they wanted to donate computers and other accessories to my school to support i.t education and we were so happy because we needed these electronic equipment at that time they paid for the full cost 240-foot containers from netherlands right down to my hometown acropon where i was teaching when we were testing the computers before distribution we noticed about 80 percent of them were not working and we were surprised because how the company pay all this money send these junk equipment to us that time i hadn't heard of e-waste i didn't know what it was i spoke to other teachers from different secondary schools and unfortunately they also have the same sa story in one case none of the computers was working i just went onto the net and said dumping useless computers to africa and i found so many information on e-waste and that really pushed me into this u.s research so these black areas used to be burning areas but you see what i'm wondering is there's pockets of people manually disassembling yes this guy dismantle anything you can bring the latest ferrari so this typical e-waste dismantling activity going on okay you can see they've dismantled almost everything and these guys who do that demand this monthline they have the highest injury rate yeah they have the highest injury rate i mean look at this guy hammering the compressor any slip of the hammer can result in fatal injury and you know there is fire here find something i think what's surprising when you open up a mobile phone and you look at the the circuit board through even a low powered microscope is how tiny some of these components are and because we demand more and more power and we demand smaller and smaller devices the components themselves are getting to a really miniscule scale capacitors and resistors now are less than one-third of a millimeter across so you're talking about getting close to the width of a human hair for some dimensions of some of these components so this is a pretty old phone this is relatively easy to take apart to a certain level and then it gets tricky so i've taken those screws out but now what okay then we've got the electronics you can see how they started to corrode a little bit in this really old phone then the circuit board and you find in mobile phones there's a lot of shielding because there's a lot of obviously transmission of radiation as the thing transmits this little motor is the thing that makes your phone vibrate and this little weight at the top is actually made of a tungsten alloy because it's so heavy here we go so that's some more of the circuit board and under here we can get it off is the gold so whatever there are buttons there's usually gold and that's why smartphones are a little bit cheaper to make in some respect to some extent because they don't use all this skull as the contacts because they simply don't have a keyboard and buttons from this design there's clearly been not much thought given to to how you get the recyclable materials out of here how you get the um the valuable materials out maybe even how you get the toxic materials out um they're just too integrated with the design just common sense tells you that this is all rather difficult and probably not worth doing if you're a recycler you just want to throw this straight in a big recycling furnace maybe and just get the precious metals back current recycling technology is limited we can only retrieve some of the elements that we put into the waste stream in the first place in e-waste it's typically less than half the elements the rest of them are never fully recovered and so we are basically consuming and throwing away some of these very precious materials you have a range of materials which are regarded particularly in the eu as toxic materials lead is one which most people would have heard of but they're also cadmium arsenic which people are aware of as a poison mercury and there are others as well which can be um detrimental to health so as long as we control the amount that's released to the environment and we do it in a well controlled and environmentally friendly way then we can deal with these these these these elements which are um you know harmful to human health but if you do it in an uncontrolled well way and if you release it to the environment if it gets into the soil or into the air then that can cause a problem they are burning those wires to get copper out and then sell them we have to go a bit that way as well yeah into the smoke yes are you ready yes promise sure so in terms of the main chemicals that we're trying to look at we focus on heavy metals and the five ones that we selected were lead arsenic cadmium chromium and mercury which one way or the other have been reported to cause problems to humans oh my god this is ugly there you go you take deep shower with plenty of soap occasionally as one of the most difficult sampling you have ever done try to avoid as much trash as possible [Music] as soon as we collected the soil samples we took them to the commission to air dry them so that all moisture goes away we then sieved each soil sample into finer powder to get rid of little pieces of plastic or grass or whatever and then weighed each sample to know how much we are using the next step the next step was to add acids to the soil to perform a reaction that is called acid digestion this reaction allows the heavy metals to come out into solution and then we can take the solutions to use at the final stage of the process which is analysis and data collection so we take those solutions feed them into a detector which in our case was an atomic absorption spectroscope and then detect the concentration of heavy metals per gram this is how we determined the levels of the five heavy metals we chose what was shocking i suppose my the hypothesis of the of our testing was that we will find contamination but i did not expect to find contamination in in that smaller sample size and also when the disused areas into the areas that are not directly involved with electronic waste and to make a very clear causal relationship between each heavy metal or each chemical towards a health problem it takes a long time and that's the whole field of toxicology but you can take an idea i think from our study and supported by other studies as well because i was just consistent with those results to understand that there is something going on there anytime i return from ablution i don't enter my house with anything i put on trouble blushing i more or less remove everything naked and walk straight to the bathroom so i don't touch anything in the house i go straight to the bathroom get myself washed down and then make sure i put in protective clothing soak my clothing for about three days before putting them in the washing machine so that i don't cross-contaminate anybody in my house because i'm worried about the the huge pollution on the site the problems associated with toxic materials are not new to us there are international treaties that aim to control their transport use and disposal as e-waste contains toxic materials it is classified as hazardous the main treaty covering hazardous substances is called the basel convention i'm jim puckett i'm the founder and director of the basel action network the basel action network gets its crazy name from the united nations convention about trying to help developing countries protect themselves from hazardous waste dumping by rich developed countries it was unique in that it's an environmental treaty which was driven and basically authored by developing countries and extremely important that it gets ratified particularly by the countries that it needs to apply to the most the the highest waste producing countries and the united states per capita produces the most waste of any country in the world over 170 parties all of the european union australia canada japan etc are all parties to it but the united states refuses to ratify it and there's only two countries in the world that signed it in basel switzerland when it was first adopted that never ratified it and that's haiti and the united states once something is exported from the united states and is on its way on a boat to china as soon as it gets out of our territorial waters it becomes criminal traffic okay it's tuesday june 23 2015 at 10 oh sorry 11 22 in the morning paramount california we have a crt monitor going to atan recycling corporation at 13941 norton avenue unit d in chino california so with every item i will disable it somehow so it can't it's not usable and pull the main power so now this monitor is no good we want it to be waste we don't want it to be reusable so that we can state down the road that yes this item was a waste product and if the recycler says oh no we sent it for for reuse we tested it it's like i have footage of me destroying the monitor reliable data on the international trade in waste is very poor and cannot be relied upon because we're not collecting data for those waste streams so what you have to do if you really want real information about weight strain is you have to get your hands dirty you have to get out there you have to follow the containers that leave recyclers and disappear you need to have people in the ports like in tama port in acura ghana you had people in hong kong see the stuff coming in follow it where it goes you need to also think about using tracking devices this is something we're starting to do now this is what you have to do to really find out what's going on okay um so it should be this line of equipment here well not in that order but um sure yeah grab the tags and we can check the numbers that that's the order you're going to do that and just let me show you a tan recycling you're probably gonna see a sea container right here keep driving right to the end you're gonna look to your left and what you're gonna see is this here ju t full of e-waste gaylords everywhere like like that and probably a sea container here because they got a forklift around hello you needed to get rid of it do you think you can give up i just needed to get rid of it recycle it is that okay yeah sure okay so we have now deployed about 200 trackers and we've following them all over the earth now so i'll show you a little more when we go to the map function this is the one that went from michigan as you can see it went dot dot dot across the country on a train and sent out of long beach california went to a port in china and then went down to an area in china which is really remote very rural and if we zoom in on that you see a blotch of points which means every 24 hours it was reporting if we take that into the satellite map you can see that all of this is in a farm scrap yard in the middle of a farming community in china out of the basel action network's 200 trackers 62 went abroad to developing countries there was one country missing from the list of destinations it's a big mistake to presume that ghana is the extent of the problem ghana is easily accessible you get off an airplane with your camera you go there in 20 minutes you can look at it that's why it's getting featured so much but don't think for a minute it's the only place that's happening on earth we know for a fact that it's far larger amounts of being dealt with similarly in china india pakistan other countries in africa etc so it is a widespread problem it's an economic driven problem so it isn't going to be confined just to ghana the basel action network trackers revealed that broken crt monitors left with aton recycling had been exported to taiwan under taiwanese law it is illegal to import broken electronics we may not have managed to test for everything but the five elements we did they are known to have negative health outcomes particularly latin mercury the roots by which those heavy metals can reach humans are multiple so it can be harmful to to inhale to ingest to have skin contact and it's very harmful to any woman burying children because heavy metals can affect the development of embryos as soon as we got our results i showed them to dr tony fletcher who is an epidemiologist working between public health england and the london school of hygiene and tropical medicine where i also work my particular focus over the last few years has been on chemical exposures particularly in contaminated land and drinking water but i heard specifically about ago blushie from from markella when she showed me these alarming results of soil contamination there it's very it's very worrying because they are vulnerable individuals and they they are not informed about the potential hazards i mean they don't smell they're not gonna you don't perceive these metals as being something that you taste or anything that those the levels of exposure here it's enough to lead to chronic risk to health without um without you perceiving it's happening to you you've got two different sorts of risks involved here mainly there's uh neurological damage risk to your your brain to your nervous system particularly strongly from lead and mercury which among the contaminants and then there's the risk of cancer which you get from arsenic from chromium and from cadmium the five elements that were tested are all known to cause human health problems they include cancer respiratory problems developmental defects and neurotoxicity the concentration of these elements in hogwarts blossie was sometimes over a hundred times higher than the soil outside the site we don't feel good looking at their condition economically looking their condition of health because most of the things that we do here negatively we first of all it comes to us we start getting the negative effect before it even as opposed to other people therefore we are not happy about what is going on it looks as if our situation is like you have a daughter that is dying you don't have money to take your daughter to school to the hospital so you just be confused and you don't know what to do that is the situation in which we find ourselves but nobody gets health screened in any way here um once a while the ministry of health comes in and does it by pure evolution purely voluntary and what do you know what they do like do they take samples they take their sample they check for [Music] they are vital vitas blood pressure yeah sugar level but they don't we don't have a nationality so people who are who might get ill here though will they go to that hospital they might go through oh there's a clinic nearby where they'll go but again because we don't have and these people also i mean i mean from the lower edge of the poverty line may not have the financial resources to do that kind of tests that will help to identify their illness so maybe if they complain of headache or vomiting which are all symptoms of poisoning the doctor may treat them for malaria which is quite prevalent in ghana and so the person may end up dying because the problem may not be malarial problem it could be poisoning tomorrow ghana seems to have a special relationship a lot of the people involved are expats from the uk or from the former colonial relationship so a lot of the material is flowing from the uk and to a lesser degree from mainland europe netherlands germany but ghana doesn't seem to get a whole lot from the us at least according to our current tracking because the usa has not ratified the basel convention its companies can export e-waste without breaking federal law in the european union which has ratified the convention and implemented several other agreements only working electronics can be exported to developing nations despite this the export of e-waste still [Music] happens when my my boss bring them from the maybe uk come straight to the pot my general manager has to do the processing with the paper these things after then they'll bring them to our viral shops so we just offload them to the warehouse before we bring them to the shops sometimes not all maybe if it's about 50 we will get about 40 of them working and some will be yes we have to check them so that place will be my duty to really check and then repair them they all come from the uk yeah no one knows how big the extent of the criminality is because they don't fill in returns to say i've just engaged in 10 000 tons of illegal activity or whatever it might be we believe there's something in the region of about 100 000 tons of waste that's illegally exported waste electricals that are legally exported each year from england the people we're targeting are criminals and they're doing it for money and there's a whole range of people involved in the criminal activity from those people that think it's a way a fast way to make money through to people that are seriously organized in terms of um you know funding other criminal activities we have got a good industry in this country and in europe for recovering electronic waste and turning into valuable materials unfortunately some people take the money pretending that they are going to recover the material and then they might masquerade it as an as other goods and send it to a place in the world where it is cheaper to dispose of which is illegal to put this to the test e-life deployed four trackers hidden in broken crt monitors they were disabled by an independent electrician four drop-off locations were established around london of those four three crts were taken to recycling centers and scrapped according to regulations the fourth however traveled elsewhere how are you doing i just want it recycled it's broken yeah good man yeah all right 50 feet you don't need that do you let you have it it's it's broken all right thanks a lot yeah thank you very much within a month it had arrived in temaport akra and then was transported to the la paz district a location known as a marketplace for used european goods oh wow that's it okay two of the elife team found the crt on sale outside a second hand good shop okay okay okay so i've seen the the you can see the chocolate yeah that's obviously yeah it was sold to them for 15 us dollars and it was still broken not everything that gets diverted off for reuse still works and this is where the problem comes in in this country we're absolutely rubbish at repairing hardly anyone gets anything electronic repaired whereas if we go to those other countries the repair is quite easy so there's no waste and not waste that's purely our slant on it it's perfectly legal and environmentally and socially wise to reuse computers and any other electricals as much as possible so in parts of africa for example 80 to 90 percent of the population can't afford new so if we're going to hit millennium development goals if we're going to have it involved in any development we need people to be able to buy these goods and they can't buy new i think because the electronic products are coming as second hand we have a perception in ghana that those ones are quality than the brand new equipment and sometimes it is true most of the electronic gadgets that come from the asian region are mostly substandard and so they bring that quite easily and so people tend to buy second hand more whether exported legally or illegally one issue that cannot be denied is that at some point all electronics will become waste when this happens in developing countries the lack of recycling infrastructure means e-waste cannot be disposed of safely as it cannot be shipped elsewhere it ends up on sites like agbabloshi in ghana here we have some people who goes around by them as crabs they too pieces them so i really don't know what they use it to do but they will buy it from us at a cheaper rate and then they take it away normally they come to the warehouse because when we check and it's faulty and we can't do nothing about it we just put them somewhere when they come then we just give it to them we can't just leave them in our garbage like we can send them to the refugee site definitely some they also go there to pick them out so it's important they come around and then take them away there's no other way unless describe the less come around to take those things i think producers of electronic and equipment must be responsible for what they produce i mean there's no justification to finally dell keyboard line in aguashi when we are talking about circular economy in uk there is absolutely no certification why is it that dell hp toshiba etc in uk and in europe and in america they are responsible for the enough life of their products but when it comes to africa we leave it for our poor young men to dismantle and poison themselves and everybody else i mean i feel so bad to see these multi-national companies and their motherboards and their keyboards lying around at blue shield this problem she didn't start yesterday at least has been running for almost 10 years now why is there no concrete action by the producers to try and also solve this problem ladies and gentlemen please find your seats and silence your devices welcome to the future the millions of decisions big and small the countless realizations of new ideas the immeasurable number of choices that all happened in this moment will shape the world as we know it tomorrow and for years to come new technologies are giving us the power to not only navigate the chaos but to define the future ourselves it's really been interesting to watch the global focus now both on climate change but also on materials and how much do we have and how much do we need so if everyone consumed at the rate americans do today it would take five earths to supply the materials for that we don't have fibers and it's not going to change anytime soon so we really have to rethink as a world how we manufacture and use goods so we have a goal by 2020 to collect 2 billion pounds of electronics globally right now we're at 1.4 billion pounds and just with the reconnect program since we launched that in 2004 we've collected 427 million pounds we're the largest recycler globally geographically in 78 countries and territories so we take it very seriously if you think about it and you see those pictures of the e-waste and you see a box that says dell that's our owner's name we don't want that in any landfill because we'd seen all of the e-waste that was being dumped overseas dale took a leadership position to really push for the banning of e-waste export internationally from the united states the problem with recycling is that on its own it is not a solution the process is complex and expensive and lots of valuable material is still lost to reduce the amount of e-waste we need to rethink how we design and manufacture our technology i really believe that the current linear take make dispose economy is a model that's no longer fit for purpose we make most of the electronics around us today in a predominantly linear fashion we've set this up in the industrial revolution and it's a very efficient process we get we get a lot of very high quality electronics at quite an affordable price really but no consideration has been paid into what happens to the products at the end of its life so these products can rarely be fixed or repaired or remanufactured which are kind of key components to moving towards a more circular model we define the circular economy as an economy that is restorative and regenerative by design products are being manufactured and optimized for the purchasing decision and when people go and they look to buy things we're comparing features we're not comparing lifespan there's a path for manufacturers to create products that are compelling they're useful that push the state of technology forward that also can stand the test of time so if we're going to talk about a circular economy in the context of electronics it has to be around repair and reuse that's an area if we can extend the life of a product we can build a circular economy but we really need to de-emphasize recycling because recycling is is the least important part of the loop we've been so frustrated with the state of the industry and with manufacturers complete unwillingness to solve this themselves we said okay if you won't design a solution we'll design the solution for you and we're going to open source your hardware to you we're going to take your products we're going to open them up we're going to show people how to take them apart whether you like it or not so the new product comes out we get our hands on it we take it apart we figure out what the process is to repair it and then we start writing repair instructions i have an apple watch here and in this case it was really challenging to figure out how to take it apart because there's glass and we had to actually use heat and an exacto knife to cut a gasket around the edge of it and get inside and one of the things that we find when we get inside is buried deep in the bowels of the apple watch is the battery if if there wasn't the battery in here and you wanted to go to recycle this you could just throw the whole thing in the shredder you could take the watch band off and throw the rest of it into the shredder but the battery causes a safety problem because if there's any charge in this and you're not through a shredder it will ignite the dust that's in the shredder and it can cause an explosion and no recycler can spend five minutes worth of their paid laborers uh to get the battery out of a watch that maybe has you know 50 cents in raw material value you need to create a different reality than we have right now to be able to solve all the problems so why focus on all the problems well we focus on the problems in our own supply chain to create change throughout the whole industry and how do you do that by creating a different kind of thinking and in that sense fairphone is is part of a bigger thing i think [Music] so we've been very successful in in the sense that um when we when we started we were just you know we were set up as a campaign but at a certain point we we figured out you know to really be able to change we need to be part of the economic system and that's also the moment where we said you know is that if there's more than 5000 people that that will buy the phone we're going to do it and and the fantastic t ing that happened then in the crowdfunding was that we sold over 10 000 phones in three weeks and just to give you give you some numbers that's three and a half million euros of crowdfunding in just three weeks and we had it on our bank account we didn't know how to make a phone that was that was a bit of a panic situation but you know we we saw that people really made that statement the mission of fairphone as a social enterprise is by building our phone we want to create a more fair economy a fair economy that's a huge word that's so intangible you cannot really overnight change the whole economic system so what we've done is within our own value chain we have identified four action areas that we continuously want to improve on a social and environmental aspect those four areas being mining design manufacturing and life cycle for example in mining and the first priority in there is how to come up with alternatives for the currently infamous conflict minerals being tin tantalum tungsten and gold from congo and surrounding countries so by investing and sourcing from minds that are validated conflict-free we hope to come up with alternatives for congolese minors to be able to work in these validated green minds instead of working in minds that are run by rebel groups one of the main flaws of the design of smartphones now is that they are designed to be very beautiful in the shop but not so designed to let's say survive the life that we give them so we try to solve that with this integrated case which gives a much better resistance as well another flaw on on phones normally is that we'll break our screens and normally we have to go to a shop or lose it for a couple of days with her front two we have two pins here that you can open and you can just remove the screen what we've done with a first one to this design is isolate all the electromechanical components and what that means is all the components in in electronics that that have a movement if you want so camera has a focus that has to focus a speaker has to vibrate a usb port has a connector coming in and out every day so all those electromechanical components are the ones that break faster let's say for instance if i my camera would have a problem then after some diagnosis has been done i could just get a new camera and with a simple phillips screw you would be able to just remove your your camera in a couple of years times i'm almost 100 sure that the main industry has a lot of these notions of circular economy integrated in their product management product design product services and product end-of-life management technology is changing our society faster than ever before the rate we build and consume sets new records every year and as a result the amount we throw away is also increasing there are growing numbers of sites where waste electronics are processed unsafely with dangerous consequences and aguabloshi is just one example it is time to think of a different way a way for consumers to guarantee their e-waste doesn't end up in places like aquaboshi we need manufacturers and designers to supply products that last we need a solution we are not really discussing circular economy because we just found one motherboard lying there why do we leave it here why do we pollute these children with such things when we can use them properly and put them back into the product chain is it deliberate or somebody's not thinking i think somebody's not caring but well then we must begin to care because we're in a global village you see it is not a ghanaian issue please this is not about amigoshi it is not even about ghana it's about how we are treating our end of life equipment that is that is that is the fundamental issue if we look at it as a blockchain issue if we look at it as oh ghana is polluted we put fantastic pictures in the newspapers on the internet and say oh ghana is polluted ghana is polluted please it is not about ghana it's about how as a global system we are looking at material scarcity material conservation the future of this globe depends on how we all transform this place and make it better so that the materials can come back into the production chain otherwise the next generation will not survive what we are doing this is certainly not sustainable