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by now we've looked at some of the causes of the industrial revolution and a few of the immediate effects like the rise of factories today we're going to focus in on how the industrial revolution affected cities the process of urbanization i'm going to start by reading from a source from one of my favorite historians named eugene weber from one of his lecture series called the western tradition he writes in 1800 about 10 of europeans lived in cities so before the industrial revolution by 1900 after the industrial revolution about 40 percent of them lived there in 1800 there were 17 cities in europe with a population over a hundred thousand people by 1900 there were a hundred such cities big cities were extraordinary fascinating or terrifying examples of the possibilities of the age of our dreams of our nightmares cities of course are the home of civilization from the ancient worlds they have been so and even the word civilization proves it civic civil civility civilization they all refer to what a citizen is or should be the member of an urban community and an urbanite is described as urbane courtesy elegant refined few or so really few are so now but the urbanites are by definition superior to the rustic countrymen who get all the negative descriptions poor yokel bumpkin clawdhopper and so on this was always so but in the modern world in the world made and remade by the industrial revolution it was more so with more profound implications for all of us for the first time there was light new shops new goods new pleasures wide thoroughfares but there are also chimneys belching smoke factories fowling the air and water and gumbo diplomacy making the world safe for europe it is fashionable nowadays to disparage the consumer economy and it's true that it has gone to exaggerated and wasteful lengths but i would rather have too much than too little and i would rather have a majority of the population with access to consumption than just a tiny minority as had been the case throughout history until that is the 19th century's mass production bulk buying economies of scale incurred mass encouraged mass consumption and created the new low prices the discounts the sales that give a lot of people access to goods and comforts and the courteous treatment incidentally that only very few enjoyed until that time of course there were still millions who couldn't afford these goods there are still millions today but for the first time there were millions now who could afford them not just a few thousand as before and that was a dramatic change urbanization describes the process of cities growing and that's one of the most hallmark features of the industrial revolution the growth of factories led to more people moving to cities to find jobs so cities and factories developed near sources of energy near rivers near mines that were needed to power the industrial revolution and its machines you can see on the slide on the bottom left there is a list of english cities with their main industry coal banking steel textiles cotton steel these new cities these new industrial cities grew fast and in an unorganized way and that led to some pretty epically awful living conditions especially for the working poor who were there to find work sometimes desperately in factories their housing was built fast and badly it was not sanitary and there wasn't enough of it for everybody education in the cities was limited mostly to the upper middle class and the upper class and there was little police protection back then also back then streets were unpaved and didn't have drains and garbage often piled up on the streets you can kind of see on the right and on the bottom some pictures of the living conditions of the working poor these were called tenements the sanitation then in these cities especially for the poor was about as bad as you'd imagine cholera epidemics for example were common in cities of england cholera is a disease that comes from contaminated drinking water not that they knew it back then um it's a stomach infection that leads to severe diarrhea and or death by severe diarrhea just super gross so like couple that with the fact that people lived in cramped quarters sometimes several families into one room and you have the makings for what we would now call a public health crisis in 1848 for example one study revealed that the average lifespan for a working-class person in a large city in england was 17. infrastructure on the other hand developed and this was a more positive effect of the industrial revolution miles and miles of railroad track were built and to speed communication even further the telegraph made it possible to send messages to people without even connecting physically between them go back to my little buddy professor weber to describe this time period for us he says it was the time of marvel's powerful railroads mighty bridges giant factories telegraphs telephones and newspapers for a penny that linked and shrank the world and towering above them were the cities symbols of an age there were only about 16 000 miles of railroad track in europe when march when marx published his communist manifesto but if you put them together with tunnels railway bridges and stations and workshops and sheds that were part of the system they already represented more stone and metal than all the monuments of antiquity including the pyramids when the 19th century opened napoleon's armies didn't move much faster than those of julius caesar's from ancient rome when the century closed you could cross all of europe in three or four days by rail for the first time news was consistently moving faster than people in ancient times you could send a message by carrier pigeon and you could hope that the pigeon didn't get diverted along the way or eaten in the time of the three musketeers so the age of absolutism you could send a message by courier who might cover as much as 60 miles a day as long as he wasn't held up by bad weather or by robbers by the time of the french revolution you could send a message by telegraph provided the message was simple and the weather was clear but by the 1870s a telegram could reach around the world in a few hours and by 1900 radio messages could move over oceans in a flash so things were changing among the things that were changing too were social classes the social hierarchy specifically shifted in the industrial age in the cities and new social classes began to emerge at the very top the industrial revolution created tremendous wealth and so you had an upper class of traditional landowners and aristocrats people who had always been wealthy because they owned things and they didn't have to work and now we could add to them factory owners and capitalists there was an upper middle class who marx would later call the bourgeois of doctors lawyers factory owners highly educated professionals who are rich but who also worked and in this time period they were becoming increasingly politically active there was a lower middle class of small shop owners artisans tool makers printers and factory managers who are now receiving an education becoming increasingly informed because of the speed that news could travel now and therefore newly politically active and at the very bottom you had the masses of working class who marx called the proletariat factory workers unskilled wage labor these were the masses that were not educated their jobs were not secure because it was unskilled work that could be replaced super easily and largely they were impoverished although they had some political strengths in numbers and that there were so many of them they couldn't completely be ignored individually they were powerless and without hope of social mobility [Music] and the thing about the industrial revolution this time was that you could see class really clearly on the city streets because all of these groups of people were sharing the same space the same cities and this was new so you could see on the left of the slide for example the working class in various states of poverty notice that the children themselves work on the bottom right of the slide you'll see the middle class looked clearly better off those children looked clearly better taken care of better fed better rested better clothes they're cleaner they're even wearing white and on the top right you have the upper class of capitalists who are having a grand old time with all of the money that they're making from what they own notice the children in the top hats that's what they dressed it like to go to school compare that to the children on the left of the screen notice that on the top right those women are wearing incredibly white clothes in dirty cities consider how much wealth it took to walk around like that and consider what you would feel if you were a working class person who consistently saw evidence that your labor was enriching an incredibly idle upper class power dynamics therefore were changing because the cities were changing as inequality became starkly visible this was a slow process but it was important with the masses the huge numbers of average people concentrated in the cities living in close proximity to the wealthy and the political elites and each other the working poor gradually gained a certain amount of political power not much but a little because one they were gradually becoming better informed about politics just by living in the cities themselves and two they could organize in huge numbers and protest and remember this is during a time when europe had a recent experience of revolutions and was kind of afraid of reliving the same drama so in a new way the masses the poor the masses of poor people became a political force of a sort political leaders could not afford to ignore them entirely it's easier to ignore a poor person in the countryside on his own because if that poor person gets angry with the government it doesn't affect much in a city though things can change pretty fast and so we come to the first of two slides for notes so please pause slide here and get down the following information urbanization refers to the growth of cities movement of people to cities and industrialization caused this in a couple of ways first industrialization led to population growth improvements in agriculture because of mechanization met fewer famines more food and the lower infant mortality rates so more people survived as factory work expanded and the factory system developed more people transitioned from farming full-time to factory work and migrated to cities to find jobs migration to cities plus a higher population therefore led to dramatically higher population density in cities so way more people concentrated together in a smaller space so that's how the industrial revolution affected demographics and cities in terms of infrastructure inventions like the railroads and telegraphs made it easier to communicate with distant or remote areas and less expensive to transport goods and finally in terms of social class which refers to the division of groups of people based on income or wealth or power social hierarchy in other words greater more visible inequality especially between the industrial working class and the capitalist class that grew rich off their working labor was new and it would have some pretty big effects on the next slide there is a copy of the industrial social hierarchy that i also want you to get in your notes but first pause here and get this information down next pause here and make sure you have a copy of this social hierarchy for the industrial age