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Under the much older planetary model of electrons, I think it was assumed that the electrons (relativistic?) kinetic energy kept them in orbits flying around around rather than collapsing, similar to planetary gravitation, or something like that.Under the semi older but now not quite accurate probability model, mathematically, there's the most likelihood of finding an electron in a shell some distance away from the nucleus, but that doesn't necessarily mean the electron doesn't pass closer to the nucleus…if I understand correctly. See here: Why Don't Electrons Just Fall Into the Nucleus of an Atom?Under the current understanding, electrons, neutrons, protons, and everything else are just some sort of emergent perturbations of underlying quantum fields, and the whole game no longer even makes any sense in a way that we can classically imagine it. It's beyond my understanding as to why those quantum fields seem to resolve, at least in terms of physical interaction, into something that seems to have an outer probability electron shell and a lot of empty space in between. I will leave it to the experts so perhaps answer that (cue Viktor T. Toth).

Let's leave aside the "court of law" thing. It was a mistake to bring that idea into this argument, but I don't think that's the main problem.I think the main problem with this argument is, where does it take us? Okay, you've argued that there might be an undetectable God, or at least a God that has the option of going undetected. Even if this was the case, so what?Maybe the exact number of Galaxies in the universe is a perfect number. It's unlikely, but I have no way of disproving it. Maybe there is a guy on this Earth who looks exactly like me, except he's spent his whole life in some cave in Asia. Nothing in my life has given me the opportunity to disprove that. Maybe the bottled tea I'm about to drink had a person's finger in it before it was sealed. There are probably ways to determine whether this happened, but I don't know how and I'm not worried about it.My point is, how would the existence of an undetectable God affect our lives? How can we know?It is impossible to live your life giving equal merit to all the things that might be. Having an imagination is good, but one can imagine many things, and when it comes to making decisions like, "How should I conduct my life?" you can only try to make reasonable choices based on what evidence there is. An example of this is when a case is decided in a "court of law".First off, you do know that "reasonable doubt" is only a standard used in criminal courts, right? Like, if you sue someone, reasonable doubt won't come into it. (It may seem like I'm just being pedantic, but bear with me.) Even in criminal courts, "reasonable doubt" and other standards have sometimes resulted in criminals being acquitted. (Many rape cases, for instance, are very hard to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt".) Not everyone agrees with the reasonable-doubt standard, but among all of the imperfect standards, our society has decided (for now) that it would be better overall to require that the State prove its accusations as rigorously as possible (in theory).My point is that "beyond a reasonable doubt" is not a cosmic standard of proof to which we must subject all of our beliefs. Legal standards of proof are based on practical considerations based on the very complicated reality of social life. The scientific community has decided on their own standards of proof, informed by different practical considerations, and I am sure they did not settle on these standards without quite a bit of debate along the way.

No, shoeing a horse causes no pain. Horse shoers, also called farriers, are well trained to perform all aspects of hoof care and balancing for soundness, comfort and correct movement. The old shoes are removed by filing away the clinches (more about clinches later…) and then pulling the old shoe along with the old nails.The horse’s hoof is constantly growing so before applying new shoes the shoer trims away the excess hoof wall. Often this means cutting off about 3/8 inch of hoof. The bottom of the hoof, called the sole, also grows constantly and needs to be trimmed; so after the shoer removes the mud and debris from the cleft of the hoof he or she will carefully trim the sole and frog (pad) to remove the excess and deteriorated hoof material. It is kind of like giving the horse a pedicure, but much more complicated because the hooves must be shaped correctly so that they land, break over and travel in a balanced manner as the horse moves or runs. Each hoof is different and each horse moves differently, too, so the shoer must shape each hoof to aid the horse’s movement.The old shoes are not put back on as they will have been worn thin, even though they are made of metal. Horses are heavy and apply a lot of force and friction to their shoes!Each of the new shoes is carefully shaped to match the shape of each hoof. That way, the shoes don’t interfere with the careful shaping and balancing of the hooves.The shoes are held on with a very special kind of nail. If you look at a shoeing nail closely you will see that the shaft of the nail is not round. It is rectangular with flat sides that taper to a very sharp point. On one of the wider sides of the nail you will see a pattern of parallel lines that have been scored into the metal, giving that side a distinct texture. When the shoer places the nail he or she makes sure that textured side is turned to face the hoof wall. As the nail is driven into the hard, insensitive hoof material that textured side causes the nail to bend. As a result, the tip of the nail exits the hoof partway up the hoof wall - generally about 3/4 inch above the shoe. (Since 3/8 inch hoof material was cut away the old nail holes are now out of the way for applying new nails.) As soon as the nails are fully driven into and through the hoof wall, the shoer cuts off the exposed points of the nails and then bends the remaining stub firmly down against the hoof wall and smooths off any rough edges to avoid them injuring the horse. It is the bent nail shafts, called “clinches”, that hold the shoes in place.