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Adversary Proceeding

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ADVERSARY PROCEEDING COVER SHEET

B 104 (Rev. 2/92)

PLAINTIFFS

DEFENDANTS

ADVERSARY PROCEEDING NUMBER (Court Use Only)

ATTORNEYS (Firm Name, Address, and Telephone No.)

ATTORNEYS (If Known)

PARTY (Check one box only)

CAUSE OF ACTION (WRITE A BRIEF STATEMENT OF CAUSE OF ACTION, INCLUDING ALL U.S. STATUTES INVOLVED)

NATURE OF SUIT

(Check the one most appropriate box only.)

ORIGIN OF PROCEEDINGS (Check one box only.)

DEMAND

$

OTHER RELIEF SOUGHT

Check only if demanded in complaint

BANKRUPTCY CASE IN WHICH THIS ADVERSARY PROCEEDING ARISES

NAME OF DEBTOR

BANKRUPTCY CASE NO.

DISTRICT IN WHICH CASE IS PENDING

DIVISIONAL OFFICE

NAME OF JUDGE

RELATED ADVERSARY PROCEEDING (IF ANY)

PLAINTIFF

DEFENDANT

ADVERSARY PROCEEDING NO.

DISTRICT

DIVISIONAL OFFICE

NAME OF JUDGE

FILING FEE (Check one box only.)

DATE

PRINT NAME

SIGNATURE OF ATTORNEY (OR PLAINTIFF)

ADVERSARY PROCEEDING COVER SHEET (Reverse Side)

This cover sheet must be completed by the plaintiff's attorney (or by the plaintiff if the plaintiff is not represented by an attorney) and submitted to the Clerk of the Court upon the filing of a complaint initiating an adversary proceeding.

The cover sheet and the information contained on it do not replace or supplement the filing and service of pleadings or other papers as required by law, the Bankruptcy Rules, or the local rules of court. This form is required for the use of the Clerk of the Court to initiate the docket sheet and to prepare necessary indices and statistical records. A separate cover sheet must be submitted to the clerk of the court for each complaint filed. The form is largely self explanatory.

Parties. Give the names of the parties to the adversary proceeding exactly as they appear on the complaint. Give the names and addresses of the attorneys if known. Following the heading "Party," check the appropriate box indicating whether the United States is a party named in the complaint.

Cause of Action. Give a brief description of the cause of action including all federal statutes involved. For example, "Complaint by trustee to avoid a transfer of property by the debtor, 11 U.S.C. § 544."

Nature of Suit. Place an "X" in the appropriate box. Only one box should be checked. If the cause fits more than one category of suit, select the most definitive.

Origin of Proceedings. Check the appropriate box to indicate the origin of the case: 1. Original Proceeding. 2. Removed from a State or District Court. 4. Reinstated or Reopened. 5. Transferred from Another Bankruptcy Court

Class Action. Place an “X” in this box if you are filing a class action under Rule 23, Fed. R. Civ. P., as made applicable by Rule 7023, Fed. R. Bankr. P.

Demand. In this space enter the dollar amount being demanded in the complaint. If no monetary demand is made, enter “XXXX.” If the plaintiff is seeking non-monetary relief, state the relief sought, such as injunction or foreclosure of a mortgage.

Bankruptcy Case In Which This Adversary Proceeding Arises. Enter the name of the debtor and the docket number of the bankruptcy case from which the proceeding now being filed arose. Beneath, enter the district and divisional office where the case was filed, and the name of the presiding judge.

Related Adversary Proceedings. State the names of the parties and the six digit adversary proceeding number from any adversary proceeding concerning the same two parties or the same property currently pending in any bankruptcy court. On the next line, enter the district where the related case is pending, and the name of the presiding judge.

Filing Fee. Check one box. The fee must be paid upon filing unless the plaintiff meets one of the following exceptions. The fee is not required if the plaintiff is the United States government or the debtor. If the plaintiff is the trustee or a debtor in possession, and there are no liquid funds in the estate, the filing fee may be deferred until there are funds in the estate. There is no fee for adding a party after the adversary proceeding has been commenced.

Signature. This cover sheet must be signed by the attorney of record in the box on the right of the last line of the form. If the plaintiff is represented by a law firm, a member of the firm must sign. If the plaintiff is pro se, the plaintiff must sign. The name of the signatory must be printed in the box to the left of the signature. The date of the signing must be indicated in the box on the far left of the last line.

Enter text✕

What an Adversary Proceeding Is and Why it Matters

An Adversary Proceeding is a lawsuit filed within a bankruptcy case that resolves discrete disputes—for example, objections to dischargeability, preference actions, fraud claims, or lien challenges. It follows Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure and is docketed separately from the main bankruptcy case. Parties must plead, serve, and litigate under adversary-specific timelines and local bankruptcy court procedures, and the outcome can directly affect a creditor’s claim or a debtor’s obligations.

When to Use an Adversary Proceeding and Its Legal Basis

Use an Adversary Proceeding to litigate contested claims that require a formal court determination within bankruptcy; the procedure preserves due process and creates a separate record. Electronic filings and service are governed by local bankruptcy rules; e-signatures and e-submissions are generally recognized under federal ESIGN (15 U.S.C. ch. 96) and state UETA frameworks.

When to Use an Adversary Proceeding and Its Legal Basis

Typical Parties and Professionals Involved

Key participants include attorneys for debtors and creditors, the chapter trustee, and the bankruptcy court clerk; each party has defined procedural responsibilities.

  • Bankruptcy attorneys representing debtors or creditors, preparing complaints, answers, and motions within local rules.
  • Chapter trustees and creditors who may bring avoidance or preference claims, and who pursue recoveries for estates.
  • Court clerks and e-filing vendors who manage CM/ECF docketing and issuance of summonses.

Coordination among counsel, the clerk’s office, and any retained experts reduces the risk of defective service, missed deadlines, or improper venue challenges.

Core Components of a Professional Adversary Proceeding Filing

A complete adversary package combines procedural forms with factual exhibits and service documentation; each element must conform to local rules and the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

Caption

Full case caption with bankruptcy case number, adversary number, court name, and party designations using the debtor’s official case title.

Complaint

A clear statement of claims, statutory basis, factual allegations, and the specific relief requested, with numbered paragraphs and incorporated exhibits.

Summons

Summons issued by the clerk identifying deadline to respond and service instructions consistent with Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7004.

Exhibits

Documentary evidence (contracts, account statements, correspondence) properly paginated, Bates-stamped when appropriate, and referenced in the complaint.

Proof of Service

Signed proof showing how and when each party was served, including method (mail, electronic service, or personal delivery) and recipient details.

Relief Requested

Specific remedies (money judgment, declaratory relief, nondischargeability finding) stated with statutory citations and calculation of amounts claimed.

Required Case and Document Identifiers

Case Number: Bankruptcy case number
Adversary Number: Assigned adversary proceeding number
Plaintiff Name: Full legal name
Debtor Name: Exact debtor entity name
Court Name: Official bankruptcy court
Service List: Complete recipient addresses

Step-by-Step: Preparing and Filing the Complaint

Follow a logical sequence: draft, attach exhibits, obtain clerk-issued summons, serve parties, and file proofs to create a defensible record.

  • 01
    Draft Complaint: Allege facts, causes of action, and requested relief.
  • 02
    Attach Exhibits: Label and paginate evidence cited in the pleading.
  • 03
    Request Summons: Submit proposed summons to the clerk for issuance.
  • 04
    Serve Parties: Complete service per Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7004 and local rules.

Where to File, Serve, and Record an Adversary Proceeding

Filing and service follow coordinated steps involving the bankruptcy clerk, target parties, and docketing systems; preserve receipts and proof of transmission.

  • File With Clerk: E-file complaint via court CM/ECF for the applicable bankruptcy district.
  • Request Summons: Clerk issues summons after docketing the complaint.
  • Serve Defendants: Serve per Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7004 and local rules (mail, personal, or electronic service).
  • File Proof: Upload proof of service to CM/ECF promptly after service is completed.

Configuring an Online Filing and Signing Workflow

Configure platforms to mirror court requirements: enforce authentication, preserve audit trails, and attach required exhibits in accepted formats.

Platform PDF | Court CM/ECF & trusted e-sign tools
Authentication Email/SMS | Two-factor or court-required verification
Field Types Signature/Date | Required signature and date fields
Bulk Serve Batch emails | Mass service lists supported
Audit Trail Detailed log | Timestamp, IP, action history

Technical Requirements for eSubmission and eSigning

Use platforms that support court-acceptable file formats, signer authentication, and immutable audit trails when executing or transmitting pleadings.

  • File Formats: PDF and PDF/A are preferred by most courts
  • Authentication: Email-based plus optional SMS or KBA verification
  • Security: TLS in transit and AES-256 at rest

Verify local bankruptcy court rules regarding electronic submission, any required cover sheets, and whether the clerk accepts e-signatures or requires scanned wet signatures.

Common Deadlines and Response Expectations

Adversary timelines are rule-driven; missing a deadline can lead to default or dismissal. Follow the Federal Rules and local practice closely.

Answer Deadline:

Generally 21 days after service (Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7012)

Dischargeability Complaints:

Typically filed within 60 days after the first creditors’ meeting (see Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4007(c))

Summons Service:

Summons must be served promptly per Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7004

Motion Responses:

Local rules set response times—commonly 7 to 21 days

Default Practice:

Plaintiff may seek default after failure to plead within prescribed period

Common Errors to Avoid When Preparing an Adversary Proceeding

  • Incomplete captioning or wrong case number that causes clerk rejection or misdocketing and delays case processing.
  • Improper service method that fails to comply with Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7004 and local rules, risking jurisdictional challenge.
  • Missing or poorly labeled exhibits that prevent the court from verifying factual claims and may lead to evidentiary exclusion.
  • Failing to check local electronic filing requirements including required cover sheets, redaction rules, or restricted-document protocols.

Consequences of Defective or Untimely Filings

Dismissal Risk: Claims can be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction
Default Judgment: Defendant may obtain default for failure to answer
Sanctions: Court may impose monetary or evidentiary sanctions
Evidentiary Loss: Untimely exhibits may be excluded
Preservation Issues: Loss of rights due to improper service
Appeal Complexity: Procedural defects complicate appellate review

Practical Examples from Documented Client Experiences

Real customers describe improved compliance and auditability when moving evidence-heavy workflows online while preserving industry-specific controls.

Dan Rotelli — BIS

A security-first legal operations focus improved internal controls for case documents

  • Emphasized SOC 2 and ESIGN compliance
  • We felt most comfortable with airSlate SignNow given their SOC 2 certification and strict focus on ESIGN and UETA act compliance.

John Butler — Fertility Centers

Healthcare records required secure routing and audit trails

  • Implemented secure e‑sign and storage for sensitive releases
  • The airSlate SignNow team has been exceptional, responsive, the API has been great, and we're extremely happy that we chose airSlate SignNow as a company.

Tips for Accurate and Efficient Adversary Proceeding Preparation

Adopt consistent document standards, confirm service protocols early, and use checklists to reduce procedural errors that can be costly or dispositive.

Confirm Jurisdiction Early
Verify venue and bankruptcy court authority before filing; challenge or cure any defects immediately to avoid dismissal on jurisdictional grounds.
Use a Document Checklist
Create a mandatory checklist for caption, exhibits, summons, and proof of service to ensure all items are present and correctly formatted.
Label Exhibits Clearly
Number and reference exhibits consistently; provide a table of exhibits in the complaint to simplify review and admission.
Preserve Audit Trails
Retain electronic signature metadata, transmission receipts, and access logs to support authentication and evidentiary needs.

Comparing eSignature Pricing and Features for Adversary Proceeding Workflows

Select an eSignature vendor that supports audit trails, HIPAA compliance where needed, and bulk or API options for high-volume or enterprise workflows.

signNow DocuSign Adobe Sign PandaDoc HelloSign
Starting Price $8/user/mo $15/user/mo $14/user/mo $19/user/mo $15/user/mo
Free Trial Yes, 7-day free trial Varies by vendor Varies by vendor Varies by vendor Varies by vendor
Bulk Send Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Audit Trail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
HIPAA Compliant Yes Yes Yes No No

Frequently Asked Questions About Adversary Proceedings

Answers to common procedural and technical questions about filing, serving, and documenting adversary proceedings in bankruptcy court.


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