Scope of Services
BY, DANIEL F. KNOX*
I. What’s at stake?
Probably the single most common source of claims against design professionals is a misunderstanding between the consultant and
the client over what services are to be performed. If the parties begin their professional relationship without a clear understanding
of the scope of design services to be rendered ‐‐ if the client’s expectations are not aligned with what the design professional intends
to do ‐‐ then the project will be a bumpy one at best. Too often, it will be a project that ends in mutual acrimony and professional
liability claims.
The level of detail in a scope of services section of a professional services contract will vary greatly depending upon the complexity
and size of the project. Regardless of project complexity and size, however, a clearly worded scope of services is crucial, particularly
when working for unsophisticated or exceptionally demanding clients. With both types, special care needs to be taken to eliminate
any misunderstandings.
II. Key issues
A well‐drafted scope of services clause is an opportunity to lay to rest any number of potential problems down the road. Below, the
major issues that can be shaped with the scope of services section are addressed in no particular order.
Client Input ‐‐ An entire project can be halted in its tracks if the client is unable or unwilling to make basic and necessary decisions in
a timely manner. Negotiating the scope of services section of your contract is an excellent opportunity to set out precisely what
decisions the client needs to make and when they need to make them. Plus, this exercise illustrates the impact that each decision
will have on the remainder of the project. Ask the client to give you specific written criteria for the project by a fixed date before the
conceptual or schematic phase is to begin. If design alternatives are to be prepared, specify a date by which the client will select the
preferred alternative, and give the green light for the preparation of the balance of the work.
Schedule ‐‐ There are many unsophisticated clients out there who have no idea how long it might reasonably take for their projects
to be completed. Their expectations can be very unrealistic, leading to guaranteed dissatisfaction with the design firm’s
performance. The scope of services section of your contract is a good place to have an honest discussion about project schedules
and how long the entire project is likely to take. It enables you to apportion a reasonable amount of time for each step in the
process, laid out in logical order, so that the client can see what a delay in one stage is likely to mean in another.
Other Services ‐‐ If you intend to hire sub‐consultants, then their services should be included in your scope. What’s more, if there
are required sub‐specialties you do not intend to provide, they, too, should be specifically listed as owner responsibilities.
Otherwise, you may find yourself accused of failing to provide any of a host of other design services (e.g., survey or geotechnical
work) that you had no intention of providing. Some contracts have design/build provisions, where major portions of the design work
(especially electrical and mechanical) are provided by a single design/build subcontractor. If that is the case, that needs to be spelled
out specifically in the scope of services as well.
Excluded Services ‐‐ The scope of services should specifically state that, other than those services described in the document, the
design professional and its sub‐consultants will perform no other services absent an agreement that includes additional
compensation.
Phased Projects ‐‐ For projects of magnitude, there may be a schematic or conceptual phase, or a phase in which design alternatives
are to be presented to the client. The client may request a set of basic permitting documents to be obtained, so that at least
preliminary permitting can begin. There may be no separate set of “minimal permit” drawings prepared, but rather a single set of
construction ready documents prepared for both bid and presentation to the permitting authorities. Whatever the process, it should
be specifically outlined in the scope of services. The process should be tied to the schedule with specific benchmark dates for each
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step. Again, this is a terrific way to educate the client concerning the client’s responsibility for basic decisions and the impact delays
may have on the balance of the schedule.
Construction Administration ‐‐ It is exceptionally important, no matter what the design professional’s role in the project, that there
be a specific reference made to construction administration or contract administration. Some sub‐consultants may have no role
whatsoever in construction administration. Their contract should specifically state that, and any assistance during the construction
administration phase should be specifically listed as an “extra.” The prime designer (as well as major sub‐consultants) should always
seek a role in construction administration. You truly shouldn’t want any part of a project in which the client doesn’t request periodic
observation by the prime designer. The scope of services should spell out the frequency of visits. If a client expects the design
professional to be on‐site for a full day weekly, for example, then that requirement and an adequate fee should be specified in the
contract.
III. Negotiating tips
The Team Approach ‐‐ The professional relationships that work best are those that work like a real team, with each party accepting
accountability for their areas of responsibility. The scope of services provision is one of the design professional’s best opportunities
to establish a positive working relationship, so that the party goes into the relationship with a good understanding of what might
reasonably be expected from the other party, and in what timeframe. If the design professional is considerate of the client’s need
for time and information to make decisions and provide information, most clients will be similarly attentive and provide their design
professionals with sufficient time to do a reasonable job.
The Education Function ‐‐ Unsophisticated clients begin with only a vague understanding of their responsibilities, the design
professional’s capabilities, and the contractor’s responsibilities. The scope of services discussion is a great time for the design
professional to educate the client so that the client has a better understanding of what the project is going to require of the various
parties. Don’t simply assume that if your client has the financing for a sizeable project that they also have a sophisticated
understanding of what the project will entail. Take the time to make sure your client’s expectations are aligned with what you are
prepared and able to perform.
Allocate Responsibilities ‐‐ Design professionals should never shirk obligations that are fairly within the duties expected of them.
Great care should be taken, however, to avoid allowing a client to assume that the design professional is accepting responsibilities
that more appropriately belong elsewhere, particularly with the contractor or with specialties the owner is to provide (survey or
geotechnical services, for example). The scope of services language is a good opportunity to talk about some of those
responsibilities, particularly as they relate to the construction schedule. Remind the client that design professionals do not control
construction scheduling. It’s also a good idea (in a section which specifically lists responsibilities the design professional does not
accept) to discuss responsibility for site safety and for construction costs.
Value Engineering ‐‐ On any significant project, it’s a good idea to set aside time within the schedule to conduct one’s own review
for both “value engineering” and “buildability.” Some clients may even suggest a separate value engineering exercise prior to
completion of construction documents, or postbid. Beware the client, however, who talks about value engineering during the
construction phase. That’s an invitation for coordination problems and schedule dislocation. If the client wants a specific value
engineering process, it ought to be built into the scope of services with a specific slot of time set aside for the exercise. The time for
deciding what is to be built should be before commencement of construction.
IV. Risk transfer considerations
The scope of services section of your contract should not be thought of as a risk transfer section. Rather, it should be considered a
risk allocation exercise and a vehicle to eliminate or reduce the potential scope of misunderstandings, both yours and those of your
client.
When you hire a new professional right out of design school, you take special care to ensure assignments are clear and complete so
that the newly‐fledged professional has an understanding of precisely what is expected. The scope of services language performs the
same function for both the client and the design professional, allowing the relationship to begin with fewer misunderstandings
about the responsibilities of one another. That, alone, reduces the probability of future disagreement and claims.
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*Daniel F. Knox is the Portland Shareholder for Schwabe, Williamson & Wyatt in Portland Oregon. A Fellow of the American College
of Trial Lawyers, he has tried well over 100 cases to conclusion. His practice is a varied one, emphasizing construction litigation (on
behalf of owners, developers, and design professionals), general commercial litigation, and defense of maritime claims of all types.
Mr. Knox heads the firm's commercial litigation practice group, which is comprised of over thirty attorneys.
travelers.com/1stchoice
Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America and its property casualty affiliates. One Tower Square, Hartford, CT 06183
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Travelers Companies, Inc. or any of its subsidiary
insurance companies (“Travelers”). This paper is for general informational purposes only. None of it constitutes legal advice, nor is it intended to create any
attorney‐client relationship between you and the author. You should not act or rely on this information concerning the meaning, interpretation, or effect of
particular contractual language or the resolution of any particular demand, claim, or suit without seeking the advice of your own attorney.
© 2013 The Travelers Indemnity Company. All rights reserved. Travelers and the Travelers Umbrella logo are registered trademarks of the Travelers Indemnity
Company in the U.S. and other countries. Ed. 11‐13
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