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mexico has done a good job of increasing enrollment rates across all levels of schooling in recent years at this point 9 out of 10 children complete primary school and 9 out of 10 complete the first years of secondary schooling preschool enrollments have gone from only 40 to 1991 to almost 80 percent in 2009 there have also been enormous strides in reducing gender inequality in schooling on the other hand mexico faces a number of challenges in education enrollment rates of teenagers between the ages of 15 and 19 is only about 50 percent as opposed to an average of 82 percent in the oecd there's also a lot of repetition as almost 40 percent of primary school students are unable to finish in the usual six years time one third of all students have to repeat a grade in either elementary or lower secondary school there are also serious concerns about quality of education and how much students are actually learning education can be crucial for raising skill levels and wages reducing overall inequality increasing innovation and creativity and even changing people's preferences about democracy and civic participation mexico wants to compete on the global stage it needs to get serious about education reform the world economic forum ranked 144 countries ing to their global competitiveness in 2012 and 2013. mexico ranked relatively well on primary school enrollment coming in at 29 out of 144. it didn't do quite as well on secondary enrollment and it scored much worse than quality measures the overall quality of education in mexico was ranked 101 while primary schooling and math and science scored even more poorly at 118 and 124 respectively it's difficult to measure educational quality and is especially problematic to compare quality across countries one of the few measures that we have is the pisa exams pisa stands for the program for international student assessment and it is exam administered to 15 year olds across a wide number of countries the test measures students reading math and science skills this figure illustrates the differences in math literacy in mexico and shanghai in 2009. about one half of the students from mexico scored in the lowest levels of the test meaning that they cannot quote carry out routine procedures ing to direct instructions in explicit situations less than six percent of mexican students scored in the top three levels of the exam in contrast seventy percent of the shanghai students scored in the top three levels and almost none in the lowest levels only point two nine percent of the mexican group was rated to be in the quote advanced math level compared to eighteen point percent in korea and 6.5 percent in the us mexico scores are still above the latin american average and there are less students scoring in the lowest levels of math on the other hand reading and science scores have stayed pretty constant mexico while chile and brazil have brought up their reading scores and brazil and colombia have improved in science while mexico graduates many engineers there are questions as to how well trained they are interviews with industry leaders note that graduating engineering students lack the necessary technical skills in part because of limited lab equipment and also soft skills such as quote communication skills ability to work independently interpersonal skills and knowledge of english there are also doubts as to whether technical institutes in the country are doing a good job training people for the workforce very few students graduate from these types of schools and is believed that the quality of these institutes is relatively low overall the country does not have a lot of universities of top caliber only large public university called unam short for universidad nacional autonomo de mexico ranks in the top 500 of universities in the world ing to the 2010 shanghai academic ranking and even then it is in the 151 to 200 ranking there are good universities that are highly specialized such as etom and c day in mexico city and monterey tech up north and these aren't usually typically included in such rankings but for the most part mexico does not have a wide choice of high quality universities another way to measure educational quality is to look at research and development as well as innovation proxies such as the number of patents awarded a recent paper notes that quote mexico's scientific output is weak and largely takes place outside of universities more specifically in 2009 only eight percent of the inventions registered in the country came from universities while the majority came from individual inventors or private corporations an analysis of mexico's system of promoting development and innovation called kona seat argues that it falls short of its goals of creating strong links between universities in the private sector as for patents mexico was only awarded 330 worldwide patents in 2009. normalized by population size this works out to about three patents per million people while this is higher than most other latin american countries brazil for instance only had 1.5 argentina 2 and peru 0.5 ranks poorly next to highly innovative countries like hong kong which received 73 patents per million population besides educational quality the dropout rate is also concerning as you can see from this figure most of the students who complete lower secondary school do go on to attend upper secondary school should be approximately 10th through 12th grade however about half of those students do not end up graduating from high school mexico fares poorly among its neighbors in secondary school dropout rates in chile and peru about 70 percent of high school students graduate while more than 60 percent due in colombia these dropouts are damaging in two ways first they contribute to a phenomenon of mexico called the nini youth nini a term which stands for ustudian niet rabahan or in english young people that neither work nor go to school this group is less likely to do well in the job market and more likely to seek employment in the informal sector second it'll be hard for mexico to move from a maquiladora low-wage economy to an innovative advanced one without a skilled workforce enrollment rates and tertiary schooling is lower than the latin american average and much less than richer countries like the us mexico needs more students to graduate from high school and university to be able to make this change all of the information in this video including the figures the quotes and the graphs come from jeffrey puryears lucretia santa bagnez and alexandra solano's education in mexico it's a chapter out of a new book called the new vision for mexico 2042 achieving prosperity for all and i highly recommend it it's an excellent analysis the educational problems that mexico faces