Protein Synthesis Review Worksheet

DNA, Protein Synthesis and Recombinant DNA Review Worksheet

Name: Date: Blk:

Part A: Define the following terms in your own word. Be clear and concise!

Part B: Fill the the blanks.

1. All nucleotides are made of the following three parts:

a. phosphate group

b. sugar

c. base

2. In RNA, the base thymine is replaced with the base

3. Mix and match the following bases with their correct partner for base pairings:

4. DNA replication is called semi-conservative because each new double helix is made of an old strand and a new strand.

5. A mutation is a change in the sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

6. During transcription, DNA serves as a template for mRNA formation.

7. DNA carries a triplet code; every three bases stand for one amino acid.

8. Each tRNA has an anticodon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other.

9. The nucleolus is a concentration of a nucleic acid called RNA.

10. The "backbone" of a strand of DNA is composed of sugars and phosphates held together with covalent bonds.

11. The "rungs" of the DNA ladder are composed of bases held together with hydrogen bonds.

12. List 7 differences in structure in RNA, compared to the structure of DNA.

13. Fill in the following table: (3)

14. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are composed of two subunits. Ribosomes are made up of protein and RNA.

15. Protein is produced during the process called translation. This process has three main parts:

a. initiation

b. elongation

c. termination

16. messenger RNA is produced having bases that are complementary to the bases in DNA. Thus, it is said that DNA serves as a template for mRNA production. Three bases on a length of mRNA are called a codon, and code for one amino acid.

17. transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome during translation. The anticodon of the tRNA is complementary to the codon of the mRNA.

18. Environmental factors that cause mutations are called mutagens. Mutations might also cause genetic diseases in offspring if the sex cells of the parents are affected, or might cause cancer in the individual if the somatic cells are affected.

19. Three chemical mutagens are:

a. pesticides

b. PCB’s

c. certain pollutant

20. Three radiation mutagens are:

a. X-rays, cosmic rays

b. UV rays

c. nuclear reactors

21. Put phrases a-f in the correct order to describe protein synthesis:

22. Genetic engineering is the use of technology to alter the genome of viruses, bacteria, and other cells for medical, agricultural, or medical purposes.

23. Recombinant DNA contains DNA from 2 or more different sources.

24. Several uses of recombinant DNA include cloning genes, producing biotechnology products, making transgenic organisms, gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting.

25. A biotechnology product that are now available include are human growth hormone, which used to have to be extracted from the pituitary glands of 50 cadavers to make a single dose.

26. A common vector is the retrovirus, which is a virus that has, RNA, rather than DNA as its nucleic acid.

27. A vector is something that can get DNA from one species into the DNA of a second species. Often, this can be a plasmid, a small circular piece of bacterial DNA.

28. Bacteria are useful monerans that are engineered for numerous duties. For example, some are engineered to produce an insecticide to kill insects. Many are used to clean up messes like garbage dumps and oil spills -- using organisms for this purpose is called bioremediation. They can also be used to chemicals, like the phenylalanine used in the production of Nutrasweet.

29. DNA "fingerprints" are commonly produced using a technique called RFLP Analysis. This techniques uses special enzymes called restriction enzymes, which cut up DNA in specific ways.

30. DNA that has been amplified by PCR can be analyzed using a radioactive DNA probe, which can detect viral infections, and diagnose some genetic disorders and cancers.

31. If two organisms have identical DNA, but are not twins, they are said to be clones. Two animals that have been successfully cloned are sheep and guinea pigs.

32. In order to insert a human gene into a bacterial plasmid, first a restriction enzyme is used to cut up the DNA and form "sticky" ends on the gene and the plasmid. Then, the enzyme DNA ligase is used to seal the human gene into the plasmid. The bacteria can now be allowed to reproduce, cloning the DNA, or the bacteria can be caused to translate the human gene, producing pure human protein.

33. In PCR uses a heat-resistant form of the enzyme DNA polymerase and a repeating cycle of heating and cooling to produce massive amounts of DNA from tiny samples (e.g. a single hair from a crime scene).

34. The human genome project is a massive project in biochemistry in which every single nucleotide in the human genome is being sequenced.

35. The laboratory technique that is used to make many multiple copies of a single piece of DNA is the polymerase chain reaction, which is abbreviated PCR.

36. Today, high quality human insulin is produced through biotechnology for the treatment of diabetes.

37. Treating genetic disorders by replacing defective genes in a person with healthy genes is called gene therapy. If the genes are injected into cells that have been first removed from the patient, and then put back in the patient, this is called ex vivo gene therapy. If the genes are introduced right into the bodies of the patients directly, this is called in vivo gene therapy.

38. Using genetically engineered animals to produce medicines and drugs for human use is called gene farming.