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Ohio General Corporation Law

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Proposed Agreement With the Chairman of the Board of the Company

§16.108 To approve an agreement with an officer of the corporation which permits him to personally purchase from the corporation, at its cost, up to 12.5% of any new business venture that was formulated by him in which the corporation engages

Barry Yampol, President and Chairman of the Board of the Company, is presently employed by the Company pursuant to the terms of an employment agreement dated July 1, 1970 (the "Employment Agreement") which has been renewed for one year periods by both the Company and Mr. Yampol since the expiration of its initial term of four years.

Mr. Yampol's present direct remuneration from the Company is per annum.

In addition, for the year ended June 30, the Company accrued towards a retirement benefit payable to Mr. Yampol pursuant to the Employment Agreement (see "Remuneration and Certain Transactions with Management" herein).

The Employment Agreement also requires Mr. Yampol to "devote his entire time (except for vacations), attention and energies" to the business of the Company.

From time to time (dating in time from a point prior to the organization of the Company), Mr. Yampol has made private investments for his own account in real estate, mining, minerals and in various other areas and thus believed that the Employment Agreement should be modified to allow him to continue to manage his outside investments without conflicting with the terms of the Employment Agreement.

The Board of Directors of the Company (with Mr. Yampol abstaining) authorized the modification to Paragraph 5 of the Employment Agreement as set forth below:

"5. Extent of Services. The Employee shall devote substantially all of his time during normal business hours (except for vacations), attention and energies to the business of the Employer, and shall not, during the term of this Agreement, be engaged in any other business activity requiring Employee to devote substantial time during normal business hours whether or not such business activity is pursued for gain, profit, or other pecuniary advantage; the foregoing shall not be construed as preventing the Employee from investing his assets and managing his investments in such form or manner as will not require any significant services during normal business hours on the part of the Employee in the operation of the affairs of the companies for which such investments are made."

The Board of Directors has also sought to create additional incentives for Mr. Yampol to continue to seek to expand the Company's business through new business ventures.

After due consideration by the Board (with Mr. Yampol abstaining) and Mr. Yampol, the Board of Directors and Mr. Yampol have agreed to the matters set forth below, subject to an affirmative vote of a majority of Shareholders of the Company voting at the meeting of Shareholders or any adjournments thereof.

As an encouragement and incentive to Mr. Yampol to continue to seek to expand the Company's activities through new business ventures and enterprises, the Company has agreed to grant to Mr. Yampol an option to purchase up to of the equity in any new business ventures in which the Company engages, which were formulated by Mr. Yampol.

The purchase price to Mr. Yampol would be proportionate to the cost to the Company of its interest in such new entity formed for such business venture.

Determination of whether or not any business venture would be deemed "new" to the Company and formulated by Mr. Yampol, as well as the terms and conditions of his purchase of any interest formed for such business venture, would be subject to a determination by the Board of Directors of the Company, in their sole discretion, other than Mr. Yampol.

On August 7, , Switchco, Inc. ("Switchco"), a 99% owned subsidiary of the Company, filed a Registration Statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission respecting the proposed sale of 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock of Switchco, at . A copy of the Preliminary Prospectus of Switchco, dated August 24, 1981, has been included with this Proxy Statement.

The Board of Directors of the Company has determined that Switchco is a business venture formulated by Mr. Yampol and has offered to Mr. Yampol, subject to Shareholder approval, the right to purchase shares of Common Stock of Switchco which it presently owns at the Company's cost per share (see Switchco Preliminary Prospectus - "Certain Transactions" at page 25), which was .

Assuming the successful completion of the offering of Switchco shares of Common Stock such interest would represent approximately of the total outstanding shares of Common Stock of Switchco.

SHAREHOLDERS OF THE COMPANY ARE URGED TO READ THE SWITCHCO PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS BEFORE VOTING ON THIS PROPOSAL.

An affirmative vote of the majority of Shareholders of the Company voting at the meeting of Shareholders, or any adjournments thereof, shall be required in order to: (i) enter into such an agreement as described above with Mr. Yampol on new business ventures formulated by him; and (ii) approve the action of the Board of Directors of the Company offering the sale of 985,250 shares of Common Stock of Switchco to Mr. Yampol at the Company's cost per share.

Mr. Yampol, who owns approximately of the outstanding Common Stock of the Company, has indicated that he will cast a vote of his shares in accordance with the votes cast by the majority of Shareholders voting on this proposal.

Signature of Shareholder

Date

Approval

Comments

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What the Ohio General Corporation Law Covers

Ohio General Corporation Law refers to the statutory framework governing the formation, organization, governance, and dissolution of corporations formed under Ohio law, principally codified in Chapter 1701 of the Ohio Revised Code. It prescribes required content for articles of incorporation, corporate powers, director and officer duties, shareholder rights, and procedures for mergers, consolidations, and winding up. The law also sets filing obligations with the Ohio Secretary of State and interacts with applicable federal law where interstate or federal matters arise, so complying with these provisions preserves limited liability and enforces corporate acts.

Why the Ohio General Corporation Law Matters

The Ohio General Corporation Law creates predictable rules for forming and operating corporations in Ohio, clarifies governance and shareholder rights, and sets filing obligations that help preserve limited liability and reduce regulatory and litigation risk.

Why the Ohio General Corporation Law Matters

Who Commonly Uses This Guidance

Typical users who prepare or rely on Ohio General Corporation Law guidance include in-house counsel, corporate secretaries, entrepreneurs, and outside attorneys managing incorporation and compliance tasks.

  • Startups incorporating in Ohio that need articles, bylaws, and capitalization guidance.
  • Existing corporations updating governance, filings, or engaging in mergers and reorganizations.
  • Attorneys and registered agents preparing filings and advising clients on statutory compliance.

Organizations of all sizes use the Ohio General Corporation Law to confirm formalities, reduce regulatory exposure, and document corporate actions properly.

Representative Roles and Users

Corporate Counsel

In-house or outside attorneys interpret Chapter 1701, prepare articles and bylaws, advise boards on fiduciary duties, and draft resolutions and filings. They coordinate compliance with annual report obligations and advise on transactions implicating both state statutes and federal law, reducing exposure to regulatory and litigation risks.

Business Founder

Founders and executives select entity type, set capitalization, appoint directors, and ensure bylaws reflect operational intentions. They must understand filing requirements, shareholder rights, and how corporate formalities affect liability protection, investor relations, and future financing or exit transactions.

Essential Information to Include in Filings

Entity Name: Exact legal corporate name as filed.
Principal Office: Principal office street, city, state, and ZIP.
Registered Agent: Name and Ohio address for service.
Articles of Incorporation: Filed document including authorized shares.
Bylaws: Internal governance rules and procedures.
Officer and Director List: Current names and addresses on record.

Common Preparation Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Using an informal operating agreement instead of adopted bylaws leads to disputes over authority and can undermine limited liability protection in litigation.
  • Failing to maintain accurate minutes and resolutions for major corporate actions makes it difficult to prove proper authorization during audits or disputes.
  • Misclassifying equity or issuing shares without adherence to authorized share provisions can create securities compliance and dilution disputes with investors.
  • Neglecting to update registered agent or principal office address risks missed notices and service of process that can result in default judgments.

Step-by-Step: Forming and Complying with Ohio Corporate Rules

Follow these steps to prepare, file, and establish corporate governance compliant with Ohio law and Secretary of State requirements.

  • 01
    Draft Articles: Prepare articles with name, purpose, shares, and incorporator.
  • 02
    Appoint Agent: Designate Ohio registered agent and provide address.
  • 03
    File with SOS: Submit articles and pay filing fee to Secretary of State.
  • 04
    Adopt Bylaws: Board adopts bylaws and issues initial resolutions.

Where to File and Send Corporate Documents

Routing and submission options for Ohio corporate filings, notices, and post-incorporation documents are summarized below.

  • Filing Office: Ohio Secretary of State - Business Services Division.
  • Delivery Options: Online eFile portal, mail, or in-person submission.
  • Required Copies: Keep certified copy for corporate records after filing.
  • Service of Process: Serve registered agent per Ohio procedures.

Primary Elements of Ohio General Corporation Law

Core provisions of the Ohio General Corporation Law establish formation mechanics, governance rules, shareholder protections, annual reporting obligations, transaction procedures including mergers and acquisitions, and statutory dissolution processes.

Formation

Specifies required content for Articles of Incorporation, minimum filing information, authorized shares, incorporator details, and the statutory process to create a corporation under Ohio Revised Code Chapter 1701.

Governance

Defines director and officer roles, meeting protocols, quorum and voting requirements, bylaws adoption, and procedures for board action by written consent consistent with statutory thresholds.

Shareholder Rights

Addresses shareholder meetings, notice requirements, proxy rules, inspection rights, dissenters' appraisal remedies, and voting classes to protect investor expectations and statutory rights.

Transactions

Sets statutory approval processes for mergers, asset sales, and reorganizations, including required board and shareholder votes and filing obligations with the Secretary of State.

Fiduciary Duties

Establishes standards of care and loyalty for directors and officers, defenses under the business judgment rule, and remedies for breaches of fiduciary duties under Ohio law.

Dissolution

Provides voluntary and involuntary dissolution procedures, creditor claim notice requirements, winding up obligations, and the statutory process to terminate corporate existence.

Configuring an Electronic Filing and Signing Workflow

Configure an online workflow to collect signatures, attach exhibits, and automate filings while preserving audit trails and statutory records.

Field Configuration
Signer Order Sequential or parallel
Authentication Email, SMS, KBA
Notifications Automatic reminders
Storage PDF/A archival

Technical and Security Requirements for eFiling and eSignatures

Digital submission and eSignature require compatible platforms, secure storage, and compliance with ESIGN and UETA where applicable.

  • Formats: PDF, Word DOCX, and plain text files.
  • Integrations: Connects with Salesforce, NetSuite, Google Workspace.
  • Security: TLS in transit, AES-256 at rest.

Key Filing and Reporting Deadlines to Watch

Key filing dates and typical processing expectations for corporate formation, Ohio compliance, and related federal reporting deadlines are summarized below.

Articles Filing:

File upon formation; state processing times vary, some accept same-day e-filing.

Annual/Periodic Reports:

Filing frequency and deadlines depend on entity type; verify with Ohio Secretary of State.

Federal Tax Returns:

Corporate returns (Form 1120) are generally due April 15 unless extended.

1099 and W-2 Reporting:

Issue 1099-NEC and W-2 to recipients by January 31 each year.

Processing Expectations:

Online filings often process faster; allow several business days for official certification.

Penalties and Risks for Noncompliance

Late Filings: Administrative fines and reinstatement fees.
Piercing Liability: Failure to follow formalities risks piercing.
Invalid Acts: Contracts may be unenforceable without authority.
Tax Penalties: IRS penalties and backup withholding triggers.
Dissolution Risk: Creditors can challenge defective dissolutions.
Officer Liability: Personal liability for breaches of duty.

eSignature Pricing and Feature Snapshot for Corporate Workflows

Comparison of common vendor entry-level pricing and feature indicators relevant to corporate filings and secure eSignatures; signNow is shown first per comparative format.

signNow DocuSign Adobe Sign PandaDoc HelloSign
Starting Price $8/user/mo $15/user/mo $14/user/mo $19/user/mo $15/user/mo
Free Trial 7-day free trial Varies Varies Varies Varies
Bulk Send Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Audit Trail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
HIPAA Compliant Yes Yes Yes No No

Best Practices to Ensure Accurate and Efficient Filings

Practical tips to reduce errors, accelerate filing, and preserve corporate protections under the Ohio General Corporation Law.

Maintain Accurate Minutes
Keep detailed board and shareholder minutes for all material decisions, including authorizations for share issuances and major transactions. Proper minute books demonstrate observance of corporate formalities and are strong evidence against veil-piercing claims.
Authorize Share Issuances
Record board resolutions approving new share issuances and update capitalization tables immediately. Failure to document can create disputes with investors and adverse tax consequences under federal and state rules.
Use Standardized Forms
Use consistent, approved templates for bylaws, resolutions, and officer certificates to minimize errors. Store executed documents with certified copies of articles and secretary attestations for quick retrieval.
Confirm Registered Agent
Verify registered agent contact and address before filing and after changes. Service of process depends on agent accuracy and errors risk default judgments and missed notices.

Practical Examples of Ohio Corporate Compliance

These brief case examples illustrate common formation, governance, and transaction scenarios where Ohio General Corporation Law guidance resolves practical issues.

Formation Example

A founder files Articles of Incorporation to form a C-corporation in Ohio with clear authorized shares and a named registered agent.

  • Filed using standard articles with a detailed share schedule and agent acceptance.
  • Because the articles correctly stated authorized shares, named the registered agent, and adopted bylaws at the first board meeting, the corporation preserved limited liability and avoided delays from Secretary of State correction notices.

M&A Example

Two Ohio corporations complete a merger requiring board resolutions, shareholder approval, and a certificate of merger filing.

  • Provided dissenters' appraisal rights and shareholder notice for affected classes.
  • Clear records of approvals, an executed merger agreement, and timely filings reduced post-closing disputes and satisfied creditor notice requirements, streamlining asset transfer and winding up under Ohio rules.

Milestone Timeline from Formation to Ongoing Compliance

Key milestones in the corporate lifecycle from formation through winding up are listed below to help plan compliance and documentation.

01

Pre-Filing Review

Prepare articles, bylaws, and incorporator resolutions before submission.

02

Filing and Certification

Submit articles and obtain certificate of incorporation from SOS.

03

Initial Organizational Meeting

Adopt bylaws, appoint officers, issue shares, and record minutes.

04

Annual Compliance

File required reports, update records, and hold required meetings.

FAQs and Troubleshooting for Ohio Corporate Filings

Answers to common questions about forming, maintaining, and updating Ohio corporate records, plus eSignature and filing considerations.


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