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Glossary - page 1 GLOSSARY OF ELIZABETHAN LITERATURE, ANNOTATED: WORDS, PHRASES As of November 18, 2010 NOTE: This is an ongoing self-correcting work, picking up minor functional errors as it is amended. Therefore, it is NOT automatically proofed for spelling etc. It is intended only as a useful time-saving tool. (OED refers to the OED compact disc; the full-volume set may contain expanded entries.) (FS means found in Shakespeare; NFS means not found in Shakespeare.) George A Greene and Selimus, published anonymously, are persuasively attributed to Robert Greene, and assigned thus. Oldcastle is assigned to Michael Drayton. Second Maiden's Tragedy has been assigned to several authors, including Shakespeare; but the most likely seems to be Middleton, and it is so assigned. LETTER A ABC (n): hornbook primer. FS (TGV). abbey-lubber (n): lazy monk. Cf. Nashe Absurdity; (anon.) Marprelate Epistle (OED missed this 2d citation). abecedary (adj): needing to know the alphabet. Illiterate. NFS. Cf. Nashe Anatomy of Absurdity (1st of 2 OED citations); Florio Montaigne. abide (v): (1) endure. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. (2) await defiantly, face. NFS. Cf. Orlando Furioso. OED contemp citation: 1570-87 Holinsh. Scot. Chron. abject (n): lowly object, cast-off. FS (Rich3, JC); Lyly Campaspe. OED only as adj or verb. abode/abod (n): delay. FS (MV, A&C); Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Jocasta; (anon.) Mucedorus. OED contemp citation: 1577 Holinshed Chron. abodements (n): forebodings. FS (3H6); Lyly Woman in the Moon. abode/aboding (v): foretell, give omen. FS (3H6). Abram/Abraham-colored (adj): auburn-haired ("Abraham" is a corruption of auburn). FS (Corio, 2d OED citation); Kyd Soliman&Perseda (1st OED citation). Abraham man (n): one of the vagabonds wandering the country after dissolution of the churches, provision for the poor being cut off. FS (R&J, possible). abridgement (n): (1) entertainment. FS (MND (only OED citation), Ham). (2) that which cuts something short. FS (H5 (2d OED citation), Ham (not in Quartos), Cymb, Lucrece). abroach (adj): astir. FS (Rich3, R&J); Lyly Euphues Eng; Lodge Wounds; Greene Selimus; Harvey Sonnet; (anon.) Ironside, Locrine, Weakest. (2) tapped, open. FS (2H4). absonant (adj): (1) harsh, inharmonious. NFS. CF. (1600) Holland Livy. (2) abhorrent, unreasonable, unnatural. NFS. Cf. (1564) H0ward Europius. abruption (n): interruption. FS (Troilus, 1st OED citation). aby/abie (v): pay for, atone. FS (MND); Golding Ovid; Kyd Sol&Per; Greene George a Greene; Marlowe Edw2; Nashe Choice of Valentines; Munday Death of ... Huntington. accidence (n): (1) the part of Grammar which treats of the Accidents or inflections of words: a book of the rudiments of grammar. FS (MWW); Nashe Almond for a Parrot, Will Sommers. (2) hap, mishap, chance, fortuitous circumstance. NFS. Cf. Dekker King's Enter. Chapman D'Olive, both meanings may apply. accomplements (n): anything that completes or perfects, adds grace or ornament to body or mind. FS (Edw3). 1st OED citations: 1587 Fleming Contn; Holinshed III. 1579. ace (n): value of playing card, dice. Metaphor for the value of a man. See Card Games, Dice, Sharps, Tricks, Tricksters, Appendix (in preparation). acknown (adj): acknowledged. FS (Oth); Golding Ovid. Almost all contemp references cited in the OED are in religious works. acture (n): physical act (such as passion). FS (Lov Comp, only OED citation). adamant (n): alleged mineral, ascribed with the hard, unbreakable properties of a diamond; others ascribed to it properties of the lodestone or magnet. Golding uses both meanings, according to need. FS (1H6, MND, Troilus); Golding Ovid; Greene James IV; others. Common. adamantine (adj): having the qualities of adamant. Cf. Greene Mourn Gar; Marston Scourge; (anon.) Locrine, Wily. addle egg (n): addled/muddled or scrambled eggs. FS (R&J, Troilus); Lyly Pap with a Hatchet (3d OED citation). adequation (n): the act of equalling. Only OED citation. NFS. Cf. Nashe Absurdity. Glossary - page 2 adhibit (v): admit, apply, use. Cf. Painter Palace Rhomeo. adjure (v): charge, put under oath, under penalty of a curse. NFS. adjuring (v, n, a): charging under oath; exorcising. FS (Fr Bac). adjuvate (v): aid, assist. NFS. Cf. Pickering Horestes; Munday Zelauto.. 1st OED citation 1599 A. M. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physic. Only 4 uses listed in OED, apparently then died out. admiration (n): wonder, amazement. FS (many, Hamlet). admire (v): wonder, express surprise, amazement. FS (12th, WT, Temp, Timon, Sonnet); Greene Orl, Fr Bac; (anon.) Dodypoll; Munday Huntington. admonishment (n): warning. FS (1H6, Troilus); Golding Trogus. admonish (v): warn, inform. FS (1H6); Underdowne History. adread (adj): afraid. Cf. Golding Ovid; Greene Maiden's Dream; Sidney Arcadia. advant (v): boast. NFS. Cf. Gascoigne Philomene, Master F.J.. (Elyot Image Gov, 1541, only OED citation.) advenient (adj): coming from without; additional. NFS. Cf. Lodge Wounds (1st OED citation). adventure on (v): (1) attack. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Arden of Feversham. (2) risk, dare. FS (R&J, MV); (anon.) Leir. advertise (v): notify. Cf. Underdowne History. advertisement (n): (1) notification, information. NFS. Cf. Chapman Bl Beggar. (2) calling attention to. NFS. (3) public notice. FS (Ado). advised (adj): considerate, well considered: FS (many); Golding Abraham; Brooke Romeus; Lodge Wounds; (anon.) Ironside; (disp.) Greene's Groat. advoutery (n): adultery. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid, Trogus; Bedingfield Cardanus. advouterer (n): adulterer. Cf. Golding Ovid. aedile (n): Roman officer under the tribunes. FS (Cor). aeromancy (n): See magic, spells, below. affectionates (v): has affection for. NFS. Cf. Greene Fr Bac (1st OED citation). affectioned (adj): (1) affected, willful. FS (12th, 2d OED citation). (2) fond, affectionate. NFS. Cf. Oxford letter to Lord Burghley, Sept. 72 affeered (adj): confirmed, recognized. FS (Mac, 2d OED citation). affiance (n): (1) trust, confidence. FS (2H6, H5, Cymb); (anon.) Ironside. (2) affinity. Cf. Armin Quips. Only OED citations: Hooker Eccl Pol; Chester Love's Martyr. affied (v): betrothed. FS (Shrew, OED missed 2d citation); Spenser FQ; Munday John a Kent. affined (adj): bound, joined together. FS (Oth, Troilus, 2d & 3rd OED citations). affray (v): frighten. FS (R&J); Golding Ovid; Spenser FQ. affright (v): terrify. FS (17); Watson Hekatompathia; Lyly Love's Metamorphoses; Kyd Cornelia; Marlowe Edw2; Nashe Menaphon (1st OED citation); Munday Huntington; Chapman D'Olive; (anon.) Woodstock, Leir, Penelope, Leicester's Gh. affy (v): (1) trust. FS (Titus); Greene Card of Fancy. (2) betroth. FS. (1-2H6). agen (adv): southern pronunciation of again. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid, Abraham' Sacrifice. aglet baby (n): doll or woman decked with aglets. FS (Shrew). agnize (v): acknowledge. FS (Oth). agnomen (n): second name, nickname. agnominate (v): bestow a second name on, nickame. Cf. (anon.) Locrine (1st of 2 OED citations). a-hold (adv): close to the wind. FS (Temp). ails/ayles (n): the awn of barley or other corn. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. alday (adv): (1) every day. NFS. Cf. Devices. Last OED citation 1483. (2) all day. alderliefest (adj): dearest. FS (2H6). ale (n): (1) alehouse. (2) church festival at which ale was served. FS (TGV). ale-dagger (n): dagger worn for use in ale-house brawls. NFS. Cf. Lyly Pappe; (anon.) Pasquil Return. algate (adv): at any rate. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. alienize (v): make eternal. Not in OED. Cf. Lyly/Ferrars Phoenix. All-Hallowmas: All-Saints' Day. FS (MWW). All-hallownd eve: Halloween. FS (MM). allay/alayd (v): dilute. FS (A&C, WT, Corio, H8); Golding Ovid. allayment (n): that which eases. FS (Troilus). alleavement/allevement (n): relief. NFS. Cf. Kyd Sol&Per (only OED citation). allemand/almain (n): dance to slow music. NFS. Cf. Robinson ... Delights. allicholly/allycholly (n): melancholy. FS (TGV. MWW.) Almain (adj): german. FS (Oth). Almaine rivets: per Bond, armor devised by the Germans, made with short plates with rivets sliding into slot-holes to allow overlapping. Glossary - page 3 almery (n): see ambry. almose (n): alms. NFS. Cf. Bedingfield Cardanus. alms (n): (1) good deed. FS (Ado, Corio). (2) bad deed. FS (3H6). (3) alms-basket. FS (LLL). aloes (n): bitterness. FS (Lov Comp). alpia (n): tree that is not harmed by fire but withers from dew. This seems to be an invention of Greene's? NFS. Cf. Greene Pandosto. Amaimon/Amamon (n): the Devil. FS (1H4, MWW). amain (adv, n): (1) at full speed, speed. FS (9-2H6, 3H6, LLL, Errors, Temp, Titus); Golding Ovid; Lodge Wounds; Marlowe Massacre, Edw2; (anon./Greene) G a G; Greene Orl Fur; (anon.) True Trag, Locrine, Prison Pent, Weakest, Arden, Ret Parn. (2) at full voice. FS (1H6, Troilus, Edw3, V&A); Pickering Horestes; Devices; (anon.) Arden, Locrine. amate (v): dismay, overwhelm, confuse. NFS. Cf. Devices; Lodge Wounds; Sidney Ps; Greene Orl Fur, Menaphon, Never Too Late; Watson Tears; Lodge Elstred; (disp.) Greene's Groat. Amazonian (adj): beardless. FS (Cor). OED did not pick up this definition. ambages (n): circumlocutions, beating about the bush. NFS. Cf. Kyd Sp Tr; Munday John a Kent; Drayton ... Oldcastle; 1607 Dekker Wh. Babylon; (anon.) Wily.) ambry/almery (n): (1) place for keeping things; storehouse, treasury; cupboard; safe; locker, press/ NFS. Cf. Heywood Prov; Stanyhurst Aeneas. (2) pigeon hole. Cf. Udall Erasnus. (3) repository, treasure. (4) place for keeping food. Cf. 3 Lords. ambush (v): place in concealment. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Woodstock. amerce (v): punish, penalize, fine. FS (R&J); Wilkins Mis. Enf. Mar. amomum/amomie (n): aromatic plant, species unknown in early writings. Cf. Golding Ovid; Nashe Menaphon. OED citation: Per OED:1551 Turner Herbal (1568) 26 Amomum is a small bushe ... Some call it a christenmase rose. amorets (n): love glances/tricks. NFS. Cf. Greene Fr Bac (1st OED citation), Never Too Late. amort (adj): lifeless, inanimate: "alamort", dejected. FS (1H6, Shrew); Greene Fr Bac (1st OED citation); Peele Old Wives Tale; Munday John a Kent, Huntington. amphictyon (n): deputy to an assembly or council composed of the states of ancient Greece. NFS. Cf. Underdowne History. Amphion's instrument (n): lyre given to Amphion by Hermes; when he became a mason, stones moved to the sounds of his lyre and slid gently into place.NFS. Cf. (anon.) Locrine. Amphisbena: Amphisbean, a serpent with two heads. See Pliny III.8.23. amuse (n): preoccupation, musing. NFS. Cf. Underdowne History. (Only OED citation: 1608 Machin Dumb Knt.) anatomy (n): (1) skeleton. FS (Errors, John); Lodge Wounds (OED missed 1st citation). (2) body. FS (R&J, 12th). anchor (n): anchorite, hermit. FS (Ham). anciently (adv): in the manner of an old man. NFS. Cf. Greene Pandosto (only OED citation). Andrew (n): Sp galleon captured at Cadiz (1596). FS (MV). angel (n): gold coin worth about ten shillings, often used with heavenly angels as a play on words. FS (John, Errors, MWW, Ado, Caesar, Mac); Lyly Bombie; most Middleton; Heywood Woman Killed; (anon.) Willobie, Wily, Ret Parn. Common. angina (n): quinsy (inflammation of the throat). NFS. Cf (anon.) Pasquil's Apology (1st OED citation). anheers (n): gentlemen. FS (MWW). antic (n): (1) clown, grotesque. FS (Rich2, 1H4, Shrew); Greene James IV; Peele Wives; Armin Quips. (2) grotesque pageant or theatrical representation, or performers. FS (LLL); James IV. (3) sculpted human figure , grotesque or impossible. Cf. Spenser FQ; Marlowe Faustus. (4) unworthy, grotesque representation. Cf. (anon.) Dodypoll (not in OED in that sense). antic (adj): (1) qrotesque or bizarre,. FS (Shrew, Ham); Munday John a Kent; Lyly Mother Bombie; Marlowe Edw2; (anon.) Woodstock. (2) laughing. FS (1H6); (3) pertaining to musical performance (Mac). (4) monstrously carved or shaped Anthropophagi/Anthropagei/Anthropophaginian (n): primitive man-eaters. FS (MWW, Oth); Greene Orl Fur; Selimus. OED cites: 1598 Marston Pygmalion ii. (1764) 144 Take heede O world... Of these same damned Anthropophagy. 1604 Shakes. Oth. i. iii. 144 The Canibals that each others eate, The Antropophague. Antipodes (n): land or peoples on opposite side of the earth; sometimes Irish. FS (3H6, Rich2, MND, MV, Ado); Chapman D'Olive. antre (n): cave, cavern. FS (Oth, 1st OED citation). apaid/apayd (v, a): satisfied. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. appall (v): (1) weaken. FS (1H6, Edw3); Golding Ovid; Edwards Dam&Pith; (anon.) Locrine. Glossary - page 4 "Unappalled" in Brooke Romeus. (2) appall (n or v): shock, dismay. FS (Troilus, Ham, Mac, V&A, TNK (v); Mac (n)); Golding Abraham; Gascoigne Jocasta; Watson Tears; Chapman (v) Iliad, Batrachom. (3) frighten. FS (Troilus); (anon.) Leir. apparance (n): preparation; in Leir it seems to mean "investigation/evidence". NFS. Cf. (anon.) Leir. Very rare. appeach (v): accuse, denounce. FS (Rich2, AWEW); Greene Pandosto. appeal (n): formal charge, accusation. FS (Rich2). appertainings (n): appurtenances. FS (Lov Comp, only OED citation). applausive (adj): agreeable. Cf. Chapman All Fools; Heywood Woman Killed, Bryt Troy. apple-squire (n): harlot's attendant, pimp. Cf. (anon.) Warning Fair Women (2d of 3 OED citations). approved (adj): tested, proven, convicted. FS (many); Lodge Wounds. approver (n): (1) one who tests another. FS (Cymb). (2) informer. apron-man (n): workman, mechanic. FS (Corio); Nashe Chr Tears. aqua-vitae (n): alcoholic spirits. FS (Errors, R&J, MWW, 12th, WT). Arabian bird (n): phoenix, a rare specimen. FS (A&C, Cymb) Watson Hek; Lyly Endymion, Woman/Moon. Arabian tree (n): throne of the phoenix; may exude a medicinal resinous gum. FS (Oth); Lyly Gallathea Araris (n): that fish in the flood Araris -- which at thy waxing is as white as the driven snow and at thy waning as black as deepest darkness. NFS/. Cf. Euphues 'the fish Scolopidus in the flood Araris', which 'at the waxing of the moon is as white as the driven snow.' Apparently derived from the Pseudo-plutarchea -- De Fluviis (see Bond). These charming dissertations on the habits of incredible flora and fauna are to be found throughout Lyly's work. Cf. Lyly Euphues, Endymion. arbitrator (n): mediator, sometimes judge (legal). FS (1H6, Troilus, Lucrece). [note Shakespeare adaption of legal term: arbitrator of despairs (2H6); that arbitrator, time (Troilus); idle words ... weak arbitrators (Lucrece). arbitrement (n): (1) authority to settle a dispute, judgment (legal). NFS. Cf. Marlowe Jew of Malta; Kyd Cornelia. (2) settlement of a dispute through mediation (legal). FS (1H4); Underdowne History; Oxford letter (1593). areed (v): declare, advise. Cf. Robinson Delights; Spenser FQ. argal (conj): mispronounciation of "ergo"; therefore. FS (Ham). argent (adj): silver. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Locrine. argentine (adj): silvery. FS (Pericles). argosy (n): large merchant vessel. FS (3H6, Shrew, MV); Marlowe Jew, Faust. Aristippus: a flatterer, made famous as such by a character in Edwards Damon & Pithias. Cf. Lyly Euphues; many others. arm (v): (1) carry on one's arms. FS (Cymb, only OED citation). (2) give one's arm to. FS (TNK). armed (adj): (1) steel-tipped. FS (2H6). (2) resolved. FS (Errors). armipotent (adj): mighty in arms (of Mars). FS (LLL, AWEW, TNK); Chaucer Kn Tale (1st OED citation). aroynt/aroint (v): away, begone. FS (Mac). arrest (n): judgment, decree, sentence. NFS. Cf. Gates Defence. arrest (v): accept as security. FS (LLL). arrouse (v): besprinkle. FS (TNK). arsmetry (n): arsmetrick, i.e. arithmetic. Cf. Greene/Lodge Looking Glass (only OED citation). article (n): prominence, worth. FS (Ham). artire (n): artery. FS (Ham).Collins points out Solinus Polyhistor and Gesner De rerum fossilium ... as sources of Euphuistic natural history peculiarities and misconceptions asbeston (n): the qualities of asbestos were discussed similarly in Lyly Euphues, Sapho, and Bombie; and Greene Alphonsus. Collins points out Solinus Polyhistor and Gesner De rerum fossilium ... as sources of Euphuistic natural history peculiarities and misconceptions. ascite (v): cite, summon (legal). NFS. Cf. Drayton ... Oldcastle. OED 1st citation: 1552-5 Latimer Serm. & Rem. ascription (n): attribution. NFS. Cf. Chapman Iliad (1st OED citation), Bl Beggar. ash (n): ashen shaft of a spear; a spear itself. FS (Cor, 2 OED citation). 1st OED citation: Beowulf. askant/ascaunt (prep): aslant, across. FS (Ham, only OED citation). Folios read "aslant". aslope (adj, adv): slanting, sloping, athwart. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Leir, Warning Fair Women Asnath: evil spirit, anagram of Sathan. FS (2H6). asper (adj): harsh, severe. NFS. Cf. Churchyard De Tristibus. assemblance (n): semblance, appearance. FS (2H4, 2d OED citation). assoil (v): absolve. NFS. Cf. Lodge Wounds. asterism (n): cluster of stars, constellaton. NFS. Cf. Chapman Bl Beggar (1st OED citation). Glossary - page 5 Astrea: goddess of justice. FS (1H6). atomy/atomie (n): atom -- hypothetical body, infinitely small, incapable of further division; thus held to be one of the ultimate particles of matter, by the concourse of which, according to Leucippus and Democritus, the universe was formed. FS (R&J, 2H4, AsYou). OED 1st citations: 1477 Norton Ord. Alch; 1546 Langley Pol. Verg. De Invent; 1603 Holland Plutarch Mor. attainder (n): (1) legal action of forfeiture of estate FS (H8). (2) accusation, disgrace, taint FS (LLL, Rich2); Drayton ... Oldcastle. (3) suspicion FS (Rich3). attaint (v, adj): disgrace, taint. FS (1H6, LLL). (2) charged, impeached, condemned. FS (2H6, Errors, Lear, V&A, Troilus); Brooke Romeus; Lodge Wounds. attend (v): await. FS (Rich2, OED missed citation). attendure (n): see attainder, above, FS (H8). attent (n): intent. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. attent (v): attentive. FS (Ham). attest (n): testimony. FS (Troilus, OED 1st citation). attorney/attorneyship (n): deputy, representative, proxy. FS (9); Raleigh poem; Jonson Cynthia. attorneyed: (1) deputized. FS (MM, OED missed citation). (2) carried out by proxy. FS (WT, only OED citation). audible (adj): keen-eared, able to hear. FS (Cor, OED missed citation); Nashe Almond. auditors/auditory (n): audience, listeners. FS (MND, 2d OED citation; Titus); Bacon Dramatic Forms; Jonson Revels; (anon.) Blast of Retreat, Warning Fair Woman; (disp.) Double Falsehood.. augury, various forms. See Magic, Spells, Wonders, below. auncient/ancient (adj): ensign, sub-lieutenant. FS (H5, OED missed citation). avail (n): value, advantage. FS (AWEW); Lodge Wounds. avaunced/avaunst (v, a): raised. Cf. Golding Ovid. See also "vaunst" avaunt (v): (1) begone. FS (16); Golding Ovid; Lodge Wounds; Lyly Whip, Woman/Moon; Marlowe Dido; Greene GaG, Selimus; Greene/Lodge Looking Glass; Harvey Sonnet; Chapman Bussy; (anon.) Locrine, Nobody/Somebody. Wily. (2, n) command to leave, goodbye. FS (H8); Marston Malcontent. aventure [at all] (adv): in any case; at random. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Bedingfield Cardanus; Lyly Euphues Eng; (anon.) Leir.Per OED a legal term: 1672 Manley Interpr., Aventure..is a Mischance, causing the death of a Man, without Felony; as when he is suddenly drowned or burnt, falling into the Water or Fire. Averoe (n): Averroist, One of a sect of peripatetic philosophers who appeared in Italy some time before the restoration of learning, and adopted the leading tenets of Ibn Roshd or Averrhoes, an Arabian philosopher born at Cordova, viz. that the soul is mortal, or (as others stated it) that the only immortal soul is a universal one, from which particular souls arise, and into which they return at death. Earliest OED citation 1753. NFS. Cf. Bedingfield Cardanus. avoord/avord (v): afford. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid, Abraham. awbe (n): perhaps alp, a bullfinch. Cf. Gascoigne Philomene (only OED citation). awk (adv): directed the wrong way. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. OED cites Golding De Mornay; Harvey New Letter. axletree (n): (1) [of heaven] imaginary line which forms the axis of the revolution of the earth, a planet, the heavens. FS (1H4, Troilus); Golding Ovid; Marlowe/Nashe Dido; Marlowe 1 Tamburlaine (OED missed these citations), Faust; Drayton ... Oldcastle; (anon.) Pasquil Apology. (2) fixed bar or beam of wood on the rounded ends of which the opposite wheels of a carriage revolve. Cf. Gates Defence. LETTER B bablatrice (n): female babbler. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Locrine (only OED citation). backare (int.): stand back, give place. FS (Shrew); Heywood Prov; Udall Royster; Lyly Midas. backs/backes (n): bats; reermice: bats. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. back (v): ride a horse, also break a horse. FS. (1H4, V&A), 1st 2 OED citations. backfriend (n): false friend. FS (Errors, AsYou); Oxford letter 10-31-72. OED cites 2 early uses: 1472 Sir J. Paston in Lett. 692 III. 40, I heard somewhat by him of a back freind of your. 1574 T. Newton Health Mag. 75 Corrupt and unpure Air is unto all age a great backfriend and enemy. back-sword (n): (1) sword with only one cutting edge. (2) stick with a basket-hilt, used for fencing. FS (2H4, which meaning unknown); (anon.) Wily Beguuiled. back-trick (adj): backward step in dancing. FS (12th). bad (adj): unfortunate. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Fam. Vic. baffle (v): (1) subject to public disgrace. FS (1H4); Hall Chron; Churchyard Chippes; Spenser Glossary - page 6 FQ. (2) disgrace, treat with abuse or contempt FS (12th); Nashe Penniless (1st OED citation). baggage (n): (1) pert woman. FS (Shrew, R&J);. Lyly Bombie. (2) worthless or vile fellow or woman, wanton. FS (Errors, MWW, Pericles); Chapman d'Olive; (disp.) Maiden's; Middleton Maid, Quarrel, Roaring Girl. bagged/bagd (adj): big with child, pregnant. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Devices. bag-pudding (n): (1) pudding boiled in a bag. Cf. Heywood 1Edw4; (anon.) Wily (OED missed citation). (2) clown. Cf. Day Hum out of Br. bain (n): vessel, receptacle. NFS. Cf. Gascoigne Jocasta, Lodge Elstred. bain (v, ref.): bathe oneself. lit. and fig. NFS. Cf. Lodge Wounds. 3 OED citations: 1483 Caxton Gold. Leg; 1500 Love Song in Halliw. Nug; 1573 Twyne Aeneid. bain/bane/bayne (adj): limber. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. baiting-place/bait (n): (1) bear pit, battfield. FS (6). (2) place of refreshment, rest. Cf. Lyly Euphues Eng; Munday Huntington. baldric/baldrick (n): belt worn from shoulder across to under other arm, to carry sword, bugle, etc. FS (Ado, TNK); Spenser FQ; (anon.) Weakest. bale (n): misery. FS (Corio); Heywood Prof; Golding Ovid; Devices; Lyly Euphues; Greene Fr Bac; Lodge Wounds; (anon.) Locrine, Mucedorus. balke (n): (1) isthmus. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. (2) tie-beam of a house, stretching from wall to wall. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. balk (v): (1) pile up. FS (1H4). (2) pass by, shun, ignore. FS (Shrew); Munday Huntington; Heywood Woman Killed. ballace (n): ballast. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Kyd Sp Tr. ballow (1-n): club. FS (Lear). (2-v): form of French word bailler: fetch. balsamum (n): aromatic resin yielding a balm. FS (Errors); Lodge Wounds; (anon.) Leir. ban (n, v): curse. FS (2H6, Lucrece, PP); Heywood Prov; Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Jocasta; Lyly Sapho; Greene Selimus; Kyd Sp Tr; Marlowe Jew; Nashe Penniless; Munday Zelauto, Huntington; (anon.) Locrine, Arden. band/bands (n): (1) obligation (1H4, Errors); Munday Zelauto. (2) troops. FS (A&C). (3) chains. Cf. Devices; Munday Huntington. bandog (n): dog tied or chained up on account of its ferocity -- usually a mastiff or bloodhound. FS (2H6); Udall (attr.) Thersites; Lyly Endymion; Nashe Summers; (anon.); Pasquil Countercuff, Wily. banderole (n): ornamental streamer or flag attached to a knight's lance. NFS. Cf. Greene Orl Fur; Spenser FQ (1st OED citation). bandurrian [bandore, sp] (n): musical instrument resembling a guitar or lute, with 3, 4, or 6 wire strings, used as a bass to the cittern. NFS. Cf. Gascoigne Jocasta (1st OED citation) . bane (n): destruction, poison. FS (2H6, Troilus, MM, Cymb, Titus, Mac, Edw3, V&A); Golding Ovid; Brooke Romeus; Lyly Euphues Wit, Sapho; Marlowe/Nashe Dido; Greene Alphonsus, Look Gl; Kyd Sol&Per; Harvey 4 Letters; Nashe Summers; Chettle Kind Hart; (anon.) Woodstock, Penelope, Blast of Retreat, Leic Gh.; (disp.) Greene's Groat. banket (n): banquet. Common stage direction. bar (n): tribunal, court (law, public opinion), seat of authority. (v). FS (Rich3, H5, 12th, H8). stand within the bars: obey the law. Cf. (anon.) Pasquil Apology. barbarian (adj): rude, uncivilized. Cf. Spenser Ruins of Rome; (anon.) Wily. Barbary hen (n): (1) guinea hen. (2) prostitute. FS (2H4). barbason: nickname of the Devil. FS (H5). barded (adj): armed, caparisoned, or covered with bards (spikes) NFS. Cf. Greene Selimus. barked (adj): heavily crusted. FS (Ham). barking (adj): not in OED; growling? Cf. (anon.) 1 Ret Parn. barley-break (n): outdoor game resembling Prisoner's Bars, originally played by three couples; one couple, being left in a middle den ("hell"), had to catch the others, who could separate or "break" when hard pressed, and thus change partners, but must when caught take their turn as catchers. NFS. Cf. Lyly Midas; Sidney Arcadia (poetical description); Armin Nest Ninn. barm (n): froth on the top of fermenting malt liquors. FS (MND); Lyly Bombie; Nashe Terrors; (anon.) Wily. barmy (adj): (1) frothy. Cf. Jonson Poetaster. (2) excitable, flighty. Cf. (anon.) Ret Parn. barm-skin (n): leather apron. NFS. Cf. Nashe Traveler. barn (v) store in a barn; garner. FS (Lucrece, 1st OED citation); Armin Quips. barnacle (n): cant term for a swindler. Cf. Nashe Strange News. See Card Games, Dice, Sharps, Tricks, Tricksters, Appendix (in preparation). Glossary - page 7 barnard (n): member of a gang of swindlers who acts as a decoy; a lurking scoundrel, a sharper. Cf. Nashe Strange News. See Card Games, Dice, Sharps, Tricks, Tricksters, Appendix (in preparation). barrel butter (n): old salt butter. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Famous Victories barricado (n): any barrier to passage. FS (12th, AWEW, WT, Edw3); Nashe Penniless, Saffron (v); Chapman Revenge/Bussy (v); (disp.) Maiden's. base (n): plaited skirt appended to the doublet, and reaching from the waist to the knee; also an imitation of this in mailed armour. FS (Per): Sidney Arcadia; Spenser FQ. base, bid the base/bace (v): (1) challenge them. FS (TGV, V&A); Golding Ovid; Marlowe Edw2; (anon.) Pasquil Apology. (2) challenge to a chase in a game similar to prisoner's base. FS (V&A); Udall Eras; Nashe Chr Tears. basilisk (n, adj): A fabulous reptile, ... alleged to be hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg; ancient authors stated that its hissing drove away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. FS (2H6, 3H6, Rich3, WT, Cymb); Watson Hek; Lyly Euphues Eng, Woman/Moon; Underdowne History; Lodge Wounds; Greene Selimus; Nashe Penniless, Anatomy of Absurdity; Chettle Kind Hart; (anon.) Warning Fair Women, Locrine, Arden, Ironside; (disp.) Greene's Groat; etc. Note also the striking use by Kyd in Sol&Per, in which a major coward, braggart and back-stabber is named Basilisco. See Connections. basilisk (n): large cannon. FS (1H4, H5); Marlowe T1 (2d OED citation). basilisco-like (adj): cowardly braggart, character in Kyd Sol&Per. FS (John). Basillus Manus: Besa las manos. Kiss hands; goodbye! (Spanish). Cf. (anon.) Fam Vic; Kyd Sol&Per. bassow/bashow/bashaw (n): pasha. Cf. Marlowe Jew of Malta; Kyd Sp Tr, Sol&Per. bastard, white, brown (n). sweet Spanish wine. FS (1H4); Heywood Maid; (anon.) Pilg Parn. bastinado (n, v): blow with a stick or cudgel, esp. on the feet. FS (John, 1H6, AsYou); Greene Art of Cony; Dekker Hornbook; Armin Quips; Middleton Puritan, Bloody Banquet; (anon.) Locrine, Wily (in a fig. sense), Ret /Parn. baston (n): stick or club. NFS. Cf. Marlowe T1. bat (n): cudgel, club (FS (Cor). bat, grained (n): club showing wood grain. FS (Lov Comp). bate (n): trouble, strife. FS (2H4); Lyly Whip; Heywood Woman Killed.. bate (v): (1) reduce, lower in amount, mitigate. FS (2H4, MV, H5, Timon); Munday More; (anon.) Yorkshire; Middleton 2d Maiden's. (2) flutter, struggle. FS (R&M; Greene Never too Late. (3) [falconry] flutter the wings. FS (1H4). (4) beat back, blunt. FS (LLL). (5) relax, rest?. Cf. Underdowne History. batler/batlet (n): "beetle", wooden board for beating clothes during washing. FS (AsYou). battalia (n): (1) order of battle. (2) troops. FS (Rich3). batten (v): (1) thrive, grow fat. Cf. Lyly Endymion (1st OED citation); Marlowe Jew. (2) feed gluttonously on. FS (Ham, 1st OED citation, Cor). (3) prosper. Cf. Jonson Volpone (1st OED citation). (4) fertilize. battling (adj): fertile. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Greene Fr Bacon. bauble (n): toy; a baton or stick surmounted by a fantastically cared head with asses' ears, carried by the Court Fool or jester or former days as a mock emblem of office, a word identified by Shewmaker as a sexual allusion to male genitalia (dbl meaning). FS (R&J, Titus); Lyly Endymion. bavin (n): bundle of firewood. FS (1H4); Lyly Euphues Wit, Bombie; Nashe Chr Tears; Kemp nine days; Chapman ... Eastward. bawbee/baubie (n): Scottish coin of base silver, equal to about a halfpenny. Cf. Wilkins Mis. Enf. Mar. bawcock (n): fine, good fellow. FS (H5, 1st OED citation, 12th, WT). bawd (n): (1) procurer. FS; many others. (2) hare, rabbit. FS (R&J). bawl (v): howl, cry out. FS (2H4); Nashe Penniless; Dekker Hornbook. bawling (v): yelling at the top of one's voice, howling. FS (Tempest); Lyly Sapho; Drayton ... Oldcastle. OED 1st citation: 1629 Gaule Pract. bay (n): (1) small fruit, esp. of the laurel. (2) laurel tree, leaves thereof. FS (H8); Kyd Sp Tr; Greene Fr Bac. bayard (n): one given to reckless, blind action. FS (Edw3); Golding Ovid; Harvey 4 Letters.. bayard (n): (1) bay horse. (2) magic bay horse given by Charlemagne to Renard; mock-heroic allusion to any courageous horse. (3) allusion to blind recklessness. Cf. Heywood Proverbs. (4) one who is blind in the sense if ignorant. beace (n): beasts, cattle. Cf. Golding Ovid. bead-role (n): list of persons to be specially prayed for. NFS. Cf. Munday Roman. Glossary - page 8 beadle (n): one who delivers the message or executes the mandates of authority. FS (9); Greene Fr Bacon; Nashe Penniless; (anon.) Woodstock, Warning Fair Women, Marprelate Epistle. beadsman (n): man who prays for a benefactor. FS (TGV, Rich2); (anon.) Arden. beaking (adj): projecting. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. bearbrich (n): bear's-breech, acanthus. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. bear (n): bearing. NFS. Cf. Churchyard De Tristibus. bearward (n): keeper of bears, sometimes also monkeys. FS (Ado). beaver (n): visor. FS (3H6, Rich3, 1H4, 2H4, H5, Ham, Troilus); Greene Maiden's Dream; (anon.) Weakest. beck (n): (1) brook or stream. NFS. (2) bow or curtsey. FS (Timon); Underdowne History; Lodge Elstred. bed (n): (1) standing-bed rests on legs FS (MWW); (2) truckle bed, a slow low bed that can be rolled under a standing-bed. FS (R&J, MWW). bedded (adj): lying flat (as hair). FS (Ham). bedlam (n): lunatic, madwoman, madman. FS (John, Lear); Golding Ovid; Munday Huntington. bedlam/bedlem (adj): mad, insane. FS (2H6, H5, Lear). Bedlam (n): madhouse. See Prisons, Institutions. bedlamite (n): madman, madwoman. NFS. Nashe Almond. beetle (n): heavy weight or head, mounted on a handle, used as a pile-driver, also for crushing, bruising, smoothing in industrial opeations. FS (2H4); Lyly Pappe; Armin Quips. beetle (v): overhang. FS (Ham). beggar's bush (n): (1) bunch of ivy (perhaps as the plant sacred to Bacchus) hung up as a vintner's sign; hence, the sign-board of a tavern. Cf. Florio 2d Fruits. (2) the tavern itselt. Cf. (anon.) Marprelate. origin of the proverb: Good wine needs no bush." behearsed (v): placed in a hearse; deprived of. Cf. Peele Alcazar. Rare. behight (adj): pledged, ordained. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid, Abraham. OED contemp citations: 1548 Hall Chron; 1581 Marbeck Bk. Notes. Bel: false god. Baal. FS (Ado). belamed (v): lammed, beat. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Fam Vic. beldame (n): aged woman. FS (John, 1H4, 2H4, Mac, Lucrece); Golding Ovid; Brooke Romeus; Lyly Bombie; Nashe Penniless, Saffron Waldon; (disp.) Greene's Groat; (anon.) Penelope's Complaint. belked (v): belched. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. belking (adj): throbbing. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. OED relates this word to the gout. bell, bear the bell/win the bell (v): take the prize. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Devices; Sundrie Flowers (E/N); Watson Hek; Gascoigne Philomene; Lyly Sapho, Whip; (anon.) Willobie His Avisa. bellman (n): man who rings a bell, making announcements; also who rings a bell at midnight outside the door of a prisoner condemned to die inthe morning. FS (Mac). bellwether (n): (1) leading sheep, on whose neck a bell is hung. FS (AsYou); Spenser M. Hubbard. (2) chief or leader. bemoil (v): cover with dirt and mire. FS (Shrew). bench-hole (n): hole in the seat of a privy-cover. FS (A&C). bencher (n): judge, one who sits on a bench; one who frequents the benches of a tavern. FS (Corio); Edwards Dam&Pith; Drayton ... Oldcastle; Jonson in his Hum. 1st citation per OED: (1534) Ld Berners Gold Book. benchwhistler (n): One who sits idly whistling on a bench: a term of reproach. NFS. Cf. Heywood Prov (OED missed citation); Kemp Nine Days. 1st 2 of 3 OED citations: Boorde Dyetary; Chapman All Fools. benedicite (n): blessing invoked on one's self or others. NFS. Cf. Marprelate Epistle. benevolence (b): forced loan or contribution levied, without legal authority, by the kings of England on their subjects. FS (Rich2). benison (n): blessing. FS (Lear, Macbeth, Pericles); Greene/Lodge Looking Glass; Munday John a Kent; (anon.) Wily. beray (v): stain, befoul, covered with abuse. FS (Titus). Cf. Golding Ovid;1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl; Chapman D'Olive; many others. berent (v): tear to pieces. Not in OED. Cf. Devices. berent/beerent (adj): torn. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. OED contemp citations: 1582 Breton Dolor. Disc. in Heliconia; 1596 W. Smith Chloris. Bergamask/Bergomask (n): rustic dance, framed in imitation of people of Bergamo, Italy. FS (MND). berry (n): mound, hillock, or barrow. NFS. Udall Royster; Cf. Devices; Harrington Ariosto. beshrew [part of an imprecation]: curse. FS (31, Q2); Copland Jyll; Devices; Gascoigne Supposes; Glossary - page 9 Lodge Wounds; Edwards Dam&Pith; Lyly Bombie; Greene James IV, Selimus; Nashe Summers; Drayton ... Oldcastle; Munday John a Kent, More; Armin Quips; Chapman d'Olive; Wilkins Mis. Enf. Mar. (anon.) Woodstock, Leir, Wily; (disp.) Maiden's Tragedy. Common. besom (n): broom of bound twigs around a handle. FS (2H6); Lyly Euphues. besonian (n): see bezonian. besprent (adj): sprayed. NFS. Cf. Brooke Romeus; Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Master F.J.; Devices; Watson Hek; Greene Selimus. bestad (v): beset, situated. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Jocasta; Spenser Shep Cal, FQ; Harvey Pierce's Super; Nashe Astrophel. bestead/bested (v): served (purpose). NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Drayton ... Oldcastle; Munday More. beswing (v) beat soundly. NFS. Cf. Pickering Horestes; Greene Orlando. See also "swinge". betall (v): pay for. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Weakest. (1st OED citation 1630.) beteem (v): (1) think proper. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. (2) grant, allow. FS (MND, Ham, Q2). bever (n): light snack between meals. NFS. Cf. Marlowe Faust (3d OED citation). bewray (v): reveal. FS (7); Golding Ovid, Trogus; Brooke Romeus; Devices; Churchyard De Tristibus; Bedingfield Cardanus; Watson Hek; Edwards Dam&Pith; Gascoigne Jocasta, Master FJ; Underdowne History; Lyly Campaspe, Gallathea, Endymion, Midas, Bombie, Whip, Euphues Wit, Eng; Greene Card of Fancy, Orl Fur, Fr Bacon, James IV, Pandosto, Maiden's Dream; Kyd Sp Tr, Sol&Per, Brewen; Lodge Elstred; Marlowe Massacre, Jew/Malta; Drayton ... Oldcastle; Munday Zelauto, Huntington; Armin Quips; Chapman D'Ol; (anon.) Pasquil Return; Warning Fair Women, Leir, Marprelate Epistle; Locrine, Ironside, Arden, Willobie, Penelope, Wily, Ret Parn, Leic Gh. bezonian/besonian (n): (1) raw recruit FS (2H4). (2) beggar, knave. FS (2H6); Nashe Pennilesse (1st OED citation). bezzle (n): drunkard. NFS. Cf. Nashe Penniless (1st OED citation), Astrophel. bezzle (v): drink. Cf. (anon.) Pilg Parn bias (n): (1) natural inclination, bent. FS (Rich2, LLL, 12th, Lear, Troilus); Pasquil Return. (2) [from a bowling term] slant; may mean distortion of course. FS (Ham). bias, give bias to a bowl (v). furnish with with a weight or bias, for balance. NFS. Cf. Armin Quips (OED omitted, 1st citation Dryden Wild Gallant. bibbler (n): drinker, tippler. NFS. Cf. Udall Royster; Gascoigne Supposes (1st 2 OED citations). biggin/biggen (n): cap or hood for the head, a night-cap; also coif of a Serjeant-at-law. FS (2H4, 3d OED citation); Lyly Pap (2d OED citation); Nashe Penniless; Harvey Pierce. bilbo blade (n): apparently a Spanish sword. FS (MWW); Peele wives. OED contemp citation: 1592 Greene Disput. bilbo (n): shackles for restraining prisoners on ship. FS (Ham). b i l l (n): (1) weapon, long pole with axe and pike on one end. FS (many); Golding Ovid; many others. (2) [broad brown] (n): halberd (a kind of combination of spear and battle-axe, consisting of a sharp-edged blade ending in a point and a spear-head, mounted on a handle fiveto seven-feet long). FS (Ado); Golding Ovid; Gates Defence; Lyly Euphues Eng, Sapho, Endymion; Munday John a Kent; (anon.) Leir. (3) implement used for pruning, cutting wood, lopping trees, hedges, etc., having a long blade with a concave edge, often ending in a sharp hook. NFS. FS (Ado); Lyly Euphues. bill (v): kiss. FS (Troilus). billet (n): (1) block of wood used as a club. FS (MM). (2) logs. Cf. Heywood Woman Killed. binder (n): building upon OED meaning of 'last drink", in Bombie it appears to mean "toast". This would be an only use. Cf. Lyly Bombie. bird-bolt (n): blunt-headed arrow used for shooting birds. FS (LLL, Ado); Udall Royster; Lyly Endymion; (anon.) Locrine, Pilg Parn. bird-spit (n): spit for roasting birds: rapier. Cf. Nashe Saffron Walden. birthdom (n): inheritance, birthright. FS (Mac.) bisson (adj): all or partially blind. FS (Ham, Corio). bisson rheum (n): blinding tears. FS (Ham, Q2). bit, on the: held on a tight rein. NFS. Cf. Lyly Euphues Eng. bitumed (adj): sealed and made watertight. FS (Per). blab (n): tale-bearer. Cf. Heywood Woman Killed, 2 Edw IV. Black Monday: day after Easter; called after the cold Monday after Easter, 1360. FS (MV). bladed (adj): formed as a blade or leaf; leafy. FS (MND, 1st OED citation, Mac). in the blade (adj): while there is as yet only blade or leaf, not yet in the ear; unripe, immature. FS (AWEW); Lyly Pappe. Glossary - page 10 blains (n): verbal outpouring. OED defines as inflammatory swelling or sore on the surface of the body, often accompanied by ulceration; blister, botch, pustule; applied also to eruptions in some pestilential diseases. FS (Timon). 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. [note: OED has no definition that includes verbal effluvia. The long Shakespeare passage uses the word as an indictment of society -- an outbreak of degeneracy, also ignored by OED: "Itches, blains, / Sow all the Athenian bosoms; and their crop / Be general leprosy!".] (anon.) Pasquil Apology. blank (n): (1) center of a target, target. FS (WT, Lear, Oth). (2) line of fire. FS (MWW, Ham). blazon/blaze (v): describe or proclaim openly. FS (8); Golding Ovid; Devises; Churchyard De Tristibus; Oxford poem, letter; Sundrie Flowers (E/N); Gascoigne Jocasta; Lyly Euphues Wit, Eng; Munday Zelauto; Underdowne History; Kyd Sol&Per; Spenser FQ; (anon.) Leic Gh. blaze (n): not in OED, but in Lyly context this obviously means scandalous or notorious person. blazon (n): (1) shield in heraldry. FS (MWW). (2) description of armorial bearings. FS (Ado). (3) description or record. FS (12th). (4) show, open divulging. FS (Ham). blear/bleere (v): confuse, hoodwink. FS (Shrew); Golding Ovid; Brooke Romeus; Lyly Gallathea; Kyd Sp Tr; Nashe Summers. blee [bright of blee] (adj): bright of color, complexion. Stock expression in old ballads. NFS. Cf. Greene George a Greene; Kemp Nine Days. blin/blyn (v): stop, cease. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Brooke Romeus. bliven (v): remain. Cf. (anon.) Weakest. OED last citation much earlier. blo (adj): blackish-blue, livid, leaden-colored. Cf. Golding Ovid. NFS. blown (adj): in bloom, blossomed. FS (LLL, John, Ado, Ham, A&C); (disp.) Maiden's. blue-bottle (n): nickname for man in a dark blue uniform, policeman, beadle. FS (2H4); Wilkins Miseries Enf. Mar. blue cap (n): (1) formerly worn by servants and tradesmen. (2) Scotsman, "blue-bonnet." FS (1H4, 1st OED citation). blurt (n): (1) puff, emission of breath. NFS. (2) blot, stain. NFS. Cf. Lyly Midas? (2) interjection, based on (1). Cf. (disp.) Blurt. blurt (v): to puff in scorn, to "pooh". FS (Edw3, Per); Lyly Midas?. board (v): encounter, accost. FS (Ado); Cf. Earl of Surrey Aeneid; Lyly Euphues Eng; Spenser FQ; Ham Q1 only. bob (n): (1) blow with the fist. Cf. Lyly Pap (2d OED citation). (2) malicious jest, jibe. FS (AsYou, 3d OED citation); Lyly Campaspe, Pap (OED missed citations); (anon.) Leir. bob (v): strike. cut down. FS (Rich3, Troilus, Oth); Golding Ovid; Munday John a Kent, Sir Thomas More; Nashe Martins Months; Armin Foole; (disp.) Double Falsehood. (2) cheat. FS (Troilus). bobadillo (n): blustering braggart. Cf. Armin Quips. OED 1st related entry (1598) Johnson Ev. Man in Humor (Bobadil). OED lists bogadilian and bobadilish, both late-18th c. words; but does not list the early bobadillo at all. Almost certain derived from "bob", to strike or hit (with an inference of pugnacity. bob-fool [play bob-fool] (v): make a fool of. OED cites as first use. bocal/boccall (n): glass bottle or jar with a short wide neck. Cf. Munday Zelauto. (1st OED citation 1756.) bodkin (n): (1) pin or pin-shaped ornament used to fasten women's hair; also a short pointed weapon, dagger. FS (LLL, Ham); Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Glass; Lyly Euphues Wit, Eng, Sapho, Endymion, Midas, Bombie, Pappe; Sidney Arcadia; Nashe Absurdity; Marston, Chapman, Jonson Eastward Ho; Heywood Woman Killed; (anon.) Arden, Warning Fair Women. (2) bodikin (n): diminutive body; atom. God's bodikin: God's body, an oath. FS (MWW, Ham). boggle (v): (1) shy, start with alarm. FS (AWEW); Chapman Iliad. (2) waver, shift. FS (A&C) boined/boynd (v): swelled. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. Only OED citation. boistous/boystous (adj): rough, gross. NFS. Cf. Henry Howard; Golding Ovid, Calvin. bollen/bolled/bolne (adj): swollen. FS (Lucrece); Golding Ovid; Nashe Traveler. bolster (n): sleep together. FS (Oth). bolt (n): arrow. FS (MND, MWW, H5, AsYou, MM, Cymb); Sundrie Flowers (STV); Edwards Dam&Pith; Lyly Endymion, Pappe; Harvey 4 Letters; (disp.) Greene's Groat. See also "birdbolt". bolt/bolts (n): fetters. FS (MM, 12th, Cymb, Temp, Corio); Lyly, Sapho; Marlowe Edw2; Greene Fr Bacon; (anon.) Woodstock. bolt up (v): lock up. FS (A&C). bolt/bowlt (v): sift. FS (WT); Golding Ovid; Nashe Penniless. OED contemp citations: 1562 J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr; 1544 R. Ascham Toxoph; ; 1576 Lambarde Peramb. Kent. bolted (adj): refined, well bred/put together, sifted. FS (H5, Cor); Nashe Almond. bolter (n): sieve for meal, made of coarse cloth. FS (1H4). boltered (adj): tangled, matted. FS (Mac); (anon.)Arden. Glossary - page 11 bolting hutch (n): bin for sifted flour. FS (1H4). bombard (n): leather bottle or jug for holding liquor. FS (1H4, Temp, H8). bombast (n): padding, stuffing. FS (LLL); Gascoigne Master FJ, Steel Glass; (anon.) Nobody/Somebody. bombast (v): beat, thrash. NFS. Cf. Edwards Dam&Pith; Munday Sir Thomas More. bombast (v): (1) render grandiose with bomastic language. FS (LLL). OED cites: 1573 R. Scot Hop Gard; 1599 Bp. Hall, (2) stuff, swell, fill out. FS (1H4, Oth); Greene's Groat; Nashe Lenten Stuff; Chapman Bussy; (anon.) Wily. bona robas (n): "good stuff", best whores. FS (2H4); Nashe Terrors. bonadventure (n): (per OED) adventurer (rover also seems appropriate). NFS. Cf. Chapman Bl Beggar (only OED citation). Apparently derived from the name for a kind of ship. bongrace (n): shade or curtain worn on the front of women's bonnets or caps; sunshade. NFS. Cf. Underdowne History. boon (n): prayer. FS (3H6, Rich3, Rich2, Pericles); Cf. Golding Ovid. boord/board (n): jest. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid, Abraham; Copland Jyll. boot (v, n): help, relief. FS (many); Heywood Prov; Brooke Romeus; Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Philomene; Devices; Pickering Horestes; Churchyard De Tristibus; Sundrie Flowers; Robinson Delights; Lyly Bombie, Euphues Wit, Eng; Kyd Sp Tr, Sol&Per; Greene G a G, Maiden's Dream; Chettle Kind Hart; Heywood Woman Killed.(anon.) Fam Vic, Willobie, Leic Gh. Common booted (legs): covered. Cf. Holland Pliny; Heywood Woman Killed. bootful (adj): helpful, useful, advantageous, profitable. NFS. Cf. Churchyard De Tristibus. Only OED citation: 1594 Carew Tasso 93 His advice bootfull and good they call. bootless (adj): helpless, useless. FS (22); Brooke Romeus; Lyly Bombie, Euphues Wit, Eng; Greene GaG, Orl Fur, Cony, Selimus; Kyd Sp; Armin Quips; (anon.) True Trag, Locrine, Nobody/Somebody; many others. boots (n): oaf, clumsy fellow; offer me the boots", call me a fool, oak. Cf. (anon.) Weakest. bore (n): cavity of a tube, gun, etc. FS (Ham). bosom (n): the seat of emotions. FS. Cf. Heywood Woman Killed. Common. boss (n): (1) fat woman. NFS. Cf. Lyly Euphues; Marlowe T1. Only OED citations. (2) metal knob on each side of the bit of a bridle. NFS. Cf. Devices. (3) projection in the center of a shield or buckler. Cf. Surrey Aeneid. (3) small cask, leathern butt or bottle for wine. bosky (adj): (1) full of thickets, bushy. FS (Temp); Peele Chron. Edw I. (2) tipsy. boss (n): (1) large animal. NFS. (2) fat woman. Cf. Lyly Euphues Wit (1st OED citation), Marlowe T1. (2) foot stool. (anon.) 1 Ret Parn. botch (n): sore, boil. FS (Troilus). botchy (adj) scabrous, ulcerous. FS (Troilus). botch (v): (1) attampt to cover up. FS (H5). (2) devise clumsily. FS (12th, Ham). botcher (n): (1) mender, patcher, bungler. FS (12th); Nashe Terrors; (anon.) Arden,Weakest. (2) cobbler. (3) bungler. Cf. Heywood Proverbs. bots (n): horse-disease, caused by parasitical flies or maggots. (1H4, Shrew, Pericles); Lyly Endymion, Midas, Bombie; Greene/Lodge Looking Glass; Drayton ... Oldcastle; (anon.) Mucedorus, Fam Vic., Wily, 2 Ret Parn. bough-pot (n): vessel to hold boughs; also flower pot. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive. bounch (n): swelling, protuberance, goiter, tumor. NFS. Cf. Lyly Euphues Eng. bought (n): coil, loop. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. bourd/boord (n): jest, idle tale. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid, Abraham; Churchyard De Tristibus. bourn (n): (1) small stream or brook. FS (Lear). (2) boundary (between fields), bounds. FS (A&C, Temp, WT, Troilus, Per). (3) ultimate destination. FS (Ham, 1st OED citation). bourse/burse (n): mercantile exchange. NFS. Cf. Munday Zelauto (1st 2 OED citations: Eden Treat; Lyly Euphues; OED missed Zelauto citation.); (anon.) Warning Fair Women. bowels/bowelles (n): offspring, child. FS (MM); Golding Ovid; Churchyard De Tristibus. bow (v, trans): turn, bend. (anon.) Warning Fair Women. bowing (v, adj): bent, curved. FS (Temp, Timon); Golding Ovid; Lyly Bombie, Woman/Moon. bowyer (n): (1) bow-maker. NFS. Cf. Devices. (2) archer. box (n): boxwood. FS (12th); Golding Ovid. box (n): [double meaning] female genitalia. FS (AWEW). box-keeper (n). See Card Games, Dice, Sharps, Tricks, Tricksters brabble/brabbling (n, v, adj): cavilling, quibbling, noisy or petty quarrel. FS (Titus); Drayton ... Oldcastle; Lyly Bombie; (anon.) Arden, Wily. brabblement (n): quibbling, noisy quarrelling. NFS. Cf. Nashe Penniless, Chr Tears. brabbler (n): quarreler, yelper. FS (John, Troilus). brace (n): (1) pair. NFS. Cf. Delights. (2) armor. FS (Pericles). (3) readiness. FS (Oth). Glossary - page 12 brach (n): originally a kind of scent-hound, later always any kind of bitch-hound. FS (1H4, Shrew, Lear, Troilus); Golding Ovid. Note especially Shakespeare Shrew (Prologue) Lord: Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds: ... And couple Clowder with the deepmouth'd brach. ... Shakespeare seems to have been a master of the hounds. brack (n): flaw in cloth. NFS. Cf. Lyly Euphues (3d OED citation). brack/brake (v): burst. FS (Errors); Golding Ovid. brag (n): pomp or pompous demeanor, display. NFS. Cf. Devices. braid/brayd (n): sudden assault, movement. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Greene Orl Fur. brake (n): (1) fern, bracken. (2) clump of bushes, thicket. FS (3H6, MND, H8, V&A, PP); Golding Ovid; Lyly Euphues Eng. bramble (n): (1) rough, prickly shrub. (2) cure, in folk medicine. Cf. (disp.) Double Falsehood, context uncertaion. brandlet (n): bird. Cf. Gascoigne Philomene (only OED citation). brat (n): coarse rag. NFS. Cf. Churchyard poem (Cardanus). braud/broad (adv): probably means openly, in plain sight; possibly broadly, widely. Cf. Munday More. brave (n): boast; bravado, sometimes implying taunt.FS (Shrew, Titus); Greene Fr Bac, G a G, Never Too Late; (anon.) Nobody/Somebody. brave (v): brag, esp. taunt; defy. FS (1H5, Shrew); Lodge Wounds; Munday More; (anon.) Woodstock, Locrine, Nobody/Somebody. brave (adj): splendid, abundant. FS (MND, 1H4, Temp); Golding Ovid; Underdowne History; (anon.) Fam Vic, Woodstock; Marlowe T1. bravery (n): (1) finery, fine clothes. FS (AsYou); Spenser M. Hubbard; Munday Zelauto. (2) splendor, ostentation (n): FS (Ham, MM); 1570 Holinshed Chron. (3) bravado. FS (Hamlet) bray (v): beat together, usually with a mortar; also assault, crush. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Greene Orl Fur. brazen head (n): in several Elizabethan works, a "brazen head" is used as a man-made oracle or source of wisdom. NFS. Cf. Churchyard poem (Cardanus); Greene Alphonsus, Fr Bacon; Chapman D'Olive. Not found in the OED. brazil/brazell (n): red: from a miner's name in the Midlands for iron pyrite; coal containing pyrites. Cf. Golding Abraham. First OED citation 1747. break/brake [one's mind] (v): discuss, disclose, reveal. FS (1H6, Errors, Ado, Troilus, Mac); Golding Ovid; Oxford letter; Lyly Euphues Wit, Eng, Endymion, Bombie; Kyd Sp Tr; Greene Pandosto; Wilkins Mis. Enf. Mar.; (anon.) Warning Fair Women, Arden, Willobie, Wily; (disp.) Cromwell. breast (n): singing voice. FS (12th); Heywood Four P's; Udall Royster. breeching (adj): birching (whipping). FS (Shrew). breeze (n): (1) gadfly. FS (Troilus). (2) parasite infecting some fish. Cf. Spenser FQ. (3) other insects. breme/breeme (adj): widely spxoken of. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. bret (n): fish or turbot. NFS. Cf. Lyly Campaspe (OED missed 4th citation). brewis (n): meat broth. NFS. Cf. Lyly Euphues Wit; (anon.) Mucedorus, Fam Vic, Ironside; Munday? More. brickle (adj): fragile, brittle. NFS. Cf. Heywood Prov; Brooke Romeus; Greene Card of Fancy, Maiden's Dream; Spenser Ruins Time. bright of blee (adj): brightly colored. NFS. Greene: G a G. Stock expression in old ballads, becoming obsolete at that time. brightness (n): clarity, enlightenment. NFS. Cf. Bedingfield Cardanus. brimse (n): gadfly. NFS. 1st OED citation: 1579 Gosson Apol. Sch. Abuse; (anon.) Pasquil Apology (OED missed this use). brinch (v): drink to, pledge. Cf. Lyly Bombie (3d ED citation). brinded (adj): tawny, marked with bars or streaks; brindled. FS (Mac); Greene Menaphon; (anon.) Warning Fair Women. broach/broch (v): pierce, stab. Cf. Stanyhurst Aeneas; Wilkins Mis. Enf. Mar; (anon.) Warning /Fair Women. broad head (n): i.e., for horns; a cuckold. NFS. Cf. Lyly Sapho. broad-mouthed (adj): insolent. NFS. Cf. Greene Selimus. brock (n): (1) badger, later esp. associated with the epithet 'stinking'. (2) smelly fellow. FS (12th); Peele Jests (1st OED citation). (3) confused with the beaver. brock (n): trotting horse, jade. broil (n): fight, strife, turmoil. FS (1H6, 2H6, 3H6, Rich3, 1H4, Troilus, Edw3); Underdowne History; Churchyard poem (Cardanus); Lyly Euphues Eng, Pap; Lodge Wounds; Marlowe Glossary - page 13 Massacre, Edw2; Kyd Cornelia; Greene Alphonsus; Munday Huntington; (anon.) Pasquil Apology; Locrine, Leic Gh. (v) fight, engage in confused struggle. NFS. Cf. Lyly Whip. brokerly/broking (adj): like a broker; pettifogging, huckstering. NFS. Nashe Penniless (first OED citation), Chr Tears; Jonson Alchemist; (anon.) Wily. brokery (n): rascally dealing, treachery. NFS. Cf. (disp.) Cromwell (OED 2d citation). brook (v): defy, face down. NFS. Cf. Greene Fr Bac. brook (v): put up with, bear with, tolerate. Usually in negative or preclusive constructions. FS (34 uses); Golding Ovid; Lodge Wounds; Lyly Euphues Eng, Love's Met; Greene G a G, Alphonsus, Orl Fur, Fr Bac, James IV, Maiden's Dream; Marlowe Massacre, Edw2; Sidney Astrophel; Nashe Valentines; Harvey Pierce's Super; Munday Huntington; (anon.) Mucedorus, Woodstock, Locrine, Fair Em, Leir, Arden, Ironside, Penelope, Marprelate Prot, Wily brown b i l l (n): broadsword used by constables. FS (2H6, Ado, Lear); Golding Ovid; Lyly Sapho, Pappe; Greene Fr Bac; (anon.) Nobody/Somebody; (disp.) Blurt. brown-bread (adj): homely, unrefined. NFS. Cf. Udall Roister; (anon.) Wily. (1st 2 OED citations.) Brownist (n): member of a radical Puritan sect. FS (12th, Munday/WS More); Martin's Protestation; Middleton Puritan, Famil of Love. OED citations: 1583 Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. 74 Divers new phangled felows sprong vp of late, as the Brownists. 1602 Warner Alb. Eng. ix. xlvi. 219 The Brownist and the Barrowist, goe hand in hand together. 1601 Shakes. 12th iii. ii. 34, I had as liefe be a Brownist, as a Politician. bruit (n, v): rumor, fame; spread rumor. FS (3H6, 2H4, Troilus, Timon, Ham, Q2, Edw3); Broooke Romeus; Golding Ovid; Devices (37); Sundrie Flowers (E/N); Underdowne History; Gates Defence; Munday Zelauto; Lyly Bombie; Greene Fr Bac; Lodge Elstred; Harvey Pierce's Super; Chettle Kind Hart; (anon.) Weakest, Ironside, Arden. bruited (adj) renowned. Cf. Munday Zelauto (3 OED citations, OED missed Zelauto 2d citation). brunt (n): outburst, attack. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Watson Hek; Gascoigne Jocasta; Lyly Euphues Eng, Woman/Moon; Lodge Civil War; Greene Fr Bac, Selimus; Marlowe T1, Massacre. brustle/brustling (v): raise the feathers; show off, bluster. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; (anon.) Ironside. Per OED 1st use of brustle (v) in 1648. 1st use as a noun in 1600. bubble (n): poseur; deceptive show. FS (Rich3, AWEW, AsYou); Marston Scourge Vill. buck (n): (1) washing tub. (2) lye in which cloth is steeped or boiled. (3) quantity of clothes put through the process of "bucking". FS (2H6, MWW). buck (n): wash. FS (MWW); (anon.) Locrine; Middleton Puritan. buckle (v): (1) enclose, encompass. FS (Mac). (2) prepare, equip. NFS. Cf. Lyly Bombie (OED missed 3d citation); Spenser FQ. (3) engage, grapple. FS (1H5); Lyly Euphues Eng; Greene Alphonsus (OED missed citation), Fr Bac; Lyly Pappe; Munday John a Kent; (anon.) Wily, Warning Fair Women. (4) smash, smite. FS (3H6). buckler (v): support, shield. FS (3H6); Churchyard poem (Cardanus); Marlowe Edw2; Greene Fr Bacon; Nashe Saffron; Munday John a Kent; Peele Wives; Wilkins Mis. Enf. Mar.; (anon.) Jocasta, Arden, Wily. Common. buckler (v): apparently means "put on, hand him his buckler (shield)". NFS. Cf. Kyd Sol&Per. Not found in OED in that sense. buckler (n): (1) support. FS (Shrew). (2): shield. (1H4, Ado); Golding Trogus; Gascoigne Glass; Munday Roman; Lyly Euphues Eng, Midas; Greene Fr Bac; (anon.) Fam Vic, Woodstock, Leir, Ironside . Common. budget (n): pouch or bag, usually leather. FS (WT); Udall Eras; Churchyard poem (Cardanus); Greene/Lodge Looking Glass. buff-jerkin (n): military coat of buffalo leather. FS (1H4); Middleton Puritan, Chaste Maid, No Wit, Anything/quiet Life; Fletcher Elder Bro. (See Cleary); (disp.) Blurt bug/bugg (n): bugbear, hobgoblin, bogey. FS (3H6, Ham, WT, Cymb, Troilus); Golding Ovid; Edwards Dam&Pith; Gosson Abuse; Kyd Sp Tr; Greene Selimus; Peele Alcazar; Nashe Penniless; Harvey Pierce's Super. (anon.) Pasquil Countercuff, Apology; Arden, Wily. bug-word (n): word meant to frighten. NFS. Cf. Harvey 4 letters (OED missed 2d citation.) bulchin (n): bull-calf. Cf. Golding Ovid. bulk (n): (1) trunk, body. FS (Rich3, 1H4, Ham, Oth, Lucrece); Golding Ovid; Peele David; Lyly Woman/Moon. (2) shop stall. FS (Cor). bull-beggar (n): frightening supernatural figure. NFS. Cf. Scot Disc. Witchcraft; Harvey 3d letter, 4th letter. bullion (adj): lump, uncoined metal. Cf. (anon.) Wily. bully (n): applied to men, implying admiration: good friend, "gallant". Often prefixed as a sort of title to the name or designation of the person addressed, as in Shaks., "bully Bottom", "bully doctor". FS (18, as n & v); Munday More. Glossary - page 14 bum (v): strike, beat, thump. NFS. Cf. Greene James IV (2d OED citation). OED 1st citation: 1579 J. Studley Seneca's Hippolytus (1581) 64 b, To scratch and cuffe, to boxe and bum. bumbailiff (n): arresting bailiff; sneaks up from behind. FS (12th, 1st OED citation). bumfeg (v): flog, thrash. NFS. Cf. Nashe Almond, Florio Scardassave' (anon.) Marprelate Epistle. bumfiddle (v): unclear sexual connotation, possible reference to solitary or participatory masturbation, possibly means befoul. NFS. Cf. (anon.) Woodstock. See Bawdy Words, Metaphors, Double Meanings. bumper (n): cup or glass filled with wine. FS (2H4, OED missed 1st citation). bung (v): (1) stop, shut up. NFS. Cf. Lyly Pap (1st OED citation); Nashe Saffron. (2) stop up. NFS. Cf. Nashe Penniless (1st OED citation). bung (n): (1) purse, sometimes pickpocket. NFS. Cf. Greene Cony. (2) bung-nipper: pickpocket FS (2H4); Greene Cony. bung [nip the] (v): cut a purse. NFS. Cf. Drayton ... Oldcastle. bunting (n): bird related to the lark. FS (AWEW). burd (n): maiden. Cf. Golding Ovid. (Alternate of "bird"?) burdenous (adj): oppressive. FS (Rich2); Bedingfield Cardanus. Somewhat rare: mostly 16th c. burgeons (n): buds, shoots. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. burgonet/burganet (n): helmet with visor. FS (2H6, Edw3); Golding Ovid; Greene Orl Fur, Upstart Court, Selimus; (anon.) Weakest, Locrine; (disp.) Blurt. burnet (n): plant resembling saxifrage. FS (H5). bush (n): tavern sign featuring a branch or bunch of ivy. FS (AsYou). bushment (n): ambushment. NFS. Cf. Golding Trogus. buskins (n): half-boots. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Kemp Nine Days; Chettle Kind Hart; (anon.) Locrine, Warning Fair Women, News ... Heaven/Hell, 1, 2 Ret Parn. buskling (v): bustling, prowling. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. butt (n): (1) mark or mound set up for archery or target practice. FS (3H6); Leic Gh. (2) large cask. FS (Temp). butt-shaft (n): arrow. butter-tooth (n): front tooth, later buck tooth. Cf. (anon.) Wily. buttery (n): place where provisions (especially liquor) are stored. FS (Shrew, 12th); (anon.) Nobody/Somebody, Wily. button (n): (1) bud. FS (Ham, OED missed 4th citation). (2) inner nature (MWW, Ham). button-cap (n): knob on top of a cap. FS (Hamlet); (anon.) Wily. button (v): close up. NFS. Cf. Copland Jyll. bylive (adv): immediately, eagerly. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. LETTER C cabinet (n): (1) small cabin, room, repositary; den or nest. FS (V&A); Spenser Daphne; Lyly Woman/Moon. (2) summer house, bower. Cf. Spenser Shep Cal. (3) heart, core. FS (Lucrece). cackabed (n): unknown, involves a word for excrement. NFS. Cf. Gascoigne Supposes. cable (n): give cable; give rope; room. FS (Oth). cacodemon (n): evil spirit. FS (Rich3); Nashe Terrors. caddis (n): (1) cotton wool, floss silk, used in padding. (2) worsted yard, crewel. FS (1H4). (3) worsted tape or binding. FS (1H4, WT); Lyly Euphues Eng. (4) coarse serge. Cf. Lyly Euphues. caddow/cadowe (n): jackdaw. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid. cade (n): barrel of herrings (holding 720, later 500). FS (2H6); Nashe Lenten Stuff. cadent (adj): falling. FS (Lear, 1st OED citation). Often as a falling planet. caitiff/caitive (n, a): wretch, sometimes prisoner. FS (13); Brooke Romeus; Golding Ovid; Pickering Horestes; Devices; Gascoigne Glass, Philomene, Jocasta, Supposes; Lyly Euphues Eng; Lodge Wounds; Kyd Cornelia; Greene James IV, Selimus; Greene/Lodge Looking Glass; Drayton ... Oldcastle; Sidney Antony; (anon.) Mucedorus; Locrine. cake-bread (n): bread made in flattened cakes; or of the finer and more dainty quality of cake. NFS. Cf. Pickering Horestes. calends/kalends (n): the first day of any month in the Roman calendar. MFS. Cf. Bedingfield Cardanus. calenture (n) as disease incident to sailors in the tropic, wherein sailors fancy the sea to be green fields, and desires to jump into it. Cf. Nashe Christ's Tears; (anon.) London Prodigal. First 2 OED citations. calentura (n): fever, burning passion, ardor. Cf. Nashe Saffron Waldon (only OED citation.) calf-skin (n): purse. Cf. Dekker Owles Alman; (anon) Wily (only 2 OED citations). (adj): (1) made of fine leather. (2) as a term of contempt, Cf. (anon.) Wily, either doltish or probably venial appears to suit. Glossary - page 15 calidity (n): (1) warmth. (2) shrewdness. Cf. (anon.) Ret Parn. caliver (n): (1) light musket, introduced in 16th c. FS (1H4); Lyly Euphues Eng; Gates Defence; Nashe Travellor; Middleton Puritan. (2) soldier armed with a caliver. Cf. Lyly Pappe. calkin (n): turned-down edge of a horse-shoe. FS (TNK). callet (n): trull. FS (2H6, 3H6); Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Supposes; Greene James IV; Greene/Lodge Looking Glass; (anon.) Willobie. camelopardalis (n): ... There were ten of these beasts seen at Rome in the days of the Emperor Gordianus, and before that time when Caesar was dictator. And such a beast was sent by the Sultan of Babylon to the Emperor Frederick. ¶ This beast is engendered of a camel and a female libbard (The same beast which the Latins call panthera, the Grecians call pardalis.) The head of the camelopardal is like a camel's, his neck like a horse's, and his body like a hart's: and his cloven hooves are the same as a camel's. The color of this beast is for the most part red and white mixed together, therefore beautiful to behold because of the variable and interchangeable skin being full of spots. But they are not always of one color. ¶ The camelopardal has two little horns of the color of iron growing on his head. His mouth is small like a hart's. His tongue is nearly three feet long, and with that he will so speedily gather in his food that the eyes of man will fail to behold his haste. His neck is diversely colored and is fifteen feet long. He holds up his neck higher than a camel's and far above the proportion of his other parts. His forefeet are much longer than his hind feet, and therefore his back declines toward the buttocks, which are very much like those of an ass. The pace of this beast differs from that of all other beasts in the world, for he does not move his right and left foot one after another but both together, and so likewise the other, whereby his whole body is removed at every step. ¶ These beasts are plentiful in Ethiopia, India, and the Georgian region which was once called Media. It is a solitary beast and keeps altogether in the woods, if it not be taken when it is young. They are very tractable and easy to be handled, so that a child may lead them with a small line or cord about their head, and, when any come to see them, they willingly and of their own accord turn themselves round as it were of purpose to show their soft hairs and beautiful color, being, as it were, proud to ravish the eyes of the beholders. [Edward Topsell, The Historie of Foure-Footed Beastes. London: William Jaggard, 1607. (Illustrated by Conrad Gessner.)]. NFS. Cf. Underdowne History. Several early OED citations include the Douay Bible. camisado (n): night attack: attacking party wore shirts over armor as means of recognition. Cf. Gascoigne Jocasta (2d OED citation), Master F.J.; Churchyard Chips (3d); Fenton Guicciard (4th); Gates Defence; Greene Card of Fancy. cammock (adj): crooked stick or piece of wood. NFS. Cf. Lyly Euphues Eng, Sapho, Endymion, Bombie; Greene Selimus. canary (n): (1) Spanish dance, possibly originated in the Canary Islands (gen. plural). FS (AWEW); Nashe Penniless. (2) light wine. FS (1H4, 1st OED citation; MWW, 12th). (3) mispronunciation of quandary. FS (MWW). canary (v): to dance the canary. FS (LLL, 1st OED citation). canicular (adj): days immediately preceding and following the heliacal (in modern times, according to some, the cosmical) rising of the dog-star (either Sirius or Procyon), which is about the 11th of August; the dog-days. NFS. Cf. Greene Card of Fancy. canker (n): (1) gnawing worm, caterpillar. FS (John, 1H4, MND, Lear); Bible Matt. 6.19-20; Gascoigne poem (Cardanus); Lyly Campaspe, Love's Met; Marlowe Edw2; Nashe Penniless; Farmer Madrigals; Munday Huntington; (anon.) Woodstock, Willobie. (2) spreading blight, corruption. FS (John, Ham, many); Lyly Euphues Eng, Sapho; (anon.) Pasquil Countercuff. cankered/cancred (adj): corrupt. FS (John, R&J, 1H4, 2H4, Corio); Golding Ovid; Pickering Horestes; Gascoigne Jocasta; Lyly Euphues Wit, Love Met; others. cankered (v, a): rusted, corroded (R&J, 2H4); Sundrie Flowers (E/N). canker (n): (1) wild rose. FS (Ado, Sonnet). (2) rust, corrosion. FS (Edw3); Arden. Canterbury tale: long tedious story, a "Friar's tale", sometimes a cock-and-bull story. Cf. Munday Zelauto; Lyly Euphues Eng; Greene Menaphon. See Tilley, Eliz. Prov. Lore #71. cantle (n): (1) corner, angle of land, projecting segment. FS (1H4, A&C). (2) rear protuberance of a saddle. Cf. Greene Art of Cony-catching (1st OED citation). cantle (v): (1) cut, divide in portions. Cf. Golding Calvin; Dekker Wh of Bab. (2) piece together cantles of cloth. Cf. Hall Chron. canton (n): (1) corner, nook. (2) corner of a shielf. (3) song, canto. FS (12th). canvas (v): (1) catch in a net. Cf. Lyly Euphues Eng. (2) punish by