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Frantz v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

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Agreement to Incorporate as an S Corporation and as Small Business Corporation with Qualification for Section 1244 Stock

Agreement made this the (date) between

, herein referred to as

Incorporator One – A-1, of ,

, herein referred to as Incorporator Two A-2, of

,

, herein referred to as

Incorporator Three A-3, of , Incorporator One, Incorporator Two, and Incorporator Three being jointly referred to as the Incorporators.

Whereas, the parties desire to organize under a corporation to be known as , or such other name as the parties may select, for the purposes set forth in Article of the proposed Articles of Incorporation, a copy of which is attached to this Agreement as Exhibit A and incorporated by this reference; and

Whereas, the capitalization of the Corporation shall be as set forth in Article of the proposed Articles of Incorporation; and

Whereas, the parties contemplate that the shares of the Corporation will remain closely held and will not, therefore, be readily marketable, and wish to provide a market for the shares of any party or the estate of any party desiring to sell the same, the parties propose, immediately on entering into this Agreement, to execute a stockholders' buy-sell Agreement in the form attached to this Agreement as Exhibit B and incorporated by this reference; and

Whereas, the parties propose that immediately on formation of the Corporation, to cause the Corporation to become a party to such buy-sell agreement; and

Whereas, the parties desire to ensure full deductibility of any losses they may sustain in the disposition of any shares of the Corporation issued pursuant to this Agreement, and to this end it is understood that the parties shall cause the Corporation to take such action as may be necessary to assure that the authorized shares of the corporation, including the shares issued pursuant to this Agreement, shall qualify as “Section 1244 stock" within the meaning of Section 1244 of the United States Internal Revenue Code; and

Whereas, the parties seek to avoid double taxation of the earnings of the corporation, and to this end it is understood that they shall cause the Corporation to elect to be taxed under the provisions of Subchapter S of the United States Internal Revenue Code, and that each of them shall consent in writing to such election;

Now, therefore, for and in consideration of the matters described above, and of the mutual benefits and obligations set forth in this Agreement, the parties agree as follows:

I. Subscription for Stock.

Each of the undersigned parties subscribes for and agrees to purchase from the corporation, at the prices set forth below, the following number of shares:

A-1 Subscriber

B-1 Number of shares subscribed for:

C-1 Consideration per share: $

D-1 Total amount of subscription: $

A-2 Subscriber

B-2 Number of shares subscribed for:

C-2 Consideration per share: $

D-2 Total amount of subscription: $

A-3 Subscriber

B-3 Number of shares subscribed for:

C-3 Consideration per share: $

D-3 Total amount of subscription: $

II. Incorporation.

The parties and each of them shall act as incorporators of the Corporation and shall execute and file with the Secretary of State of original articles of incorporation in the form attached as Exhibit A.

III. Adoption of Bylaws.

On formation of the corporation, the parties shall use their best efforts to cause it to adopt bylaws in the form attached to this Agreement as Exhibit C.

IV. Stockholders' Agreement.

Immediately on execution of this Agreement, the parties agree to enter into a stockholders' buy-sell agreement in the form attached as Exhibit C. On formation of the corporation, the parties, and each of them, shall exercise their best efforts to cause the Corporation to consent in writing to be bound by the terms of the stockholders' buy-sell Agreement.

V. Section 1244 Stock Plan.

Prior to the payment for or issuance of any of the shares of the Corporation pursuant to this Agreement, the parties and each of them shall use their best efforts to cause the Corporation to adopt a Section 1244 Stock Plan in the form attached as Exhibit D.

VI. Subchapter S Election; Consents.

On formation of the corporation, and within the time provided by law, the parties and each of them shall exercise their best efforts to cause the Corporation to elect to be taxed for federal income-tax purposes as a small business Corporation under the provisions of Subchapter S of the United States Internal Revenue Code and to file timely notices of such election with the United States Internal Revenue Service. Such election shall be for the initial taxable year of the corporation, and for all subsequent taxable years. Additionally, each party shall consent in writing to such election and file timely notice of such consent with the United States Internal Revenue Service.

VII. Exemption from Securities Act of 1933.

Each party represents and agrees that the party's subscription for and purchase of shares under this Agreement is for investment purposes for the party's own account, and that the party has no present intent to resell or distribute such shares. Each party further represents and agrees that the party is now and shall be at the time of purchase of the shares subscribed for under this Agreement a bona fide resident of .

Witness our signatures this the (date).

Attach Exhibits

Enter text

What Frantz v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Is and why it matters

Frantz v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue is a U.S. tax court matter referenced here as a focal point for procedural and documentation guidance rather than a verbatim case report. This page summarizes practical considerations for practitioners, accountants, and administrators who need to cite, file, or manage documents related to the decision and to understand the intersection of tax process, filing timelines, and electronic submission rules under U.S. law.

Why understanding Frantz matters for tax filings and records

Familiarity with Frantz helps practitioners align pleadings, preserve appeal rights, and prepare supporting documentation consistent with IRS and Tax Court procedure; it also clarifies recordkeeping and eSubmission choices under ESIGN and UETA.

Why understanding Frantz matters for tax filings and records

Who typically references Frantz and how they use it

Professionals who rely on Frantz include tax attorneys, enrolled agents, corporate tax teams, and compliance officers preparing or reviewing appeals and supporting records.

  • Tax attorneys preparing briefs and motions that cite precedential or persuasive authority in procedural disputes
  • Accountants and preparers documenting positions and assembling exhibits for administrative appeals or litigation
  • In-house counsel and compliance teams using the decision to inform retention, disclosure, and submission procedures

Each user group applies the case differently: attorneys focus on citation and argument; accountants focus on documentation and timeline compliance.

Core parts to track when using Frantz in filings

When relying on Frantz for procedural or evidentiary points, track the case caption, procedural posture, relevant facts, legal issues presented, the holding, and any articulated remedy or relief.

Caption

Full case caption and docket number as presented in the official reporter or Tax Court docket to ensure accurate citation and retrieval.

Procedural Posture

Whether the matter is an appeal, petition, summary disposition, or motion matters for preservation of issues and available remedies.

Key Facts

Concise statement of controlling factual background that supports the court's reasoning and distinguishes Frantz from materially different situations.

Legal Issue

The precise legal question framed for the court; quoting the issue verbatim reduces ambiguity when citing Frantz in other matters.

Holding

The court's operative conclusion and any narrow or broad language that affects scope and precedential value of the decision.

Disposition

Final disposition, remedies awarded, and any instructions for lower tribunals or agencies that influence subsequent compliance actions.

Step-by-step: preparing a filing that relies on Frantz

Follow these sequential steps to prepare, sign, and submit briefs or exhibits that reference Frantz while preserving procedural rights.

  • 01
    Gather the record: Assemble notices, IRS transcripts, and all supporting documents.
  • 02
    Draft the citation: Quote Frantz precisely and state how it controls or differs.
  • 03
    Complete forms: Fill cover sheets, certificates of service, and exhibit lists fully.
  • 04
    Authenticate and sign: Sign using authorized method, include signature date, and retain audit trail.

Where filings and supporting records typically flow

Identify common filing destinations and the typical routing of briefs, exhibits, and electronic records in tax disputes.

  • IRS Office: Original notices and administrative responses are filed with the appropriate IRS office.
  • Tax Court: Petitions and briefs go to U.S. Tax Court per its filing rules and electronic submission procedures.
  • Circuit Court: Appeals from Tax Court may proceed to the relevant U.S. Court of Appeals.
  • Case File Archive: Maintain a local and secure archived copy with retention consistent with federal and industry rules.

Configuring an electronic workflow for case documents

Map fields and reviewer roles before sending documents for signature or filing to ensure compliance and a clear audit trail.

Field Configuration
Signature Fields Place signer name, signature, date, and title fields for each party.
Reviewer Access Assign reviewer and approver roles with sequential routing.
Authentication Choose email, SMS, or stronger MFA where required.
Retention Policy Set automatic export to secure archive after completion.

Technical considerations for eSigning and eSubmission

Confirm file formats, signer authentication, and audit trail requirements before sending documents for signature or filing.

  • Formats: Use PDF/A, DOCX, or TIFF for official records.
  • Auth Methods: Email, SMS code, or KBA as required.
  • Integrations: Link to document management or docketing systems.

Ensure your chosen platform supports secure storage, tamper-evident records, and audit logs consistent with ESIGN, UETA, and applicable regulatory controls.

Comparing eSignature vendors for case document workflows

Vendor pricing and core capabilities vary; below is a concise comparison with signNow placed first for parity and to show commonly requested features relevant to legal and tax workflows.

signNow DocuSign Adobe Sign PandaDoc HelloSign
Starting Price $8/user/mo $15/user/mo $14/user/mo $19/user/mo $15/user/mo
Free Trial 7-day free trial Varies by plan Varies by plan Varies by plan Varies by plan
Bulk Send Yes (plan dependent) Varies by plan Varies by plan Varies by plan Varies by plan
Audit Trail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
HIPAA Compliant Yes (BAA available) Varies by plan Varies by plan Varies by plan Varies by plan
Envelope Cap No cap 100 envelopes/user/year limit Varies by plan Varies by plan Varies by plan

Key penalties and risks tied to tax filings and supporting documents

1099 Late Filing: $60–$330 per form (IRC §6721)
1099 Intentional: $660+ per form — no maximum (IRC §6721)
W-2 Late Filing: Parallels 1099 penalties (IRC §6721)
I-9 Paperwork: $281–$2,789 per violation (8 CFR §274a.2)
Backup Withholding: 24% withholding triggered by missing/incorrect TIN
Statute of Limitations: IRS audit or refund periods governed by IRC §6501(a)

Common mistakes when preparing materials that cite Frantz

  • Citing the wrong docket number or truncated caption, which hinders lookup and can mislead readers about precedent.
  • Failing to attach the full decision or redacted exhibits, leaving the court or opposing counsel unable to verify assertions.
  • Using inconsistent dates or tax years across exhibits and pleadings, which creates disputes over the controlling facts.
  • Not preserving an audit trail for electronic signatures or failing to obtain required consent for electronic records under ESIGN.

Time-sensitive filing and reporting deadlines to remember

Adhere to federal tax reporting and document deadlines; late submissions can trigger statutory penalties or forfeiture of claims.

W-9 supply timing:

Provide upon payer's request to avoid backup withholding

W-2 to employees:

Due by January 31 each year

1099-NEC:

Recipient and IRS due by January 31

1099-MISC:

To IRS by Feb 28 paper or Mar 31 electronically

Form 1040:

Individual returns generally due April 15

How practitioners typically use Frantz in real work

The following examples show common, non-specific ways professionals incorporate a tax decision like Frantz into practice.

Briefing Use

Practitioners cite Frantz for procedural context and precedent.

  • It helps frame timing and admissibility issues.
  • When drafting briefs, provide the full citation, explain factual similarity or distinction, and attach the decision as an exhibit for easy reference.

Internal Analysis

Teams summarize Frantz in internal memos to guide positions.

  • Summaries note operative holdings and limits.
  • Use concise memo language, identify affected tax years, and record whether the decision was appealed or subject to subsequent regulatory guidance.

Frequently asked questions about using Frantz in filings and records

Answers address procedural, citation, and recordkeeping questions commonly encountered when practitioners rely on a tax decision in filings.


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