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introduction getting your professional engineering license if you are reading this book you have decided to join the elite company of licensed professional engineers congratulations on your decision to take on this worthy pursuit and take your career to the next level you are specializing in the mechanical hvac and refrigeration discipline which elegantly blends practicality application experience and intuition you may find it strange to refer to the principles of heating and air conditioning as elegant but as you begin studying you will not only discover the nuts and bolts of problem solving but also cultivate an appreciation of how the theoretical subject areas of thermodynamics fluids psychometrics and heat transfer give rise to real-life hvac equipment and systems turning theory into practice is at the heart of engineering and when you view your study journey in this way you will not only pass the pe exam with ease and confidence you will also find the process deeply satisfying and personally enriching getting your pe license is one of the best things you can do to advance your career and once you have it nobody can take it from you here are some of the many benefits of professional licensure you'll be able to add more value to your employer and are likely to get a promotion and pay raise you'll be able to take on more responsibility such as signing and sealing design drawings you'll be able to pursue becoming a partner in your firm which would not otherwise be possible you will increase your authority and credibility in technical discussions and when reviewing work done by others you'll become more marketable should you choose to make a move in your career you'll have more flexibility to pursue bigger and more exciting projects or roles regardless of where you're employed you will have the reputation to start your own business should you choose to you will challenge and improve yourself personally and professionally during the study process if you are ready to become a professional engineer and enjoy all of these benefits you have come to the right place the problems contained in this book provide a step-by-step plan to not only pass the exam but also save you time and stress in the process becoming a professional engineer is all about preparation and that's precisely what these practice problems have been crafted for getting started gather state board requirements some states such as new york where i am licensed require applying before taking the exam the application process can seem fairly onerous as this is one of the ways the review committee makes sure candidates are serious professional licensure is not something they take lightly and neither should you other states such as oregon use the opposite sequence you take the test first and only once you have a passing result do you put together your application some states have one or more additional required courses that all pes must take regardless of their discipline alaska is one example take a couple hours to read on your local state board's website and create a checklist so there are no surprises as you get started studying technical material is hard enough without the distraction of administrative tasks so get this out of the way early on describe your experience when you are describing your professional experience on your application talk about any design experience you may have and the technical aspects of your role a good rule of thumb is to focus on the interaction you have with other pes do you review the work of consulting engineers or give them requirements that guide their designs do you produce drawings calculations analysis or recommendations under the guidance of a pe do your projects have key engineering aspects which are your primary focus and responsibility get in the habit of writing in the first person using statements that begin with i rather than we even if your team was involved and you are not the sole contributor do not exaggerate or overstate your contribution but don't sell yourself short either this is your opportunity to make your case do not attempt to create the appearance that a hundred percent of your role is technical work if that's not truly the case even peas have to sit in meetings that have non-engineering topics on the agenda and answer emails that have no technical substance keep any descriptions of unrelated parts of your job high level and resist the urge to go on a tangent in order to fill space if you can identify three to five engineering projects or work streams that you own or actively participate in within your role go as deep as possible in the space allotted and your application will read well approach your professional references decide who you're going to ask to provide professional references for you the natural first choices will be the three pes you work most closely with already if they direct and review the work you produce that would be ideal if you work collaboratively as peers and have mutual influence over each other's work that is also acceptable if you work closely with outside consulting engineers and they provide you with advice and recommendations upon which you make decisions there's a possibility of asking them for a reference as well it's not a hard requirement that all of your references must be licensed professional engineers if you have a direct manager that is a well-established technical authority and knows your work better than anyone else their words will carry more weight with the review committee than a pe that you hardly work with once you determine who you will ask approach them early and let them know exactly what will be involved and by when i suggest giving them a simple timeline so there are no surprises when you follow up later if you know they have limited time you can provide bullet points outlining what projects or tasks you would like them to include in their write-up together you might come up with something better than either of you would have on your own but remember they are helping you so do not make more work for them ask for support as you advance in your career and take on greater responsibility you will likely find that challenging projects and initiatives are never delivered entirely from individual efforts realizing your potential as a professional engineer requires developing yourself as a leader this encompasses a broad set of interpersonal skills that will allow you to negotiate for the contributions and support of your colleagues and family members set up a time to discuss with key people in your inner circle that you are going for your pe license and tell them why it is important to you and to your career explain what is involved in terms of your time and energy and request their flexibility during this potentially intense period of time download the reference handbook in april 2020 the mechanical pe exam transitioned from a paper and pencil exam to a computer-based test cbt as such the test is no longer open book this is both a gift and a curse at first glance it's a burden for candidates to internalize the full breadth of technical information that would have been loaded into their backpacks suitcases and wagons for the open book exam on the other hand the range of questions the exam can reasonably expect a candidate to know is dramatically reduced making the test an exercise of quickly finding the right information and having a sufficient contextual background from problem solving experience to make sound assumptions and judgments one of the first things you will want to do is log into your ncs account and download the mechanical engineering reference handbook this is a searchable pdf which you will become intimately familiar with throughout your preparation be sure to get the latest version as it has already gone through at least one set of revisions get your calculator ncs allows only specific models of calculators to be used for the exam they are all scientific calculators of similar functionality and cost the most important consideration is getting an accepted model and practicing using it throughout your study process get the merm the reference handbook is not particularly well suited to conveying fundamental engineering concepts with sufficient context to be used as a learning aid as mentioned it is extremely important to know your way around the reference handbook pdf as it's the only reference material you'll have access to on exam day however in order to refresh gaps in your knowledge and rebuild connections that have been forgotten or were never made in the first place the mechanical engineering reference manual or merm is indispensable the merm can be purchased in print or electronically in pdf format and the 14th edition has been adapted to align the formulas in nomenclature for cbt set up your study space designate a place in your home where you're going to study if possible choose an area that's completely separate from where you do other activities you may prefer to use a laptop and disable the wi-fi so you can only access the reference handbook without the distractions of email social media and youtube unless you're watching the mechanical pe exam prep channel of course give yourself a generous work surface ample lighting and quiet once you establish this space don't use it for any tasks besides studying this way you can leave all your books scrap paper white boards and calculator right where they are and quickly pick up where you left off during the previous study session the most productive professionals understand the cost of changing context too often the reality of our busy careers and modern lives may mean we have to steal short fragments of time since this is less than ideal we should make every effort to avoid wasting 15 minutes setting up before each session create a study habit if something is important make time for it think about your schedule and where you might be able to carve out 60 to 90 minutes per day with as few exceptions as possible put it in your calendar and honor it if you're able to schedule longer sessions of two to four hours on certain days such as the weekends that is a very good way to accelerate your progress and compress the time required to prepare for the exam however it's better to be consistent and chip away each day as opposed to relying on a smaller number of marathon sessions this is because we learn better when there's time to integrate the information and build on the new connection slowly over time repetition is the mother of skill cramming does not promote the lasting retention true professionals seek waking up early to study is a popular strategy for many candidates some of the reasons this can work well is that it's quiet in the morning before others are awake it also produces progress toward one of your most important goals before any other distractions arise being in action every day helps you build confidence over time which is crucial as your exam date gets closer if you have morning commitments that can't be shifted and getting up earlier is not realistic studying after work can also be an effective strategy as long as you're able to reliably direct your focus block out distractions and show up consistently for your sessions start with the fundamentals many candidates want to jump right into solving problems if you have an athletic background your coach may have drilled the practice how you play mentality into you from a young age and i fully endorse having eighty percent of your studying come from solving practice problems that's why i created this book but all the practice problems in the world won't get you prepared for the exam if your foundation is not solid it can sometimes be hard to hear especially for engineers that do technical work and make real contributions to their teams and projects every day but let's face it if you've been out of school for five to ten years or more it's been a while since you've been exposed to the relevant subject areas in an academic setting many of us have a narrow specialization in the engineering work we do so we may have a strong grasp on one area and little exposure to another to rebuild your foundation and give you the shortest possible path to solving practice problems in a beneficial way i created two convenient on-demand video courses hvac and refrigeration fundamentals and hvac and refrigeration daily insights covering the basics first will focus your attention on the right aspects of each practice problem you encounter while studying don't cut corners the solutions in this book contain lots of tips and tricks for solving exam problems and there are even more shortcuts and visual explanations in the companion videos included in my hvac and refrigeration full access bundle however i've taken great care to go slightly deeper in the explanations provided here as well as in the full access bundle because i want you to gain a broad and deep understanding of these concepts knowing the shortcut is only going to help if you know when it's appropriate to take it otherwise it's a trap i want you to be able to go fast and save time during your study process and during the exam itself at the same time it's my obligation and my commitment that you truly get the fundamentals and have much more in your problem-solving repertoire than a few rules of thumb take care of yourself studying requires energy expanding the limits of your knowledge and critical thinking skills consistently every day takes more than a great study program you need to show up in top form and ready for a challenge how do you prepare yourself for a hard workout a tough interview or an important client meaning the answers are simple but so many times we come short of truly setting ourselves up to be our best would you benefit from more or better quality sleep every night would getting more movement and exercise into your week improve how you feel would adding or avoiding certain foods or eating habits from your lifestyle impact your mood energy and body in a positive way with slowing down and relaxing with some music meditation or quiet reading once a day help you reset from the stress of your daily routine with some time away from your smartphone social media and youtube and other distractions free up more time to pursue what you really care about based on the fact that you're taking action to enrich your skills and qualifications advance your career and create new opportunities for your future there's a very good chance you are already a high achiever in many areas of your life it is likely you already have many positive habits that have served you and your accomplishments thus far if you find that studying is wearing you down instead of building you up there may be a small adjustment in the way you take care of yourself that could boost your progress and increase your enjoyment of the process when you find this groove success becomes inevitable how to use this book search terms do you know how far the earth is from the sun neither do i but we both know how to get that answer in under 10 seconds for almost all practical purposes that's good enough for you me and anyone who might be relying on us to answer that question our relationship with technology has changed how we relate to information our phones have become our external brains and there's no going back to the way it was the transition to computer-based testing is a natural reflection of the way we work now making decisions based on context and experience and gathering outside facts and data as needed learning is no longer a process of memorizing facts and formulas but rather of figuring out how to find what you need when you need it and gaining the experience to assimilate information and make sound judgments as mentioned the reference handbook is a searchable pdf and it is the only reference document you'll have access to during the pe exam learning to navigate the handbook is absolutely essential this book uses red text to denote relevant search terms used in the solution for each and every practice problem try to learn how to search for a given section using more than one keyword to improve your speed and flexibility you can save an enormous amount of time by knowing how to search effectively formulas and nomenclature when the mechanical pe exam transitioned to cbt and the reference handbook was created many of the formulas in nomenclature used were slightly changed if you're an absolute beginner this is fortunately of little consequence to you because the merm was also updated to the 14th edition in response to the emergence of the reference handbook however if you have the 13th edition of the merm or other older reference materials or you're repeating the exam having come up short on a previous attempt in 2019 or earlier you may notice some minor discrepancies the 144 original practice problems written and contained within this book were created during 2019 with the transition to cbt already in mind and as such are aligned with the reference handbook however i obtained my pe license in december of 2014 and it's likely that i've unintentionally used the old nomenclature in a few places i believe you'll find these discrepancies to be few and far between if you notice them at all successful engineers will pay close attention to units and will usually be able to resolve ambiguity in this way if you do find anything confusing as a result of an explanation with outdated nomenclature i would appreciate your direct feedback by email to dan at mechanicalpexamprep.com and i would be more than happy to address any questions and make updates to the book algebra as a general rule this book assumes you have a strong competency with algebra in order to make the solutions as succinct as possible we focus primarily on the technical assumptions concepts formulas techniques and inferences needed to actually solve the problem all the engineering work has been shown in detail once we have an equation with one unknown i expect you to take it from there unless uncommon techniques are required such as solving a logarithm with a change of base for the most part you will find the complexity in a problem arises from the core subject area and not the supportive math as with exam problems and real-life engineering problems alike units good engineers are sticklers about units in fact some of the most capable engineers i've worked with have such a deep intuition about their area of expertise that they refer to the actual units rather than the name of the parameter for example you often hear hvac and refrigeration engineers talk about cfm rather than saying volume flow rate or the tonnage rather than the cooling load for clarity and repetition throughout this book we will refer to the actual units in every equation and use the corresponding parameter names in the supporting explanation there are exceptions where units have been intentionally not shown because a rule of thumb formula is being applied and the units are implied by the formula selected for example the sensible heating and cooling of air would be given by q dot equals 1.08 cfm delta t as a precondition for using this formula the volume flow rate must be in cfm and the delta t must be in degrees fahrenheit and only then will the rate of heat transfer be determined in units of btus per hour unless a rule of thumb is being used all units are shown related courses different people learn in different ways some of us are visual and need to see the solution coming together others are auditory and need to hear the explanation still others are kinesthetic and need to feel what it's like to work through the problem on their own actually we all contain a mix of all these learning modalities but we usually have a dominant one books like this have the unfortunate disadvantage of being static silent and absent of emotion while motivated high achievers will find all the detailed exam like practice they're looking for in these pages these problems have been brought to life in a series of six video practice modules covering the core subject areas of thermodynamics psychometrics fluids heat transfer hvac and systems and components this book is a companion to the video practice modules which are part of the hvac and refrigeration full access bundle if you're interested in finding out more about this program visit .mechanicalpe examp.com using diagnostics eighty percent of mechanical engineering candidates pass the pe exam on the first try although this statistic might seem to imply the test is easy another interpretation is that aspiring professional engineers take the pe exam seriously and are careful not to become complacent or overconfident during their study process if you have found this book after attempting the exam and coming up short do not despair repeat test takers have a couple distinct advantages first you have the experience of being in the test environment you understand the logistics of the day the structure of the exam itself and the endurance required to perform over a nine hour time span second you have been given a diagnostic report to help you focus on areas where you need to improve and areas where you performed better than average but still less than extraordinary all questions count equally so by focusing on breadth and depth before your next attempt you can capitalize on the opportunities that are spelled out on your diagnostic report as you gain confidence you will also learn to work faster freeing up time to attempt more problems and conserving your mental energy to notice the nuances you might be missing what to expect on exam day logistics plan silly as it may seem grab a whiteboard open a blank document or draft an email to yourself outlining your logistics plan one week in advance of your exam date what time will you wake up what will you have for breakfast where will you need to drive and what time should you leave to get there 15 minutes early what are you packing for lunch what do you need to bring what support do you need from others and when are you going to ask them none of these decisions seem like a big deal but in order to rest your mind the goal should be to make as few decisions in the 36 hours leading up to your exam so you are completely fresh optimal self-care get a good night's sleep before the exam or better yet two nights before the exam if you're feeling anxious there's a chance you may not get the best sleep the night before and will have to push through on adrenaline but this is much easier if the previous night was restful eat healthy meals with reasonable portions that give you stable energy pay special attention to hydration during the 36 hour lead up and sip water throughout the day the exam is an endurance event and mental sharpness will suffer if you're dehydrated avoid alcohol at all costs do not make any radical changes to caffeine consumption the morning of your exam stick to the amount that is normal for you mental rest no studying the day before period you've studied enough by this stage structure your day to be relaxing with the fewest number of decisions possible decline some meetings take a walk outside play some music that puts you in a positive state give yourself the space and permission to do less today your only job the day before is to visualize yourself in front of that computer focused and alert solving problem after problem with ease and confidence writing tools depending on your test center you may be given scrap paper in the form of loose sheets a pad or a sheet of laminated paper with a dry erase marker since you're going to be relying on this writing surface for the day make sure you are clear on what is available and take every opportunity to request more or better tools for example candidates have reported that they weren't given much paper but were able to ask for more make sure you know the procedure for asking so you're not constrained by the writable workspace available to you you have worked hard to get here and deserve to have ample room and the right tools to demonstrate your ability other candidates have mentioned that the marker provided did not write well on the laminated paper was this a function of a used up marker a worn sheet of paper as soon as you're given the tools test them on the spot and make sure you're comfortable with what you've been given and you're clear on who to approach to resolve any issues that arise screen tools when reading the psychometric chart a pressure enthalpy diagram or the moody chart or any other diagram which calls for precision on the screen you will want to use the on-screen line tool this allows you to draw one or multiple lines on the chart simultaneously and gather the values you need after completing a problem be sure to hit ctrl z to erase the line so you have a clean slate for the next problem cbt problem types search for a youtube playlist from ncs called explore the computer-based exam experience to learn about the alternative item types aits you may encounter on the cbt exam the question types include multiple choice multiple correct options point and click drag and drop and fill in the blank contact the author to say producing this book was a significant investment of time would be an understatement but it has been my privilege to do so as long as it is useful to you i succeed only when you do in order to make sure this book is as clear and helpful as possible please email me if you find errors of any kind whether there are typos or errors in thinking and explaining as you gain experience solving problems in preparation for the pe exam the quality of the questions you ask will increase and i rely on your fresh eyes and direct feedback to enrich and improve this program for future candidates it is incredibly rewarding for me to hear your story of personal growth and career progress during or after using this book if you would leave a review on my website or share my site or channel with a colleague or friend it would mean the world to me happy studying