Sign Banking PPT Oregon Later

Industry sign banking oregon ppt later

this timeline was created by Wally de amor Esha to explore the history of race identity and power in Oregon and also in the larger United States if you need to read the slides more you can always hit pause there is also a version of this video available without the audio commentary they're not properly documented it is believed that there were black people in Oregon is early as 1579 as part of Francis Drake's crew which included at least two black men and one black woman or even earlier as crew members of Spanish ships the first well-documented black person in Oregon was Marcus Lopez who came as a member of Captain Robert Gray's crew in 1788 the most well-known black man in Oregon was York who was enslaved by Clark from the Lewis and Clark expedition what is often not documented is that York was invaluable in securing diplomatic relations with Native communities who treated him with great respect it's important to know that during the antebellum period the greatest issue for this nation was slavery because slavery was not only a barbarous institution but also an economic system there were white people who were anti-slavery but also anti black this is the mentality that birthed Oregon even as a territory Oregon outlawed slavery but also banned black people from moving here upon pain of public whipping every six months till they left the land that black folks were excluded from is land stolen from native peoples through acts such as the 1850 Oregon donation land act Oregon was created as a white homeland this is the actual language used to recruit people to move to Oregon it was founded in a white nationalist fantasy of creating a white utopia void of any people of color Oregon was in fact the only state to it be admitted to the Union with a racially exclusionary clause that forbade black people from moving to Oregon owning real estate or making contracts here black people who lived here had no legal standing and were undocumented this exclusionary language was in Oregon's Constitution until 2001 when black leaders community members legislators and allies were successful in finally having that language removed so racist terrorist organizations like the Knights of the Golden Circle were not anomalies there were only slightly more extreme than Oregon's mainstream institutions this is proven by laws like the 1862 law which created an annual tax for black Hawaiian and Chinese people and so-called mulatos living in Oregon if they were unable to pay there would be forced to work for the state in 1865 the civil war ended and the 13th amendment abolished slavery however it would be three more years before black people had any legal standing and guaranteed citizenship rights nationally black folks were in the same position that black people in Oregon had been in in 1862 Oregon passed a law banning interracial marriages between white people and anyone with more than one grandparent was black this law was expanded in 1866 and added Chinese Hawaiian and native peoples to that ban that did not mean that communities of color and Oregon did not organize to meet their own needs like in Salem in 1867 when the black children were denied access to public education the black community pulled its money together and started a separate school and after a lawsuit was filed the city of Salem agreed to take over running it as a segregated school Portland Public Schools were also segregated at this time in 1868 the 14th amendment is ratified which guaranteed universal citizenship rights regardless of many factors including race and then in 1870 the 15th amendment passed which outlawed voting discrimination based on race though federal law supersedes state law states can ratify constitutional amendments to show their support in both cases Oregon did not ratify these constitutional amendments until decades after they were passed federally over a hundred years for the Fourteenth Amendment the period the war was called reconstruction and was a time when the black communities in the south made advances partially because northern troops occupied the south to police the white cell reconstruction was eradicated in 1877 when the Hayes compromised give the presidency to the Republicans in exchange for the withdrawal of Union soldiers from the south this unleashed a wave of white racist backlash against black people epitomized in the massive rise of the terrorist act of lynching Ida B Wells was a key fearless journalist and organizer who traveled the country working to document these atrocities and to show the real reason for them was about controlling physically and economically black communities Oregon only has one reported lynching though the black community says there are many many more that when undocumented and uninvestigated in Coos Bay in 1902 a mob of 200 armed white men shot Alonzo Tucker and then hung him off a bridge the local paper called the mob orderly and the Oregon journal called Tucker a black fiend who got the death he so rightfully deserved when they reported the terrorist act the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1880s and into the early 20th century brought the first large influx of black folks to Oregon who came employed by the railroad industry in fact the heart of the black community in Portland then about a thousand people was around Union Station and centered around the Golden West Hotel which was started to serve the black railway workers who were denied lodging in the other segregated white owned hotels black folks coming to Oregon where some of the millions who left the south to escape Jim Crow segregation and state sanctioned terrorism like lynching during the great migrations the first great migration ran from 1910 to 1930 and the second great migration from 1940 to 1970 at the end of the migrations only 7% of black people lived in the West Beatrice Kennedy was one of the tireless civil rights activists in Oregon she helped to find the Portland chapter of the n-double a-c-p in 1914 and she was the editor and owner of Portland's most successful black newspaper The Advocate she was one of the organizers who worked to repeal the black laws the racially exclusionary language in the Constitution that forbade black people from moving to Oregon unfortunately black people moving to Oregon met the same attitudes and institutional oppressions they were trying to leave in the south on the books in Portland were laws like those of the real estate boards code of ethics that institutionalized redlining the process of designating a small unwanted section of town as the only place people of color can rent or buy housing we're often told racist terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan we're a marginalized group within the larger society but that is not the case the first full-length motion picture Birth of a Nation glorified the creation of the Klan and President Woodrow Wilson screened it to visiting foreign dignitaries in the White House the n-double-a-cp nationally and here in Portland organized to ban the film at its height 15 1 5 percent of the American population was a card-carrying member of the Ku Klux Klan in Oregon that number was 25% pictured here are prominent community members leaders and elected officials happy to pose with the clan the clan in Oregon was in fact so powerful they were able to asked one governor and install a card-carrying Klan member walter pierce as the new governor the plan was also able to push the compulsory school ACT saying every child had to attend public school so that they the clan could indoctrinate all of Oregon's youth this was later declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court these racist attitudes affected all communities of color federal law made it illegal for immigrants of color to become citizens and the 1923 Oregon alien land bill said no immigrants ineligible for citizenship could own property or do business specifically attacking Portland's Japantown and Chinatown but folks make community in the most unlikely of places like in maxvill where 60 black Lumberjacks and their families made a home from themselves from 1923 to 1943 community historian and filmmaker Gwen trice whose family also lived in maxvill is working hard to preserve that history and to share it blatant signs of racism remained visible across the Oregon landscape including a restaurant chain called [ __ ] chicken in where diners entered through the mouth of a smiling blackface caricature a restaurant similar to this little Sambo's formerly little black [ __ ] is still operating in Lincoln City there were rights only signs around Bend Oregon until 1925 when the black community protested saying they knew where they were welcomed and that the signs only served to further humiliate them the City Council passed a resolution removing the signs but segregation stayed firmly in place both in Bend and in Portland but communities of colors found ways to turn adversity into strength as in Portland where the strict redlining created a tight community the heart of which was North Williams Avenue which became known as an underground jazz treasure many of the National jazz legends played there and you could hear jazz 24 hours a day the mentality of control and exclusion that sprung from the white nationalist mindset that founded Oregon was evident in the National order signed by President Roosevelt in 1942 that forcibly imprisoned every japanese-american into desert concentration camps most were imprisoned for three years patrolled by soldiers who would shoot anyone who tried to cross the boundaries at the same time the wartime effort needed labor and this led to the government implementing the bracero program which brought four million Mexican workers into the country to labor under unsafe working conditions inadequate housing racial discrimination and violence from the growers the Northwest specifically was known for bracero strikes and almost every camp experience the workers rising up and organizing for justice this need for wartime labor is what created the Second Great Migration for black people companies were heavily recruiting black folks in the south to common work in factories this happened in the Kaiser shipyards in Oregon there was not enough space in the redlined community in Portland to house these workers so Kaiser brought unincorporated land outside of Portland threw up shoddy housing and called it Vanport with a hundred thousand people at a tight Vanport with Oregon's second largest city and it was 40 percent black that is until 1948 when van port was destroyed by the Columbia River flooding the flood left nearly 17,000 people disproportionately black homeless the black population in Portland at that time was 2500 in the 1950s the United States government terminated treaties with Native American tribes the government said it no longer recognized tribes as sovereign nations this is akin to the u.s. saying it no longer recognizes Canada as a nation and instead sees all of its resources up for grabs this disproportionately affected the Northwest and Oregon tribes the civil rights movement nationally is marked by the green borough sidon and the Montgomery bus boycott in Portland organizing by the Urban League of Portland and supporters led to the Oregon civil rights bill being passed in 1953 similar organizing work continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s in Oregon as did it nationally and we see the same thing nationally as well as locally that from organizers like Rosa Parks on down to Mamie till this movement incorporated the leadership of women we see a huge blow being dealt to the black community though when construction for the Memorial Coliseum and highway construction was approved in 1956 right on top of the Albina neighborhood the close-knit thriving community where four out of five black people lived thousands of homes were demolished and an entire community was forcibly displaced this is the same process we see echoed across the country as highways are being built in the 1950s but marginalized communities found a variety of ways to fight back across the country there were uprisings in black and brown communities protesting the treatment people there experienced the first thing watts in 1965 sometimes referred to as race riots Portland had two uprisings in 1967 and 1969 both sparked by mistreatment of black youth by the police and the black community nationally and locally worked to build as well as evidenced by the Black Panther Party which nationally ran survival programs to address the needs of the community neglected by the government in Portland the Panther Chapter started by Kent Ford and others ran a free breakfast program for children a health care clinic and dental clinic for years and for this they were targeted by law enforcement another blow was dealt to the black community when Emanuel Hospital received federal funding to expand the hospital demolished thousands of homes in the Albina neighborhood people were given 90 days to move out and a pittance for their homes and moving costs the federal funding ran out after demolition but before construction and the neighborhood laid evah stated for decades also in 1970 the Black Studies department was founded at Portland State University part of a wave of departments focused on the experiences of people of color coming from the organizing by students radical faculty and the larger community PS used Black Studies department is currently one of the few surviving Black Studies departments in the country across the nation in the 1970s companies abandoned cities to exploit labor in third-world countries hardest hit were communities of color facing rampant unemployment property values plummeted like in Albania where housing in the 1980s was assessed at half or less than the original values the Portland Police Department has it been accused of violence and brutality against marginalized communities many times including dozens of killings by police of unarmed people in the past four decades the opossum incident in 1981 where two police officers tossed four dead possums in front of a popular black owned restaurant was one of the milder allegations of racial discrimination in the 1960s in the 1970s Portland Public Schools started a blatantly racist busing program where only black children robust the black community also saw the school board begin trying to close Harriet Tubman middle school historically black in 1982 the black United Front organized a walkout with 4,000 students as well as protests at the school board like the one pictured here in 1988 an Ethiopian student and father mullah ghetto Sarah was brutally murdered by racist skinheads in response communities organized a number of different activities including organizations rally's educational events and a 1,500 person rally in 1990 in memory of Sarah when Union Boulevard the Main Street through the historic black community was changed to Martin Luther King jr. Boulevard a reactionary coalition formed to protest the name change and put it on the ballot the state Supreme Court had to step in saying that the name change was an administrative decision not subject to voting and that it stayed the black community had been pressuring city council to invest in historically black communities for years in response the city of Portland finally began a process of urban renewal unfortunately the end result was that 10 years later black people owned almost 40% fewer homes in the neighborhood while white people owned 43% more black families were displaced to far-flung areas in the community was fractured the criminalization of black existence that began before the founding of Oregon as a state continued with the passing of measure 11 which established mandatory sentencing for a number of crimes black communities especially black youth have been disproportionately affected being arrested and charged more than other youth that commit the same crimes a vel gordly an activist and community organizer became the first black woman to be elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1996 and works to institute a number of progressive reforms including being part of the coalition to remove Oregon's racially exclusive language from the Constitution which was finally successful in 2001 this project has enjoyed the support scholarship and input of many ifferent places and individuals I want to thank them all one of the key individuals is dr. Darrell Milner one of the founders of PS used Black Studies department dr. Miller's groundbreaking scholarship and specifically as mentorship on this particular project were both invaluable this is by no means a comprehensive timeline there were many histories that were left out and there have been many events since 1996 that have affected the black community I hope people will take it upon themselves to learn more about the history of the state which I believe is reflective of the history of the larger nation here are some excellent resources and organizations to begin as starting places I'm will Lida Emery ssin I appreciate you taking time to listen to this I do public interactive programs with this time line so if you're interested please check my calendar at my website for upcoming events ww-will e.com