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the best security is the kind that's baked in not bolted on after the fact a retrofit is always going to be more expensive and probably not as elegant let's take a look at the development process if I start looking at requirements design Code test deployment and then map out the cost of a security vulnerability in terms of which phase it's found it turns out it looks about like this so it is way more expensive if you find something in deployment than if you find it earlier in the process so the big desire here in this case is to try to shift left in this process in other words bake the security in build it in from the start in this video we're going to focus specifically on the design phase and I'm going to give you 10 principles for security by Design okay let's take a look at the first secure by Design principle it's what we refer to as the principle of least privilege it means don't give any more access than is abs absolutely necessary for any person to do their job function so let's take a look at this imagine a company has different classifications of the information they have of the data that they have so let's say they have internal use only this is something we don't really want the whole world to see but if they did it's not the end of the world then we have confidential stuff that really would be very sensitive stuff and then we have the keys to the kingdom now here is a general user and we may give them just access to the internal use only and maybe some very specific cases of confidential information where we segment that off this guy over here though he's the administrator he's got access to the keys to the kingdom which then in fact allow him to get to any of these other kinds of things as well so obviously we need to have that very locked down we don't want to give everyone access to everything and maybe in some cases we give this person temporary access to something else that falls into this realm but then we remove it as soon as they don't need it anymore that's the principle of lease privilege each one of them has only what they need in order to do their job and only for as long as they need it and not any longer than that that reduces the attack surface the next principle we'll take a look at is defense in depth defense in depth says I never want to rely on any single security mechanism to secure the entire system I want to have a system of interrelated uh defenses and make sure that they all would have to fail in order for someone to actually get into the system so let's take an example here here's an end user and they're going to use some endpoint device a laptop in this case could be a mobile device uh coming across a network to hit an application which pulls data from a database so that's a typical use case a typical architecture that we might see here so I'm going to look at each one of these layers and try to secure each one of them for instance here I need some ability to do identity and access management I might need need things like multiactor authentication and other things like that to ensure that the user is who they claim to be we would also in the identity governance part of this make sure that we've adhered to the principle of lease privilege and only given them what they need in terms of access rights and then here we're making sure that it's really them so we design these things into the system in order to be the first layer of Defense the next layer of Defense then is on the device itself and we do things like unified endpoint management to make sure that the device is configured as it should be it doesn't have viruses or malware or anything like that uh it's got a strong password if that's the way we've done it it the information's been encrypted on it a lot of things like that so uh that has to also be secure the network also needs to be secure we're going to use things like firewalls Network intrusion prevention systems and other things like that that there's in fact a lot of different technologies that go into this space but the idea is I'm not relying on just any one of those things there are multiples and they're all looking over each other and verifying the application well what are the things we might do there well I'm going to put in access controls so I want to make sure that the application only allows certain levels of access again implementing principle of lease privilege I'm going to scan the application for vulnerabilities I'm going to scan the source code I'm going to scan the operational system in both cases uh a lot of other things that we can do in that space and then finally the data itself we're going to encrypt it so we're we're going to use cryptography in order to make sure that the data if it does leak isn't easily seen by others and we're going to do things like backup and Recovery capabilities so that if for instance a malware comes along and blows this thing away ransomware case I can recover quickly so you can see the point here there's no single mechanism that is providing security it's a whole system of interrelated defenses that work together in order to make the system secure our next secure by Design principle is the principle of fail safe fail safe assumes that any system will eventually fail because Murphy's Law right anything that can go wrong will go wrong and it will especially in these cases so let's take a look at what a system should do with if in fact it does do one of those failures so let's take a look at a firewall let's say we allow this traffic to go through but this traffic we block so those are examples of the firewall operating the way we expect a firewall to operate now let's take a look at another example where the firewall has in fact failed something has gone wrong with it now what condition is it going to be when it fails does it become a permanent block until we fix it or does it become an open switch so what we don't want is for anything to get through that means even the good stuff we certainly want to block the bad stuff but for sure block even the good that's what's called fail safe the condition is it fails but it fails in a secure position that's what we want now the next one that we're going to take a look at is kiss principle this is keep it simple stupid now a longer version of this is economy of mechanism which even in and of itself is too long so let's get rid of that name and let's go with kiss keep it simple stupid if I'm trying to get from here to here what I don't want to do is tons of twists and turns because each one of these twists and turns introduces more complexity and complexity is the enemy of security the more complex a system is the harder it is to ensure that it's going to do in fact what we want it to do so what I want to do is I want to make the system as simple as it possibly can be and in making it simple I reduce additional vulner abilities our next secure by Design principle is the principle of separation of Duties sometimes called segregation of Duties but it's the same idea so with separation of duties I'll give you an illustration of this imagine a door with two deadbolt locks each with a different key and I'm going to give one user one of these keys and the other user the other key now if I lock both of those locks nobody is opening this door unless both keys have been used to unlock it so in other words I've spread the ability to open the door across two people why would I do that because now it makes it harder for one single bad actor to do something bad to the system it requires collusion in order to break into this system so separation of Duties is a good principle to keep up another one is about open design I want the system to be clear and open it's the opposite of security by obscurity which is something that no one really tries to design into a system but a lot of people feel secure if they think no one knows how their thing works so to give you an example to borrow from cryptography there's this thing called cryp uh Kirk off's principle and kirkoff came up with the idea that says if I have a crypto system so that means I'm going to take plain text that anybody can read I feed that into my encryption system and I'm going to get out a bunch of gibberish something that's an encrypted message that means that uh the only thing that someone should should really keep as a secret would be the key the key that's used to encrypt that data so this person trying to observe the system if they can't see into it they really don't know if this algorithm is good or not it could have all sorts of vulnerabilities that are hidden that no one has been able to see because the inner workings of the system have been kept secret a better idea is following Kirk off's principle where we actually take the plain text we feed it into the system we see how it works and we see how it creates the cipher text the encrypted version of all of that so the only secret in the system is in fact the key the way the system works is visible by anyone and that's how the best crypto systems in the world work it's not security by obscurity it's security through openness our next secure by Design principle is is that of segmentation that is there are going to be times when we specifically want to break the system up into pieces and that those pieces create a certain amount of isolation that give us additional security take for instance here's a townhouse and let's say these folks here have a fire and that fire is affecting their unit what we don't want to have happen is for that fire to spread so we put literally in construction between these units something we call a firewall that's where we get the term firewall from by the way on the network side but this is in physical architecture this firewall is designed to the and slow down the spread of fire from one unit to the next so that way the fire department can get there put the fire out before it burns down the whole building that kind of segmentation is also what we do with our networks and what we do with our security we take components that are of one level of security and put them in one area isolated from other areas that may have different levels of sensitivity so this idea of segmentation can be designed into a system to make it more secure how about another factor that often gets overlooked and that is we forget that at the end of all of this security chain is a human and the humans are often the weakest link in that chain so we should really be looking at usability human factors if we make a system too hard to use well then people will find ways to get around the security because not because they're evil just because they need to get their jobs done and they don't understand the reason for all that complexity here's a good example of how the security department has made things difficult and made things as a result less secure in the way that they designed the system so we put the requirements for instance with passwords we say your password has to be um let's say uppercase characters it has to also include some lowercase characters uh it has to include some numerics some numbers along the way it needs uh some special characters um it needs to be of a certain length let's say it's got to be 32 characters long or or longer something like that um let's say we're also going to add in that it has to be unique um and it needs to be unique across each system so it's not the same password on multiple systems we're going to make sure that that this is not uh going to be replicated and it needs to be fresh so we're going to make you change it frequently all of these things go into what would theoretically be a very strong secure password but what do end users do when they look at all of this they say well I can't remember that if I had multiple passwords that were that level of complexity I can't remember it so what am I going to do well it turns out there's a solution that the end users came up with for this and it's this this is the first p password storage device that users turn to and they put all of these things up on their monitor somewhere no one will ever suspect to look right and it won't matter how strong the password rules are if people end up doing this you've created an insecure system so make sure when you design a system you design it to be usable as well as secure if you were aiming at a Target which ones of these Bull's eyes would you prefer the big one or the little one if you're trying to hit the target probably like this one but if you're trying to secure an infrastructure you want to present this to the outside world you want to in fact minimize the attack surface you want to make it so that it's really hard for somebody to thread the needle and get right to where your sensitive stuff is so I want to do that by limiting certain things so for instance I'm going to limit maybe external interfaces that I have is there really a need for that thing to be connected to a lot of other systems along those same lines I may want to limit remote access is there really a need for people to connect into this system from outside or would all the access be from a certain place or there are only certain IP addresses certain ranges or areas of the world where we know legitimate users would be so I could do some sort of limitation there and again reduce the attack surface how about limit the number of components that are in the system again this kind of goes back to the keep it simple fewer number of components also minimizes the attack surface and there's a lot of other things that we can do in this space but you get the general idea I want to make this into that so it's really hard for the bad guy and then our 10th principle of secure design is in fact secure by default so this now deals with the way the system operates in its default configuration when it just comes out of the box what is it going to look like so take a look at two houses here's a house that is insecure by default the front door is wide open the windows are open those are all attack surfaces and the way it's set up right now it is insecure we look at this house in this case the door is in fact closed we'll say it's locked the windows are down so secure by default so what are some of the principles then that we would look at in some of these cases so it would be things like a secure insecure by default would be by default everything is turned on all the features of the system are turned on versus secure by default would say only the required uh capabilities are turned on so I'm going to make it so that I've limited again attack surface I've limited the possibilities of a bad guy to exploit because only the things that are necessary you'll see that a lot of these principles relate to each other that's again very similar to principle of lease privilege then defaults also very important since we're talking about that is the default password configured and if it is well then that means it's going to be be the default on all of the systems all the instances of that system so if it's a consumer product everyone that buys that then they're going to all have the same password unless it gets changed it's much better if you make people Supply a password something that's determined during the configuration and set up the system that way you end up with uniqueness otherwise someone can just go out and figure out what's the default password for this particular device and assume that people have not changed that password and then they'll be able to get into all of those so we're going to make it a must Supply how about default IDs especially if those IDs are the administrator ID the super sensitive stuff if it's an admin ID maybe I want to make it so that when you uh actually configure and the system you have to pick a different name for that you have to pick something that's going to be unique so you've made it harder for the bad guy because now he has to guess what is the admin account what is the admin password and then all of the capabilities that they might normally use to break in through those have been turned off so these are the kinds of things that we're looking for secure by default getting security right isn't easy but now I've given you 10 principles for secure by design that way you can make sure that security is baked in from the start and not a bolt on at the end that way you save money and make your system more secure at the same time