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October 2010 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS CLASS 349, LIQUID CRYSTAL CELLS, ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION This is the generic class for cells, elements, and systems which include molecules of a material having both liquid and crystalline properties. Elements or systems included in this class are those which have a significant liquid crystal cell detail or liquid crystal response or properties, and in which the liquid crystal controls or changes the optical properties of electromagnetic radiation such as direction, phase, amplitude, frequency, or polarization state. This class also provides for nominal manufacturing methods for producing significant liquid crystal cell structure. SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS If the liquid crystal cell is an insignificant part of a system, or if there is no detail of the liquid crystal cell in the system, the apparatus should not be classified here. Nominal manufacturing processes for producing significant liquid crystal cell structure, or nominally described “providing processes” that can only be classified by liquid crystal device structure are proper for Class 349. Processes having significant manufacturing steps for producing liquid crystal devices are provided in various manufacturing classes, depending on the steps or combination of steps involved in the process. While plural nominal manufacturing steps are considered significant manufacturing--placing the original in other manufacturing classes, a mandatory cross to this class is required if significant liquid crystal structure is present. See the SEARCH CLASS notes for some examples of manufacturing classes that provide for manufacture of liquid crystal devices. Liquid crystal compositions with no more than nominal cell structure are excluded from this class; instead see elsewhere. In this case, nominal cell structure refers to a broad recitation of substrates, electrodes (or conductive plates or electrical excitation means), alignment layers, a seal, spacers, and polarizers. (See References to Other Classes, below.) Driving waveforms and external driving circuitry for the liquid crystal are excluded from this class (see References to Other Classes, below). When the driving is in the context of a television, proper classification is elsewhere. 349 - 1 Electrooptic devices using materials other than liquid crystals and optical elements separate from liquid crystal devices are excluded from this class. (See References to Other Classes, below.) Nominal liquid crystal display cell structure with specific chemical composition of nonconducting layers other than the liquid crystal are excluded from this class. (See References to Other Classes, below.) SECTION III - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29, Metal Working, appropriate subclasses for processes having combined operations involving metal working, machining, metal fusion bonding, or casting class and treating not provided for in the metal working, machining, welding, or casting classes. Class 29 is also a generic mechanical assembly class. 65, Glass Manufacturing, for processes of, or apparatus for glassworking and/or treating. 117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing thereindefined single-crystal of all types of materials and by all techniques, including epitaxy. 156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, as the generic class for the adhesive joining of parts and as the generic class for manufacturing processes involving a chemical reaction. 174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, appropriate subclasses for the use of conductors and insulators in general. 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 155+ for a process of coating involving chemical preparation of a compound or element by application to a base of electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field (but without involving electrolysis as provided for in Class 205), where said base supplies a part or all of the coating (e.g., by conversion at the surface, etc.); subclasses 164+ for a process of coating involving chemical preparation of a compound or element by application of an electrostatic field or electrical discharge to a base which supplies a part or all of the coating; subclasses 471+ for a process of coating by electrophoresis or electro-osmosis; and subclasses 192.12+ October 2010 349 - 2 205, 216, 228, 252, 257, 264, 313, 315, 324, 345, 1October CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS for coating by glow discharge deposition (e.g., cathode sputtering, etc.). Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclasses 80+ for electrolytic coating processes and subclasses 183+, 188+, 191+, and 198+ for processes involving plural coating steps, at least one but not all of which is electrolytic. Etching a Substrate: Processes, for etching processes not otherwise provided for in which one of the manufacturing steps includes a chemical etching or physical solvation, especially subclass 23 for making an article containing a liquid crystal material. Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for processes of metal fusion bonding or welding of metal. Compositions, subclasses 299.01+ for liquid crystal compositions with no more than nominal cell structure. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.) Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes), appropriate subclasses for the use of a transistor in general. Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, for a process of manufacturing nonmetallic articles by shaping or treating. Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses for use of a particular illumination device in general. Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, appropriate subclasses for use of a particular illumination system in general. Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 760.01 and 760.02 for testing a liquid crystal device for a fault in an individual circuit component. Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass 89 for producing a greyscale effect in a liquid crystal device; subclasses 90+ for using switching devices in a liquid crystal device; subclass 91 for using diodes or varistor in a liquid crystal device; subclass 93 for the use of a redundancy in liquid crystal device; subclass 97 for use of ferroelectric liquid crystal display elements; subclass 101 for generation of data compensation in response to the temperature of the liquid crystal material; and subclasses 104 and 173+ for use of liquid crystal touch pads. 2010 345, 353, 359, 359, 361, 362, 365, 427, 428, 428, 430, 438, October 2010 Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, for driving waveforms and external driving circuitry for liquid crystal. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class above.) Optics: Image Projectors, appropriate subclasses for projectors in general. Optical: Systems and Elements, subclass 107 for optical computing without diffraction; subclass 462 for stereoscopic systems; subclass 561 for convolution, cross-correlation, or correlation using a diffraction grating; subclasses 619+ for microlenses with no liquid crystal; and subclasses 630+ for general heads-up display devices. Optical: Systems and Elements, for electrooptic devices using materials other than liquid crystals and optical elements separate from liquid crystal devices. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class above.) Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 679.21 through 679.3 for computer related housing or mounting assemblies with display support, and subclasses 789+ for the use of flexible circuits. Illumination, appropriate subclasses for illuminating devices in general. Static Information Storage and Retrieval, subclass 108 for a memory for a liquid crystal using a light beam. Coating Processes, for general coating processes, including vapor deposition, etc. Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses 1.1+ for liquid crystal alignment layers having a particular chemical composition. Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses 1.1+ for nominal liquid crystal display cell structure with specific chemical composition of nonconducting layers other than the liquid crystal. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.) Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, for process of making radiation images involving chemistry. Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, especially subclasses 27+ for methods of packaging a semiconductor electronic device having an additional optical component and subclass 30 for methods of making a semiconductor electronic device including a liquid crystal optical component. October 2010 445, 706, 708, CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing, particularly see subclass 24, Note (1) for a liquid crystal display device. Data Processing: Artificial Intelligence, subclass 40 for optical systems performing neural network type algorithms. Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating, subclasses 191, 816, and 831 for electro-optical data processing systems. 349 - 3 see the appropriate class for such external systems. 2 Liquid crystal for recording or imaging on photosensitive medium: This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a liquid crystal cell is used as an image defining shutter for projecting light onto a medium sensitive to the action of radiant energy. (1) SECTION IV - GLOSSARY Note. Included here are liquid crystal image forming devices for cameras or motion picture films. CELL* 3 For the purpose of this class, a cell is the minimum combination of elements necessary to physically contain an entire liquid crystal layer given a stimulus or excitation. In a matrix addressed liquid crystal device, a single pixel is not a cell. Printer or print bar: This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter wherein the recording or image forming takes place in a device used for printing or a print bar. (1) EXCITATION* For the purpose of this class, excitation is a force or energy which selects the state of the liquid crystal material. 4 LAYER* For the purpose of this class, a layer is a periodic discontinuous material or materials within a single plane having a single function, or a continuous material having one or more functions. Exposure device for lithography: This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal cell is used as an automatic or adjustable mask in forming high definition exposures on very small areas. (1) SUBSTRATE* For the purpose of this class, substrate is a flexible or rigid member which provides structural support in a cell. SUBCLASSES 1 LIQUID CRYSTAL SYSTEM: This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal is a significant component of a larger system. (1) Note. Systems such as watches, computers, calculators, etc., in which the liquid crystal cell is merely used in the system, with no detail of the function or structure of the cell are excluded from this subclass. For such excluded subject matter, 5 Note. To be classified here there must be actual recitation of a printer or a print bar claimed or the preferred embodiment of the disclosure must be directed to a printer or a print bar. Note. The liquid crystal cell forms the mask, not simply a shutter. Projector including liquid crystal cell(s): This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein one or more liquid crystal cells modulate light for producing an image on a screen by a lens system. (1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are projectors with no liquid crystal cell or projectors including a liquid crystal cell with no detail of the liquid crystal material, its function, or the liquid crystal cell structure. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH CLASS below: SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 353, Optics: Image Projectors, appropriate subclasses for projectors in general. October 2010 349 - 4 6 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Overhead projector: This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the direction of the light passing through the liquid crystal cell (or cells) is in the vertical direction and the projection of the light is in a direction substantially perpendicular thereto. (1) 7 8 (1) 9 10 1October Liquid crystal writing tablet: This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein the system includes a stylus whose position is sensed and the liquid crystal is excited according to the sensed position. 13 Liquid crystal eyewear (glasses, goggles, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a liquid crystal cell is utilized as an electronically controlled lens, shutter, or display for covering an eye. 14 For protection: This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal cells operate to shield eyes from light/ electromagnetic radiation. Note. “Characteristic” here includes polarization and wavelength, but excludes direction. Having light separated into S and P polarization: This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Subject matter wherein a characteristic determining the separation of light paths is the polarization of the light, such that the S polarization travels along one path and the P polarization travels along a different path. Wherein liquid crystal cells include microencapsulated or polymer dispersed liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal cells are formed of small regions of a liquid crystal material embedded in a material of diverse composition. 2010 12 Note. Included here are recitations of sequential projections of red, green, and blue images. Plural light path projectors: This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein incoming light begins as or is broken into separate paths according to a characteristic of the light and is combined or recombined before or after modulation by the one or more liquid crystal cells. Heads-up display: This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a liquid crystal cell is utilized to combine a real world view and a generated information image or a liquid crystal cell is used for generating information to be displayed in a heads-up display device. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 359, Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses 630+ for general heads-up display devices. Note. Included here are projectors where the liquid crystal cell acts as an electrically driven transparency. Video/motion picture projector: This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein images are sequentially projected to give the appearance of movement. (1) 11 October 2010 (1) 15 Note. Included here are welding helmets, sunglasses, and laser eye protection devices. Stereoscopic: This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein two liquid crystal cells form two images to be superimposed on each other or wherein two images to be superimposed on each other are formed separately from the liquid crystal cell, but wherein the liquid crystal cell is integrally involved in the image forming process. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 353, Optics: Image Projectors, subclass 7 for stereoscopic projectors not specific to liquid crystals. October 2010 359, 16 Note. Included here are car, house, and building windows. 19 PARTICULAR EXCITATION OF LIQUID CRYSTAL: This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a change in a liquid crystal optical property is exhibited in response to the active application of an external stimulus. 20 Thermal excitation: This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein a change in a liquid crystal optical property is exhibited in response to the application of heat energy. Computational system employing liquid crystal element (neural network, correlation device, optical computer): This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein liquid crystal cells are utilized to optically perform basic or more complex mathematical processes such as comparing, adding, subtracting, correlating, adaptive algorithms or neural network type algorithms. (1) (1) 21 18 Variable or rotatable retarder used with other retarders to produce filtering effects (Solc, Lyot, Partial): This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a liquid crystal element forms a variable or rotatable retarder which is combined with other retarders to form a tun- Note. Structure merely maintaining the liquid crystal material at a particular temperature is excluded from this subclass. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 72, and 161, for using particular devices for keeping the liquid crystal material at a particular temperature. Note. Excluded from this subclass are liquid crystal elements merely employed as memory storage for a computer and the mathematics inherent to any optical process. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH CLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 359, Optical: Systems and Elements, subclass 107 for optical computing without diffraction and subclass 561 for convolution, cross-correlation, or correlation using a diffraction grating. 706, Data Processing: Artificial Intelligence, subclass 40 for optical systems performing neural network type algorithms. 708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating, subclasses 191, 816, and 831 for electrooptical data processing systems. 349 - 5 able filter, such that the relative orientations of the retarders produce a precise output. Optical: Systems and Elements, subclass 462 for stereoscopic systems not specific to liquid crystals. Liquid crystal window: This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a liquid crystal cell acts as an electrically excited shade for a window, by blocking light and/or reducing glare. (1) 17 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS By heating electrode: This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal material exhibits an optical property change in response to thermal energy from a heating electrode adjacent to the liquid crystal. (1) 22 Note. Included here are thermal heads and electrodes using resistance heating. By light beam heating (e.g., IR, laser, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal material exhibits an optical property change in response to thermal energy derived from incident light rays. (1) Note. Included here are infrared light and laser beams which directly change the state of the liquid crystal. (2) Note. Excluded from this subclass is light used for optically exciting the liquid crystal. For such excluded subject October 2010 349 - 6 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS matter see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 24, for optical excitation of a liquid crystal cell. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 365, Static Information Storage and Retrieval, subclass 108 for a memory for liquid crystal using a light beam. 23 Magnetic or pressure excitation: This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal material is responsive to either applied magnetic lines of force or mechanical stress. (1) 24 (1) (1) Note. Included here are light activated switches. (2) Note. Excluded from this subclass is light used to excite the liquid crystal by heating. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. Of an alloy of S, Se, or Te: This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein the photoconductive layer is formed of an alloy of S, Se, or Te. 27 With silicon photoconductive layer: This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein the photoconductive layer is formed of silicon. 28 With silicon photodiode, N-I-N photoconductor structure, or P-I-P photoconductor structure: This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter wherein the silicon photoconductive layer has the structure of a photodiode, an N-I-N photoconductor, or a P-I-P photoconductor. 29 With particular light blocking layer for separating read and write lights: This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter wherein a light preventing layer with a particular composition or structure is included for separating read and write lights. 30 With particular dielectric mirror for spatial light modulator (i.e., SLM): This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter including a reflector formed of a multilayer nonconductive material having a particular composition or structure. 31 Electron beam excitation: This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein an optical property of the liquid crystal material is changed by the application of a ray of electrons. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 22, for changing the optical property of liquid crystal material in response to thermal application of incident light. 25 1October With photoconductive layer (e.g., spatial light modulator (SLMs)): This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal material exhibits an optical property change when an electrical field is produced across the liquid crystal in response to the application of light to corresponding areas of a photosensitive layer. 2010 Note. Included here are photoconductors and photodiodes. 26 Note. Included here is excitation produced by an acoustic wave. Optical excitation: This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal material exhibits an optical property change across the liquid crystal in response to the nonthermal application of light to corresponding areas of the liquid crystal. October 2010 (1) 32 Note. Included here are apparatus having an electron gun or field emission device. Plasma excitation: This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein an optical property of the liquid crystal material is changed by application of a plasma charge. October 2010 33 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Electrical excitation of liquid crystal (i.e., particular voltage pulses, AC vs. DC, threshold voltages, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein an optical property of the liquid crystal material is changed by the application of an electric potential or current to the liquid crystal material. (1) Note. Nominal driving subject matter which depends on details of liquid crystal cell structure is classified in this subclass. Excluded from this subclass is driving of a liquid crystal device with a nominal liquid crystal cell structure. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH CLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 38+ and 87+ for driving of a liquid crystal device. 34 35 36 With application of holding or bias voltage (i.e., voltage which does not change the optical state of the liquid crystal): This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter wherein a voltage applied to the liquid crystal does not change the optical state of the liquid crystal. For driving Grandjean to focal conic or dynamic scattering type liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter wherein the electrical excitation is applied to a liquid crystal material to switch it from a Grandjean to a focal conic state or to exhibit dynamic scattering. Including diverse driving frequencies: This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter wherein the applied voltage has two or more frequencies. (1) Note. Included herein are different frequencies for changing the sign of the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal material. 349 - 7 37 Polarity based driving: This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal state is determined by the polarity of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal. 38 With supplemental capacitor: This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter wherein a capacitor is in parallel to the liquid crystal such that the relaxation time (or the RC time constant) of the liquid crystal is increased. 39 In active matrix with separate dedicated capacitor line: This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein the supplemental capacitor is part of an active matrix and is formed from an electrical line different from the matrix lines and dedicated specifically to the capacitor. 40 With antistatic elements: This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter including structure to distribute, eliminate, or block static electrical charges. 41 With particular switching device: This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter including an electrical device which receives voltages from electrode drivers and toggles a portion of the liquid crystal on and off. (1) Note. Included here are micromechanical switches used to switch a portion of the liquid crystal on and off. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 257, Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes), appropriate subclasses for the use of a transistor in general. 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 90+ for using switching devices in a liquid crystal device. 438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, especially subclasses 27+ for methods of packaging a semiconductor electronic device having an additional optical component and subclass 30 for methods of making a October 2010 349 - 8 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS semiconductor electronic device including a liquid crystal optical component. 42 Transistor: This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Subject matter wherein the switching device comprises a three-terminal semiconductor device. 43 Structure of transistor: This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein the particular layering of the transistor is specified. (1) 44 (1) With gate electrode between liquid crystal and semiconductor layer: This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the gate electrode is located between the liquid crystal layer and the semiconductor layer. 48 Plural nonredundant transistors per pixel: This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter wherein each pixel includes two or more transistors for purposes other than redundancy. Note. Included here are connective electrodes to buses, pixels, etc. With light block conductively connected to transistor: This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter including an opaque structure covering a portion of the transistor and conductively connected thereto. Transferred transistor: This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter wherein the transistor is fabricated on a film and then transferred to one of the substrates which forms the liquid crystal cell. (1) (2) 46 1October Note. An adhesive layer which attaches the transistor to the substrate is indicative of a transferred transistor. Note. Transferred transistors typically result in a structure in which the layers at the side of the transistor adjacent to the liquid crystal material are more level than those at the side adjacent the cell substrate. With particular gate electrode structure: This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter wherein the material, location, or other detail of the gate electrode of the transistor is specified. 2010 Note. Included here are thinned electrodes for easy disconnection. 47 SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 110, for an opaque mask not associated with and electrically connected to a transistor. 45 October 2010 (1) Note. Included here are a pair of N and P transistors for each pixel or a pair of transistors connected to different address lines for each pixel. (2) Note. Excluded from this subclass is the use of transistors for redundancy purposes. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 54, for the use of transistors for redundancy purposes. 49 Two terminal nonlinear switching device (e.g., N-I-N, S-I-S, Ferroelectric, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Subject matter wherein the switching device comprises a two-terminal element. 50 Diode: This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter wherein the switching device has a rectifying function. (1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are photodiodes used for optically exciting the liquid crystal. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 25, and 28, for using photodiodes for optically exciting a liquid crystal cell. October 2010 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS (2) SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass 91 for using diodes in a liquid crystal device. 51 52 53 Varistor: This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter wherein the switching device has a two-electrode semiconductor device with a voltage-dependent nonlinear resistance that drops markedly as the applied voltage is increased. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass 93 for the use of redundancy in a liquid crystal device. 55 Laser links: This subclass is indented under subclass 54. Subject matter wherein the correction or compensation of the fault is accomplished by using a laser to conductively connect two conductors which were isolated from each other. 56 PARTICULAR STRUCTURE: This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a specific aspect of the structure of the liquid crystal device and not involving the application of electrical energy to the liquid crystal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass 91 for using varistor in a liquid crystal device. 54 Matrix including additional element(s) which correct or compensate for electrical fault: This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter including a structure or arrangement of additional buses, switching elements, or circuit elements for correcting and preventing electrical defects such as open or short circuits. (1) Note. The defect correction structure included in this subclass is that which is incorporated in the liquid crystal device when the device is manufactured. Excluded from this subclass are defect correction after the device has been made. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. Note. Included here are double buslines, double switches, and bypass lines. Also included are pixels connected directly to the busline to reduce defects. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 192, for defect correction after the liquid crystal device has been made. Metal-insulator-metal (i.e., MIM): This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter wherein the switching device is a bidirectional tunneling device with a metalinsulator-metal structure. With particular insulating layer: This subclass is indented under subclass 51. Subject matter wherein the MIM has an insulating layer of a particular composition between the two metal layers. 349 - 9 (1) 57 Note. The structure here includes the parts of the whole device. For example, light source, frame, liquid crystal cell, etc. Lens or prism separate from projection system (i.e., it is not integral part of illumination system): This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal device includes a specific lens or prism near or adjacent to the liquid crystal cell, wherein the lens or prism is not an integral part of a projection system nor a light guide of the liquid crystal illumination system. (1) Note. Included here are collimating lenses and prisms for redirecting light entering or leaving the liquid crystal cell. October 2010 349 - 10 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 5+, for using lens or prisms in a projection device. 62+, for illumination systems having integral lens or prism. 58 61 (1) 62 With integral optical element for guiding or distributing light from the light source: This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter including an optical means for directing or dividing the light into different paths therefrom. 63 Specifically for guiding light in a front-lit device: This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the optical means guides or distributes light entering the liquid crystal device from a viewer's side. 64 Diffuser between light source and liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the optical means scatters or disperses light before it enters the liquid crystal device. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 1, through 18, for utilizing frames or holders in a liquid crystal cell. 59 60 Including electromagnetic shielding: This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Subject matter wherein the structure includes a means of preventing the transmission of electromagnetic fields or waves into or out of the cell. Including resilient support member: This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Subject matter wherein the structure includes an elastic means used as support. (1) 1October 2010 Note. Included here are elastomeric connectors used as support which also function as electrical connection and buffers. Note. This structure may use a special light source for the liquid crystal device or be structurally designed for use with ambient light. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses for use of a particular illumination device in general. 315, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, appropriate subclasses for use of a particular illumination system in general. 362, Illumination, appropriate subclasses for illuminating devices in general. Note. Excluded from this subclass are eyeglass frames, windows, and other frames or holders for the liquid crystal which define a system environment for the liquid crystal cell. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 679.21 through 679.3 for computer related housing or mounting assemblies with display support. Particular illumination: This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter including specific structure for providing light to the liquid crystal device. (1) Holder, support, frame, or housing: This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter wherein the device includes structure which holds elements of the device including the liquid crystal cell together or which facilitates the mounting of the liquid crystal cell. October 2010 (1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are diffusing elements behind the liquid crystal. Also excluded are diffusing elements between the liquid crystal device and the viewer. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. October 2010 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 112, for the use of diffusing elements behind the liquid crystal or between the liquid crystal device and a viewer. 65 Edge lit type light guide behind liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the optical means is a substantially flat or tapered sheet behind the liquid crystal with the light source at an edge of the sheet. (1) 68 Note. Included here are details of reflector, bulb, etc., that are part of rear edgelit light guide. 66 Louvres: This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the optical means is formed of thin parallel slats or strips which reflect or refract light rays toward or away from the liquid crystal cell. 67 Reflector having particular shape behind light source: This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the optical means is a reflecting element behind the light source for redirecting rays from the light source back toward the liquid crystal cell, and the reflecting element has a specific form such as specific curved shape. (1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are reflectors merely specified as curved. (2) Note. Reflectors behind the liquid crystal cell for making the liquid crystal device reflective (i.e., not part of the light source itself) are excluded from this subclass. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 113, for the use of reflectors. With plural diverse light sources (e.g., for day and night): This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein two or more different types of lights are used to illuminate the liquid crystal device. (1) 69 349 - 11 Note. Included here are differently colored light sources. Electroluminescent light source: This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal device is lit by a layer which emits fluorescent light when electrically driven by electrodes. (1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are fluorescent bulbs and layers which emit fluorescent light when illuminated with a light source, rather than when driven by electrodes. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. (2) Note. Included here are CRTs for lighting and not for exciting. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 70, for using fluorescent bulbs and layers as a light source in a liquid crystal cell. 70 Fluorescent light source: This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal device is lit by a tube containing mercury vapor, lined with phosphor which emits light in response to passage of a current, or a phosphorescent layer not driven by electrodes. (1) Note. Included herein are apparatus having fluorescent bulbs and layers which emit fluorescent light when illuminated with a light source. (2) Note. Excluded from this subclass are fluorescent layers which are driven by electrodes, or electroluminescent light sources. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. October 2010 349 - 12 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 69, for the use of fluorescent layers which are driven by electrodes or electroluminescent light sources in a liquid crystal device. 71 72 Detector of liquid crystal temperature: This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter wherein the device includes a sensor of the temperature of the liquid crystal material itself; e.g., for maintaining a constant liquid crystal temperature or characteristic. Interconnection of plural cells in parallel (e.g., edge to edge): This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter wherein two or more liquid crystal cells are positioned side by side. (1) (2) Note. Each liquid crystal cell is formed from a separate enclosure around a liquid crystal material and a liquid crystal cell is not a single pixel or display element. Thus, excluded from this subclass is merely a matrix of liquid crystal pixels. Note. Excluded from this subclass are plural liquid crystal cells which substantially overlap each other. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 74, for plural overlapping liquid crystal cell. 1October 2010 Interconnection of plural cells in series: This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter wherein two or more liquid crystal cells substantially overlap each other. (1) Formed of planar phosphor or fluorescent layer separate from illumination source: This subclass is indented under subclass 70. Subject matter including a continuous layer or a layer of individual elements separate from an illumination source wherein the layer emits light when excited by radiant energy. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass 101 for generation of data compensation in response to the temperature of the liquid crystal material. 73 74 October 2010 Note. Excluded from this subclass are multiple cholesteric layers in series wherein each layer selectively reflects a different particular wavelength of light. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 115, 176 and 193, for the use of multiple cholesteric layers in series in a liquid crystal device. 75 For compensation of birefringence effects: This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter wherein one or more of the plural cells compensates for the double refraction of another liquid crystal cell. 76 Of twisted (or chiral) nematic or supertwisted nematic liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter wherein the cell having birefringence and needing compensation contains nematic liquid crystal having a nonzero twist angle. 77 With particular cooperation between cells (e.g., alternating selection or simultaneous selection of cells): This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter wherein all of the cells are driven either simultaneously or in a particular sequence for a particular display effect. 78 Cell cooperation providing multicolor display: This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Subject matter wherein the color of the display depends on which cell or cells are activated such that the cooperation between the plural cells provides a multicolor display. (1) Note. Excluded from this subclass are displays including plural cells with solely a single layer of multicolor filters for color across a surface of one of the October 2010 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS cells. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. 83 With each cell displaying a different pattern: This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Subject matter wherein the electrodes of one cell form a different pattern from those of each other cell such that two or more different patterns (such as an analog and a digital display) can be displayed simultaneously with one superimposed on the others or can be displayed in sequence. 84 Having significant detail of cell structure only: This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter including a specific aspect of the structure which surrounds the liquid crystal material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 106, for use of color filter. 79 80 81 82 With color formed by different dye in each cell: This subclass is indented under subclass 78. Subject matter wherein each cell includes a dye of a different color from that in each other cell. With color formed by different color polarizer or color filter associated with each cell: This subclass is indented under subclass 78. Subject matter wherein each cell includes or is adjacent to a polarizer or color filter of a different color from that associated with each other cell. With cells being substantially identical and driven simultaneously, providing improved contrast: This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Subject matter wherein the plural cells are substantially the same as each other, with corresponding elements overlapping each other and driven simultaneously to prevent light leakage that occurs in a dark state when a single cell is used. (1) 85 Note. Included herein are displays in which the electrodes of one cell overlap the spaces between the electrodes of another cell or in which the electrodes of one cell cover a different display area from those of each other cell. Note. Included here is structure involving the liquid crystal material, structure immediately adjacent to the liquid crystal material, and structure attached to the structure adjacent to the liquid crystal material. Producing a greyscale effect: This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter including particular structure which produces gradation. (1) With projection of electrodes in one cell substantially nonoverlapping that of another cell (i.e., for improving resolution): This subclass is indented under subclass 77. Subject matter wherein the plural cells overlap each other, but the electrodes in each cell do not substantially overlap the electrodes in the other cells, such that resolution of the display is improved. (1) 349 - 13 Note. Included here are varied subpixel thicknesses. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 144, for greyscale resultant from split pixels. 173, for greyscale resultant from a liquid crystal property or from uniform boundary conditions. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass 89 for producing a greyscale effect in a liquid crystal device. 86 Microencapsulated or polymer dispersed liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter wherein small regions of liquid crystal material are embedded in a medium of diverse composition. October 2010 349 - 14 87 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS For variable polarizer: This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the encapsulated or dispersed liquid crystal has a polarizing effect without the use of a separate polarizing element and which is controllable by excitation applied to the liquid crystal cell. (1) Polymer network liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal forms a continuous phase throughout a polymer layer, such that the polymer forms a network structure filled with liquid crystal material. (1) With particular encapsulating medium: This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein details of the medium are specified. 90 With second material between liquid crystal and encapsulating medium: This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter wherein a second material of a composition different from both the liquid crystal and the medium exists between the liquid crystal and the medium. Having UV polymerized element: This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal has been microencapsulated or dispersed in an ultra violet polymerized material. 94 Formed with particular alignment technique: This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal alignment has been formed by a particular technique. 95 Microlenses: This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter wherein the cell structure includes a surface configured to form a regular array of optical elements for focusing light by refraction. (1) 1October 2010 Note. Included here are arrays of lenses which have one or more lenses per pixel for focusing light onto the pixels or for collimating light entering or exiting the pixels. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 359, Optical: Systems and Elements, subclasses 619+ for microlenses with no liquid crystal. 96 With nonpolymer encapsulating medium: This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter wherein the encapsulating medium is formed of a material which is not a polymer. Formed by particular technique: This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter wherein the particular microencapsulated or polymer dispersed liquid crystal has been formed by a particular technique. 93 Note. Included here are walls formed around individual capsules of liquid crystal material and surfactants surrounding the liquid crystal material. 91 Note. Included here are encapsulating mediums such as glass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, subclasses 4+ for a process of encapsulating liquid material. Note. Excluded from here are discrete capsules of liquid crystal material embedded in the polymer layer. 89 (1) 92 Note. Included here are stretched polymer dispersed liquid crystal films. For excluded subject matter see, SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 86, for microencapsulated or polymer dispersed liquid crystal. 88 (1) October 2010 Polarizer: This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter wherein the cell structure includes a means for making light or other radiation vibrate perpendicular to the ray with a particular composition, pattern, or orientation. October 2010 97 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Color: This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein the polarizer has the additional property that it only passes a particular frequency of polarized light along a particular polarization axis. (1) Note. Color polarizers are sometimes termed selective polarizers. 98 Circular: This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein the cell structure provides circular polarization to light entering or exiting the cell. 99 With particular non-zero angle between polarization axis and orientation direction: This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein transmission or absorption axis of one polarizer of the cell is at an angle to the direction of orientation of liquid crystal molecules near one of the substrates holding the liquid crystal therebetween. 103 With particular non-zero and non-90° angle between opposite polarization axes: This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein the transmission or absorption axis of one polarizer of the cell is at an angle other than 90° to the transmission or absorption axis of another polarizer of the cell. 104 Filter: This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter including a particular light absorbing device to attenuate particular wavelengths or frequencies while passing others on with relatively no change. (1) 100 For ferroelectric liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 99. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal material used with the polarizer is ferroelectric liquid crystal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 345, Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclass 97 for use of ferroelectric liquid crystal display elements. 101 102 For supertwisted nematic liquid crystal: This subclass is indented under subclass 99. Subject matter wherein the liquid crystal material used with the polarizer is nematic liquid crystal with a twist angle greater than 90°. With particular non-zero angle between polarization axis and compensator optical axis: This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter wherein the transmission or absorption axis of one polarizer of the cell is at an angle to the optical axis of a compensator for the liquid crystal material. 349 - 15 Note. Included here are infrared and ultraviolet filters. 105 Interference filter: This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter wherein two light waves, as a result of their relative phases, interact to produce a cancellation or reinforcement of wave energy. 106 Color filter: This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter wherein only a portion of the frequency band of incident light is passed, giving a colored appearance. (1) Note. Typically triads of filters passing red, green, and blue light are used. 107 With different liquid crystal thickness for each color of filter: This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Subject matter wherein each of the color filters has a different thickness of liquid crystal material. 108 With plural colors for each display element (i.e., each pixel or segment): This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Subject matter wherein each display electrode overlaps filters passing two or more different colors. October 2010 349 - 16 109 110 111 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Opaque mask or black mask: This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter wherein a structure covering certain portions of the liquid crystal cell totally or substantially blocks all of the light incident thereon. 114 Note. Excluded from this subclass are diffusing elements between the light source and the liquid crystal. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 64, for the use of diffusing elements between the light source and the liquid crystal cell. 113 Reflector: This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter having a detail of a means for returning light that has passed through the cell back through the cell again. 1October 2010 Dielectric mirror (i.e., in devices excited other than by photoconductive layer) or transflector: This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter wherein the reflector is formed of a multilayer nonconductive material or is partially light transmitting. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 30, for dielectric mirrors part of a spatial light modulator in a liquid crystal device. 115 Diffuser (on viewer side of liquid crystal): This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter including a particular light scattering or dispersing device which is not part of the illumination system. (1) Note. Reflectors in conjunction with the light source are excluded from this subclass. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 67, for the use of reflectors in conjunction with light source in a liquid crystal device. Conductive mask: This subclass is indented under subclass 110. Subject matter wherein the opaque mask or black mask is formed of a conductive material. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 44, for light blocking elements conductively connected to a transistor. 112 (1) With unequal areas for different colors or with fractional shift between one line of colors and the next: This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Subject matter wherein at least one color passed by the color filter passes through a different sized area than all other colors or each line of color filter element is shifted from an adjacent line by a fractional number of pixel elements. October 2010 Cholesteric reflector: This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Subject matter wherein the reflector is formed of a cholesteric liquid crystal material. (1) 116 Note. To be classified here, the cholesteric reflector must be additional to another liquid crystal cell. Photoconductive element (i.e., not used for exciting): This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter having an element whose electrical resistance varies as a function of incident light, but which is not used for optically exciting the liquid crystal material. (1) Note. Included here are photodetectors and solar batteries. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 25, for the use of photoconductive layer in a liquid crystal device for exciting purposes. October 2010 117 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Compensator or retarder (i.e., not using liquid crystal cell): This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter including an element which modifies relative velocity between two light rays. (1) Note. Included here are quarter-wave and half-wave plates and birefringent layers. (2) Note. Excluded from this subclass are compensators formed of liquid crystal cells. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. 121 With particular non-zero angle between compensator optical axis and orientation direction: This subclass is indented under subclass 117. Subject matter wherein an angle greater than zero degrees is formed between the optical axis of the compensator or retarder and the orientation direction of the molecules adjacent one of the substrates surrounding the liquid crystal. 122 Particular nonoptical film or layer (e.g., adhesive layer, barrier layer): This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter having a specified sheet that possesses no inherent light modifying property. 123 Alignment layer: This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Subject matter wherein the sheet is used for orienting the liquid crystal molecules in a particular manner. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 75, and 76, for compensators formed of liquid crystal cells. 118 119 120 349 - 17 (1) With refractive indices in the x, y, and z directions: This subclass is indented under subclass 117. Subject matter wherein the compensator or retarder is described as having three refractive indices, one in each of the x, y, and z directions. Note. Examples of an alignment layer are silicon dioxide, polyimides, polyamides, organosilanes, and polyvinyl alcohol. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses 1.1+ for liquid crystal alignment layers having a particular chemical composition. Multiple compensators: This subclass is indented under subclass 117. Subject matter wherein two or more compensators or retarders are employed. 124 Including at least one with negative intrinsic birefringence: This subclass is indented under subclass 119. Subject matter wherein at least one of the plural compensators or retarders has a negative refractive index anisotropy. Formed by particular technique (e.g., Langmuir Blodgett, stretching, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer has been produced utilizing a specialized technique. 125 Having particular deposited structure (e.g., angled, plural layered) produced by vapor deposition: This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer has been produced by vapor deposition to form a specified structure (e.g., particular angle, plural layered, etc.). 126 Having structure produced by rubbing under particular rubbing conditions (e.g., (1) Note. Materials that have a negative intrinsic birefringence include polystyrene and styrene copolymers, whereas materials that have a positive intrinsic birefringence include polycarbonate. October 2010 349 - 18 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS particular direction, rubbing force, by using named rubbing material or roller, etc.): This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer has been produced utilizing a technique that involves rubbing of the material for forming the alignment layer under a specific rubbing condition, such as: (a) rubbing in a specific direction relative to elements of the liquid crystal display, (b) rubbing with a defined or varying rubbing force, or (c) using a specific rubbing material or roller for rubbing the alignment layer. 127 128 Formed of a liquid crystal material: This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer is formed of a liquid crystal layer different from the liquid crystal layer which is oriented by the alignment layer. 1October (1) Note. Included here are two different alignment layers used one on top of the other or alternating side-by-side. Also included herein are alternating alignment directions or pretilt angles; e.g., between pixel and nonpixel portions. (2) Note. Different alignments can be formed by using different compositions for the two alignment layers. 2010 Note. This type of alignment is typically found in conjunction with dynamic scattering or variable birefringence type liquid crystal devices. 131 Silanes: This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer is formed of any one of various silicon hydrides. 132 For parallel alignment: This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer causes the liquid crystal molecules to be oriented homogeneously or substantially parallel to a supporting surface (i.e., substrate). Note. Different alignments can be formed by using different compositions for the two alignment layers. With plural alignments on the same substrate: This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer on one side of the liquid crystal includes two or more alignment directions, and/or two or more pretilt angles. For perpendicular alignment: This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer causes the liquid crystal molecules to be oriented homeotropically or substantially perpendicular to a supporting surface (i.e., substrate). (1) With different alignments on opposite substrates: This subclass is indented under subclass 123. Subject matter wherein the alignment direction and/or pretilt angle of the alignment layer on one side of the liquid crystal material differs from that on the other side of the liquid crystal material. (1) 129 130 October 2010 (1) Note. This alignment is sometimes caused by rubbing or otherwise forming grooves in the surface of the layer. (2) Note. This type of alignment is typically found in conjunction with the twisted nematic field effect type liquid crystal devices. 133 With chiral smectic liquid crystal (includes ferroelectric liquid crystal): This subclass is indented under subclass 132. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer is employed to orient the molecules in a chiral smectic liquid crystal material. 134 With particular pretilt angle from the alignment layer: This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer causes the chiral smectic liquid crystal molecules near a supporting surface (i.e., substrate) to form a particular angle with the surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 136, for alignment layers causing a particular pretilt angle for liquid crystals which are not chiral smectic. October 2010 135 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 136 ture of switching elements. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. With particular polymer composition of the alignment layer (e.g., fluorine-containing aliphatic polyamide): This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Subject matter wherein the chemical composition of the alignment layer is specifically recited (i.e., more than merely reciting polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, silicon dioxide, or organosilane). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Article, subclasses 1.1+ for liquid crystal alignment layers having a particular chemical composition. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 43, and 52, for the use of insulative layer in a structure of a transistor or in a MIM switching device respectively. 123, and 136, for the use of alignment layer in a liquid crystal device. 139 With particular pretilt angle (i.e., with liquid crystal other than chiral smectic): This subclass is indented under subclass 132. Subject matter wherein the alignment layer causes the liquid crystal molecules near a supporting surface (i.e., substrate) to form a particular angle with the surface. 137 Antireflection layer: This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Subject matter including a layer which reduces unwanted surface reflections, thereby reducing glare. 138 Insulating layer: This subclass is indented under subclass 122. Subject matter wherein a particular nonelectrically conducting layer is in the vicinity of the liquid crystal material. (1) Note. When the insulative layer is located between an electrode and the liquid crystal material, this insulative layer causes the device to block direct current, thereby extending device life. (2) Note. Although alignment layers are typically insulative layers adjacent the liquid crystal material, they are excluded from this subclass unless an insulating function is specifically recited for the layers. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. (3) 349 - 19 Electrode or bus detail (i.e., excluding supplemental capacitor and transistor electrodes): This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Subject matter wherein a particular characteristic of an electrode or bus line is specified. (1) Note. Included here are details of the pixel electrodes, bus lines, common (or counter) electrodes, and segmented electrodes. (2) Note. Excluded from here are details of the electrodes forming supplemental capacitors and transistors. For such excluded subject matter, see SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38, 39, 43, and 47, for details of electrodes forming supplemental capacitors and transistors in a liquid crystal device. 140 Formed of semiconductor material: This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter wherein the electrodes are made of a solid or liquid electronic conductor material with resistivity between that of metals and that of insulators. 141 Interdigited electrodes (comb-shaped): This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter wherein the electrodes are interlocked with each other such that one set of electrodes are located in the gaps between another set of electrodes. Note. Excluded from here are insulative layers which are soley within the struc- October 2010 349 - 20 142 CLASSIFICATI