Anthropogenic Chlorofluorocarbons in the Black Sea and the Sea of Ocean Washington Form

Q:How important was Caspian sea for Iran or Russia ? What is the use of having a navy in the Caspian sea but these fleets cant go out to the Ocean?A: For Russia it has always been important for the last 300 years, for nearly that entire period, the Russian and later Soviet Union owned most of the lands around it except the Iranian part. Before that, Turks and Iranians (with ever increasing conflicts) have controlled it for hundreds of years. The Russians called it a part of their enormous- Trans Turkestan region.The Caspian sea is actually more of a large lake or inland waterway than a sea and the main outlet of the Volga River. Due to this, its salinity is extremely low as compared to other seas.In the modern era, it has become vital due to OIL-The existing Soviet, post Soviet and proposed Pipelines are showcased here.“In 1873, exploration and development of oil began in some of the largest fields known to exist in the world at that time on the Absheron peninsula near the villages of Balakhanli, Sabunchi, Ramana and Bibi Heybat. Total recoverable reserves were more than 500 million tons. By 1900, Baku had more than 3,000 oil wells, 2,000 of which were producing at industrial levels. By the end of the 19th century, Baku became known as the "black gold capital", and many skilled workers and specialists flocked to the city. By the beginning of the 20th century, Baku was the centre of international oil industry. In 1920, when the Bolsheviks captured Azerbaijan, all private property – including oil wells and factories – was confiscated. Afterwards, the republic's entire oil industry came under the control of the Soviet Union. By 1941, Azerbaijan was producing a record 23.5 million tons of oil, and the Baku region supplied nearly 72% of all oil extracted in the entire USSR. In 1994, the "Contract of the Century" was signed, signaling the start of major international development of the Baku oil fields. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a major pipeline allowing Azerbaijan oil to flow straight to the Turkish Mediterranean port of Ceyhan, opened in 2006. The collapse of the USSR and subsequent opening of the region has led to an intense investment and development scramble by international oil companies. In 1998, Dick Cheney commented that "I can't think of a time when we've had a region emerge as suddenly to become as strategically signNow as the Caspian." (all of this from WIKI)To give a further idea of the strategic importance of the Caspian, take a look at the way the Volga river flows inside Russia-Moscow, Kazan, Samara, Astrakhan, Volgograd (was famous as Stalingrad), Nizhny Novgorod (ancient Kievan Rus settlement), Ryazan, etc are directly connected and St. Petersberg and White Sea, Lake Ladoga, Black Sea and Baltic Sea is connected by Canals. No wonder it is of vital national security to the Russians.To counter the Russians, the West (read:USA) is attempting a positioning in the Caspian Ocean, it is like the Russians gaining a base in the “GREAT LAKES” area if you look at it from the Russian point of view.Summary- It is a case of National Interest, Economic Interest and Historical interest for the Russians.

Hydrogen sulphide, an acid gas, is generally considered an environmental pollutant. ...Hydrogen sulphide occurs naturally in many gas wells and also in gas hydrates and gas-saturated sediments especially at the bottom of the Black Seawhere 90% of the sea water is anaerobic.Hydrogen from hydrogen sulphide in Black Sea

By negotiation.A number of European powers sent envoys to make contact with the Mongols: Venice, Genoa, France, the Papacy, and a few others. The Italian cities did particularly well with these negotiations, since all they wanted to do was establish trading outposts, not make meaningful territorial claims, establish alliances, or do anything else deeply political. The Mongols liked trade, so trade they did.

A one word answer-Oarfish.A lot of the supposed Sea Serpent sightings in fact occur from misidentifying Cetaceans or Oarfish. People often badly overestimate sizes, and they think something is much bigger than what it is. A small cross-section of the the back of a whale can be mistaken to be Serpentine. And of course, sailors made up fantastic stories to tell (and impress people with) in the olden days (mermaids anyone? No corpses yet, unless one includes Manatees).You may not be convinced. In which case see the following cetacean pictures: andAnyone who sees only this much can be forgiven for thinking it to be serpentine.There is however, a fairly serpentine looking creature that washes up on the shore relatively often, and can be mistaken for a sea-serpent. It is the  Oarfish, which lives pretty deep under the ocean (1km or so). It is unlikely that they actually saw a live specimen close to the surface (as that would be rather atypical behavior), but a corpse can create the start of a legend. Oarfish also wash up onto the shore plenty of times (in fact, we first knew it existed from the washed up corpses)Pictures of the animal in question:Fairly small, but you can see where hyperbole may lead this to.And sometimes hyperbole is unnecessary.23ft-not too shabby at all.Note that the Oarfish has gills and does not raise its neck above water. It also does not have Homo sapiens as a component of its diet. Those parts of the stories are fabricated.There are real, reptile sea serpents that are quite dangerous on account of their venom (they are far more toxic than terrestrial snakes). But these are unlikely to have spouted any legends as they look like:and are pretty small.You mention thousands of sightings over the past two centuries, some photographs please? The thing is that most of these stories have might have some real basis, but a massive marine reptile with a serpentine body is very unlikely. Plesiosaurs have been extinct for a while.One further Comment on account of other answers: It is true the vast majority of the Oceans, especially the depths have not been mapped. However, the absence of photographic evidence for a massive marine reptile (which must surface to breath) raises questions about the whole thing. Large marine creatures (sharks, bony fishes or whales) tend to have a rather wide geographic range (as all the World's Oceans are connected, and large apex predators simply move where food is plentiful). A reptile would prefer tropical waters, but the range should still be massive (barring some unusual effect).I would also like to add that while we have massive fossil evidence for whale evolution, we have zero "sea-serpent" bones in those layers-further raising questions about the whole affair. If a Plesiosaur or like had survived past the K-T boundary, there should have been some fossil record (populations do not stay ~1000 forever, there must have been an increase over time and chance to spread across the ocean). No such evidence is present, further suggesting that the stories are fabrications, delusions or misinterpretations.

We need to look at a few factors at play here.Do the Russians have any other choice?Imagine having to sail from the Baltic Sea (oops, Straits of Denmark). Or from the North Sea (oops, UK). Both of which are at a considerable distance away from any action in the Mediterranean that the Russian Navy wants to participate in. Please, please, do not get the Pacific fleet to sail all the way to Europe. The last time they tried that stunt, in the opposite direction, the results were not too terrific.And if you think the Russians are never going to take action in the Mediterranean, well, nobody is going to let go of a backyard just like this. Definitely not Russia.Can they actually exit the Black Sea safely?The Dardanelles is controlled by Turkey. If the Russian Air Force and Navy is capable of pummeling Turkey into submission *before* seizing the straits, exiting the Black Sea safely should not be an issue. Any action by Turkey to restrict the freedom of navigation of the Black Sea fleets would be a prime causus belli.If you look at the relative size of the Turkey and Russia, the latter is totally capable of smashing it up, but I suspect the cost shall be high. Not only that, but NATO is likely to be involved. I am not too sure the Russians want that. But can they, if they are prepared for the cost? Yes, most definitely they can.Finally, we look at usefulness if they cannot move out.In much of life, the threat of something is much more scarier than its actual use. That is how blackmail works. Once the blackmailer actually goes ahead to execute the threat, there is no longer any sting. In the same way, the Black Sea fleet is a threat that all Mediterranean nations have to think about and consider when they plan their actions.The very existence of the Black Sea fleet carries diplomatic and deterrence value, even if its capability to move out of the Black Sea is a doubt.

It doesn't.An iceberg is hunk chunk of ice that has broken (calved) away from a glacier.  Currents then move the iceberg.Glaciers are formed from snow, and are thus freshwater.  Therefore icebergs are freshwater too - not frozen sea water.About 10% of an iceberg is above the surface because ice has a density that is about 89% the density of salt water.  That makes the iceberg buoyant.

Not very far at all. Mere feet only if you are in the wrong place.Swells roll in towards the beach, break as waves which wash up on the beach.That washed up water then runs back out to sea but following swells and breaking waves are rolling up on the beach behind it.So what happens? The water trying to drain back out to sea meets the water trying to come in behind it, gets pushed to the side and funneled into a narrow fast channel running back out to sea. It is called a RIP Current.Also known as Riptides or Undertows.Here is a video explaining them…

There is no need of uncle Sam sticking his legs into south China sea. Since we already know the glorious history of USA in solving such matters. As we USA jump into the matter of Syria and never ended war started. Similarly , when USA step into Iraq against Saddam , Saddam himself died but a new problems rose and which till exists . Similarly , the situation of Libya gives a brief description about problem solver America.Since , south China sea is a complex problem between the stakeholders of it, so it must be solved by them without an external power like USA.As far Indian ocean is concerned , so nobody can stop China unless someone destabilize Pakistan or poison her ears against China which seems a far cry in near future..

Filling the Dead Sea will not affect the global sea level. The oceans total in the neighborhood of 1.37 BILLION cubic km., while the Dead Sea is approximately 300 cubic km. The math shows that the entire Dead Sea is 0.000002% of the ocean volume.Sort of a drop in the ocean.Extracting water from the oceans to just adjust the Dead Sea level would require less than this…perhaps something in the range of 100 cu.km. Another way to look at it is that the Dead Sea needs about 160 million gallons of water PER YEAR to stop the decrease of the water level—this is saying that any extraction from the oceans (or anywhere else) still requires an annual input into the Dead Sea.The Dead Sea, though, has many more issues related to its health, not just the water level.