Industry sign banking michigan ppt myself
hello everyone welcome to chapter 10 america's economic revolution okay here are the highlights we're going to be talking about the population which is another way of saying also the labor force but the developments in transportation communications technology we talked about this in some of the previous chapters a little bit alluded to it at least uh the developments in uh industry and then also then how it changed farming okay first off is the american population 1840 to or 1820 to 1840 um at first in the early parts it's really kind of a tale of almost two eras that the public health improves and the higher there's a higher natural birth rate okay and that accounts for a large uh part of the increase but then after 1830 it's it's really immigration and immigration at this time this is kind of the storyline immigration at this time comes from uh two different areas uh germany and in the irish okay and there's push pull factors associated with each uh the germans that come over here tend to have a little bit more money moved to the northwest um there are victims of industrialization in europe in terms of they were displaced uh the irish that came over here on the other hand tended to have less money they were pushed here really by the crop failures in ireland potato famine and they tended to stay in new england and they worked in the factories okay graf demonstrating the rapid increase in population okay another uh graph depicting the total immigration from these arrows okay so what we have here is the immigration that's coming over first it's the rapid urbanization again so the irish that are coming to the bigger cities that they're going to um they're going to work in the factories that are popping up okay there's also a movement of people from farms to cities as the agricultural uh techniques improve there's just less of a need for farmers right they just need fewer people so what do those people do that uh previously we're on the farm they get displaced to the cities and that's an ongoing trend um the population will shift in america from farm to cities uh all the way up to the 1920s where finally there's a tipping point there's more people in the cities and lastly again i mentioned the german and irish immigrants they came over this gives you a sense of this graph gives you a sense of the pie chart gives you a sense of the german and irish so you can see if you had that up 70 percent of the immigrants coming over from 1820 to 1840 were either german or irish there's the settlement patterns and the density in terms of they lived then 1860 you can see that in the northeast in particular there's a lot more people that have come there okay of course uh well not of course but because we have an increase in immigration we also have the rise of nativism okay nativism are those people that generally anti-immigrants uh don't want immigrants in this country um and resulting from that you have the rise of the no-nothing party okay the know-nothing parties they are an anti-immigrant that they're like a one one-issue party they're anti-immigration okay so when they asked when they asked them you know what do you know they said i know nothing okay and that was kind of their secret code at first they did have some success pennsylvania new york massachusetts they had some success there once some public offices unfortunately they actually had to uh govern and so that they didn't last very long okay and i'm sorry one other thing of the future one other feature the know-nothing party is that they were anti-catholic okay so why were they why were people uh against uh immigration important this is probably true going throughout uh history so when there's excessive waves of immigration a lot of the reasons will be the same is just apply to a different group okay and you we can talk about that in our discussions one they saw those people as inferior and usually that's associated with culture and or their culture and how they did things related that civilized and part of the problem is that people in america but people in general i think have a hard time separating people's behaviors from like their economic status right so if you can't afford uh if you can't afford to have different types of silverware you just might use the same fork to eat everything people might call you uncivilized but really it's just the lack of lack of money and resources that uh prevent you from doing that okay uh they also triggered or accused them of stealing jobs okay so often the immigrants because they're more desperate would come over here and be willing to work for less money and at that time there are no rules against uh there's no minimum wage there's no rules in terms of how you treat your workers and so immigrants were more willing to deal with that kind of abuse just because they're tended to be in a more desperate situation anti-catholic this is a big one because the religion irish in particular are catholic and so uh most of the americans that came over here are protestant and still are protestant um so there's a lot of anti-catholic sentiment that goes on uh some of the folks that came over here particularly the germans came up with some more radical ideas about government society and then lastly the political corruption and so because these immigrants didn't know what they're doing necessarily in terms of democracy they were taken advantage of by the political machines and because they were taken advantage by the political machines other folks tended to blame the immigrants for the corruption really when it was probably the people that were manipulating them okay and that gives the comparison today again this is probably better done in a live discussion as opposed to when we talk about immigration today are the reasons the same so resentment against immigration do they fall a long way largely along the same lines maybe not the anti-catholic part but some of the other ideas okay shows you the immigration patterns same thing okay so uh pivoting here towards transportation communications technology again we raised this in one of the earlier chapters uh the development of roads um the government builds the old national road uh you can see stretching across the uh the kind of uh mid-atlantic region um not very effective okay even though the government built it not very effective is this one road there's no real branching off of it so it had limited effectiveness in terms of its ability to impact the economy there were private roads the turnpikes turnpikes were also largely ineffective because most people did not want to pay to go on the turnpikes kind of like today when you're driving to cedar point if you notice you have the option to take the toll road or you can take the public highway okay and i don't know what your parents do but some people don't want to take the toll roads because they don't want to pay money on top of that the other thing that's really limited the effectiveness of the roads is that you're limited by how much you could haul how much weight essentially how much you could haul on the on the turnpikes okay the canal age okay so the canal them just fast forward through this and if you get a chance if you look up on youtube america the story of us they have a nice reenactment of the building of the area canal so the ear canal is the um became an immediate success okay and the advantage of the erie canal it connected essentially the great lakes to the atlantic okay and so by building canal you can now between the use of rivers and the canal to cut across um you could ship in things from you know from europe and get it to the to the great lakes okay and this really has the impact of making new york the leading port in the world um leading port in the united states for sure surpassing new orleans also with the steamboats steamboats you could travel upstream now and i think we mentioned that before so just give you a sense of it four horses and a cart they could before carry essentially a ton and a half about 18 miles per day with a steamboat you can now ship 100 tons 24 miles a day okay and the basic rule of thumb here is that the the more you can transport and for the cheaper it's going to lead to cheaper products okay we see that today with a lot of goods being produced overseas your t-shirts and shorts or t-shirt shorts tennis shoes electronics you can produce them overseas because it is much much cheaper to send them back to the united states okay this would be the youtube video of the erie canal that you can look up but it looks like that okay and so here's your erie canal so you come in here you sail up the river area canal brings you across over the great lakes and then you can deposit your goods over there okay and because the canal was such a great success they actually started building a lot of canals out in the the midwest area where they called the west these canals were less successful okay the air canal is very successful almost immediately successful the ones out in the west were less successful okay the other thing that we have developing at this time is the early railroads okay and so the early railroads and this is important to keep in mind early railroads were not as successful in terms of uh impacting the economy okay part of the challenge of the early railroads uh one the gauge sizes so the width of the the actual tracks were not this we're not standardized okay my joke for this but some of you guys know what i'm talking about is it's kind of like when you buy uh the legos and then you you know someone gives you uh the knock-off legos and that they don't match right and because they don't match you can't really use them together or uh you know you had your thomas the tank uh thomas the tank uh engine tracks and the knock off once and they don't really line up same thing with the railroads at that time okay because the rails don't match up you really could only be on your railroad line okay uh the lines were short and typically any railroads that did exist at this time really were just to help move stuff over closer to the canals and the canals were more efficient however in the 1850s and 60s um they will the railroads will begin to consolidate into trunk lines so there will be one main railroad line and there will be branches off it that's why it's called a trunk line okay the impact of the railroads and this is this is part of the story of the united states it will begin to bind the north and west together okay so you have three major regions northwest and south this will begin to bind the north and west together together alienating the south okay it was paid for by public and private money some land grants but which gives this really gives rise to chicago so chicago help process agricultural goods grains whiskey leather goods and actually will become more important as we settle further west as a hub to send stuff back east okay this gives you an example so the uh the different colors of the different rail line or the different uh gauge sizes okay how difficult that would be in terms of trying to get across the country because the rail sizes continually change so it's not very useful okay other developments in communication journalism the telegraph and so the telegraph is just a quicker way to communicate um you can transmit uh messages quickly across the wire lines and later those will be strung up around the rail lines and because you can get information out quicker you get the rise of the associated press okay which would um which will make information available instead of in days in a matter of hours this has the impact of really fueling sectional discord in the north so the north will have greater access to information because they tend to have more of the railroads again to the exemption of the south okay this slide is actually not from garrity but i think it would be useful for kind of helping understand the whole the big picture in terms of uh how the uh economy develops and so roughly 10 000 years ago when we're all farmers that kind of dictated how our society was organized what type of government we had what type of family structures we had and the size of our families um as well as what type of education was needed and what happens and starting in england mid-1700s and in the us later 1700s early 1800s we begin to transition from farming to factories okay and so that's what people are literally moving off the farms working in factories the people that are immigrating here to america working in the factories and again this will change uh some of the governments you know how the government operates the families education levels and we've seen it a little bit but you know we it's a slow moving process throughout these chapters so i don't know if you've necessarily picked up on that and just kind of looking ahead into the future what happens beginning 1950s probably here in the united states we're transitioning to a knowledge economy okay so typically age of computers age of science engineering and people are moving out of the factories not literally in a generation but over the generations and into knowledge work okay and so are there still farmers here in america yes are there still factors in america yes far fewer of each one i think farming is about two percent manufacturing about 13 percent um and many much more larger sector of knowledge workers okay so that's kind of how the economy of the us will unfold okay along with that then this is what happens in uh in a uh um factory economy okay in a manufacturing type economy typically what actually it's what happens elsewhere too i guess uh what happens is some company or some industry or usually some company will develop a new technique a new product and they will make a lot of profits from that okay so when you think about the apple iphone when it first came out made a lot of money easy to use highly profitable and they expand okay and they grow and they get big what happens because that company is making so much money it will invite competition other companies will jump in and they will see how much money is being made and they will say why don't we do that it might you know the one of the things i usually talk about in class is what com you know if you ask yourself what kind of company is microsoft people think of microsoft it is a computer software company right they don't make computers but they do make the software for microsoft office microsoft word um operating systems but if you stop and think about it microsoft also makes the xbox and so why do they make the xbox is because there's a lot of money to be made off of gaming systems wildly popular wildly profitable they jumped in okay even though that's not their main business what happens because you have competition um competition will drive down the prices okay and because it drives down prices some companies can't keep up and they go bust okay and after they go bust other companies will begin to buy them up and so concentration is we will go from 10 companies down to two or three companies so certainly when you think of like airlines there's probably like three or four major airlines when you think of pop right you think of pepsi and coke other there's other pop companies but they're very very small and they tend to get swallowed up by the big two okay so before industrialization how do we used to do things um it used to be through the household system so what would happen is somebody would drop you off drop off a bag of sock parts okay these are the different stock parts you would sew them together and they'd be back in a week and pick up the finished socks and maybe drop you off drop off another bag of sock parts okay or if it was a skilled uh trade so that you'd have a master and apprentice relationship so the master you would study under him for i don't know two years five years whatever and then you would become the master and you might take on your own apprentice so typically that's how things were done what happens is we get the expansion of corporations uh this time period 18 20 18 40. before it was difficult to incorporate from state legislators you had to go to each state legislator and they had to approve the corporation and people and people thought corporations were were cheating okay because in a corporation thi
is why you would incorporate you only risk your investment not your personal wealth what that means is if i put um a hundred thousand dollars into starting a company and the company goes bankrupt i lose my hundred thousand dollars but they can't come take my personal house my personal car um you know my personal cat they can only take the the business assets and so people thought that was unfair because if you stand the chance to become really rich through your work then you should also risk everything that you have okay so initially corporations are not uh very popular and they're very difficult to start up so the other part of uh the challenge of not having corp being incorporated was it's difficult to raise money so you think about building a factory so from the physical building to the land to the machines that you need it takes a lot of money and most people individually don't have that much money to start a factory on their own okay so in fact it was just out of the reach of most folks but because um but because now they can get credit they can you know bank loans it's easier to start factories okay so it starts off talks about the shoe industries here's a funny thing to think about so before there was no shoes there was no right and left shoe you just had shoes okay but as you begin to make more you can specialize and now there's right left shoes um most of the factories are centered in new england okay and part of that is due to again the uh the rise of the textile industries up in new england um but also because uh many the early factory will be powered by water and there's more water more rivers available in new england to be able to power those that will become a game changer later when we discover coal because now you don't have to build it near the water and then obviously oil later okay uh advanced in technology that helped eli whitney with the interchangeable parts so if something breaks you can just change the part as opposed to getting a whole new something so i think eli whitney's original breakthrough was it was like rifles so if you're like your trigger broke on your rifle you would just have to jump the whole rifle now you can just swap out the trigger okay and of course to do that you have to standardize it i also get rubber sewing machine i mentioned the coal already so these are all technological advances that help fuel economic growth okay so what does that mean who's going to come work in the factories i mentioned it's already farm life changes so they will be coming there's a population movement from from the farms to the cities initially one of the first attempts to and this is one of your readings that you'll have one of the first attempts is to bring uh girls off the farm okay so the lol system is they recruit girls off the farm because girls aren't needed on the farm anymore and frankly for them it sounds more exciting to go live somewhere else and you know be adventurous as opposed to just sitting on the farm and so initially they're they're go the the loan system their intent is to build this industrial utopia that you can make profit and still treat people well what eventually happens to the low system is kind of that the transformations that it walks you through it's it it makes money but then prices drop and then they have to cut wages they have to speed up the machines they go on strike and then it goes bust okay so despite the attempt to be better they uh they weren't able to okay so what happens with um the labor force and who replaces the mill girls it's immigrant labor okay the advantages of immigrant labor and this is really after 1840 you can pay them less there's a whole bunch of them so someone gets hurt it's okay you can just replace them with somebody else and they they switched in part of the paying them they paid them by piece so there's different ways to get people to work harder piece piece rate is like you get paid per piece that you make so that way you can get them to work hard consistently and what happens now with industrialization bring this all the way back if you think back to jefferson if you remember jefferson's vision for this country was that we're going to be a nation of farmers right we don't need a strong central government because it's we're going to live in the village with farmers there might be some artisans there making your horseshoes or whatever else you need a tailor a cobbler um industrialization destroys that right so the the person that's sewing shirts individually making custom made shirts won't be able to compete with the prices of an industrial-made shirt okay person that's making shoes by hand won't be able to compete with the factory that's making shoes so that that dream of us being a nation of farmers and artisans is dead okay and of course that means for the factory workers also uh you lose your status okay so it's not special you're not special to be farmer john that grows things out of the ground or you know blacksmith bob that makes things now you're just the worker you're you know one of out of thousands in the factories okay the response to this typically is to form trade unions uh trade unions at this time they thought that was unfair so workers getting together to ask for better conditions and higher wages they thought it was unfair there's actually a supreme court case the commonwealth versus hunt which legalizes unions but uh unionizing is difficult okay and what makes unionizing difficult because and this going back to labor so if you're unhappy at work and this is true today this is what you go out and get a new job so you don't like working at mcdonald's go get a job at burger king okay you can go get a new skill so you don't like working at mcdonald's uh learn to be a plumber and now you can be a plumber instead of working at mcdonald's or thirdly you can unionize so if you get together all the other workers and say hey we should be making more money the boss make a lot more money and people like yes that's how you can improve your wages improve your working conditions okay mention the commonwealth versus hunt where it legalizes or it legalizes unions um the hard part at this time is that the americans uh working class is divided okay and so unions are pretty ineffective um some of that reason is that really the really unhappy folks can always leave you can move west and we talk about that so if you want to reinvent yourself start your life over again you move west um they're also ineffective because they didn't include women in part so that automatically divides part of your labor force uh the unions didn't have any political power like the industrialists like the capitalists so if you're the factory owner you might you know donate money to your senator representative you know to your mayor or governor uh the unions didn't typically do that the workers did not do that okay and so free labor at this point was it was difficult in the south uh their retort anytime slavers criticized they would say the north is just practicing a form of wage slavery and they would say we're not you're not any better you know at least this is from the south's perspective at least you know we feed and clothe and care for our slaves uh you just use them and if they get hurt then you just discard them okay so what else made union unionizing difficult this will be true throughout u.s history uh to some degree i guess there's no class consciousness so the people didn't think of themselves as a working class they thought maybe this is a temporary you know i'll be here two years and i'm gonna i'll be somewhere else so they didn't think of themselves as a working class a permanent working class uh also they tended to identify by ethnicity so it made it harder to organize them right so if you think of yourself as irish and i think of myself as german what do we have in common and if you see yourself in terms of ethnicity the answer is nothing okay and i mentioned already frontier is the safety valve and so for the really really unhappy folks at work they will leave and of course that that will bring up the problem once uh once the frontier is closed in 1890 where did the unhappy people go to today okay and that's uh that's part of the struggle okay so what is the effect of this growing uh growing economy the wealth grab the wealth gap grows okay and so you have this real divide between rich and the poor so the rich they have private clubs they have mansions um you know they have green space the poor they tend to live in crowded housing uh more subject to crime um you know more subject to disease and dirty conditions okay for african americans uh they are in poverty okay still a lot of a lot of discrimination even in the north some people tend to think of like slaveries in the south and they treat people badly but in the north there's a lot of discrimination as well okay so the new middle class life so again growing economy there's there's people in the the middle class okay and the classical definition of middle class is you have leisure time you have disposable income you own property you have access to quality education health care and so one of the signs of expanding middle class is that you owned you know that you own this cast iron stove here that's what that is okay um that you have an ice box okay and those are all conspicuous signs of of wealth okay people you saw that in somebody's house you know that they're wealthy today i don't know if they have a 70 inch tv maybe that's a sign or you have a fridge that's connected to the internet you guys you guys can answer that question for yourself okay um changing family because again there's more wealth being created we don't need kids to work you don't need as many kids so there's a falling birth rate um following birth rate and now the question is what's going to happen with the mom that will come up in the upcoming chapters um oh actually it's coming up here so women in the cult of domesticity uh there's a new role for women and because they're not needed in the workplace uh there's a separate sphere created for them okay and their separate sphere is they're expected to be at home and uh we'll have a article about this but they are supposed to be pious and pure domestic and submissive okay men are supposed to go off to work women are supposed to stay at home of course this is only true if you are a middle class uh a woman in a middle class family because a world-class woman still worked okay other signs of wealth that you again you have leisure time and you have money disposable income to take advantage of that so you have the rise of minstrel shows okay this is a sign of wealth house with rug decorations in the wall decorations on the fireplace mantel fancy furniture sign of not wealth where you have no decorations no rugs plain walls okay so what happens in the north uh the impact of this is when you trade and remember this was kind of hamilton's vision when you trade that allows you to specialize so if canada if canada just uh what do they do if canada just makes a maple syrup and we build cars here in the united states we can trade and and because we trade that allows us to specialize and because we're only doing one thing if we're just making cars here in the us or they're just making maple syrup in canada we will become more efficient okay and once you become more efficient you'll literally be able to create more of anything and that stuff that more stuff that's created is is wealth creation and that's literally what how you become richer it's not always working harder although that's part of it it's also becoming more efficient and so you stop and think about a technology in a lot of ways has made us become more efficient having a cell phone in your pocket where you can always be reached has made people more efficient it also has this drawbacks because now you're constantly working but same principle applies okay so in terms of farming um you get uh you get developments in farming too so the the mechanical reaper the steel plow and the thresher these are all implements that make farming more efficient okay so especially the steel plow can cut through the thicker sod in the midwest the but the thresher in the reaper it really does make farming quicker you need fewer people now because you can have the work of the horses and the machines and so how does that impact farming just to give you idea the reaper one worker can now do the job of five workers okay farming can actually become profitable uh with the with the thresher before you can harvest seven bushels a day now with a mechanical thresher you can harvest 25 bushels a day and so that leads to agricultural specialization can we talk about technology and my thing is a little bit on order so what can farms do now in the northeast because they don't need to grow those crops they can grow wheat in the midwest and grow corn in the midwest you don't need to grow them in the northeast you get truck farming and truck farming is it's just it's growing of fruits and vegetables more specialized fruits and vegetables and the reason why you want to grow them in the northeast while they grow them in northeast one remember there's more people coming there more people living in the big cities and two the fruits and vegetables that they grow they would spoil so there's no way you can grow fruits out in the midwest and ship them back east they would they would go bad by the time they got there but now because you don't need to grow wheat in the northeast you can specialize and you get more money by growing fresh fruits and vegetables okay so that's the impact even of technology on farms okay so the big takeaway from this unit at this time period what's happening it will bind the north and west together again kind of alienates the south uh the north and west will become dependent on one another so west the breadbasket north is like the manufacturing hub of america it'll also shift the balance of political power because more people are moving to the northeast into the north overall um they will get more representatives and again much to the dismay of the south that's the big fear so without if the senate wasn't there you know slavery might have disappeared a long time ago because the house is becoming dominated by the north there are new markets created because you can ship things further now so there are new markets so you think about the great lakes is a market now for not only european goods but goods produced out east okay um there's a backlash against immigrants with this nativist movement that we will see in this country some will argue even to today the nature of work changes again we're off the farm and we're into the factories and what that does that will have an effect on and this is really going to point six uh the social changes because it's the man primarily going off to work women are staying at home more people have better lives to some degree right you think about the rise of the middle class not everyone but more people it will really have an impact on society and societal and social roles for women and for children okay so hopefully you enjoyed today's lecture don't forget to buy the merch and we will see you next time
