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Even though the pandemic has taken all the  attention since the beginning of 2020,   some issues of the European Union have  not disappeared from the top priorities   to deal with ing to the EU citizens. Hello, my name is Erfan, I am from Xinjiang,   China, and I am based now in Italy, and I want to talk about one of the current   top 10 EU issues, which is its Defence. How does the European Union defend itself?   How does its security work? When we talk about the EU Defense,   we necessarily need to talk about its  Common Security and Defense policy (CSDP),   which has been developed since  the Lisbon Treaty in 2009.   The Common Security and Defense  Policy enables the EU to take   a leading role in peace-keeping operations, conflict prevention and in the strengthening of   international security by the deployment  of military or civilian missions.   Military missions are carried out by EU  forces from the member states' armed forces,   but not from an EU army as such. And, consequently, the Common   Security and Defense Policy falls under  the jurisdiction of the European Council,   an EU institution composed of the heads of  state or government of all EU countries,   the European Council President and  the European Commission President.   Therefore, the EU countries are bringing together  their military structures and institutions   and strengthening them in order to  better integrate and act together.   This goal is based on the so-called  Permanent Structured Cooperation, the PESCO,   which was signed in 2017 by  25 of the EU member states.   PESCO is a mechanism for capable and willing  Member States to deepen their cooperation   on defense through concrete  projects and commitments.   PESCO projects are now in development  in Maritime, Air, Land, Cyber,   Space, Training, Joint and enabling domains. In addition, each member state chooses which   projects to be involved in  and which ones to lead.   For example, European Secure  Software-defined Radio   (ESSOR) is the project for the  development of common technologies   for European military software defined radio  systems, to guarantee the interoperability   and secure data communications between EU forces in joint operations,   on a variety of platforms. But, coming back to the PESCO,   the agreement was signed by 25 of the  28 EU member states at the end of 2017.   Through PESCO, participating  EU member states assume binding   obligations and, for the first time, declare that they will work together   and collaborate to improve  their military capabilities.   And what about NATO? Those European Union  Member States that are also NATO members   have all decided to join PESCO with the exception of the United   Kingdom, EU member state at the  time of signature, and Denmark.   And when it comes to the European  Parliament, it has to be highlighted   that it has been a big supporter of the common security and defense   policy in general, and of PESCO in particular. And this is really important, because   while the European Parliament’s  powers are limited when it comes   to issues of security and defense, it has  a very important say on how the budget   is spent, and that concerns defense. At the same time, the EU is further   strengthening the professionalization  of civil crisis management.   In fact, by the end of 2020, the Council  of the EU, where the EU ministers meet,   adopted conclusions on the Civilian CSDP  Compact reaffirming its commitment to   strengthen the civilian branch of the  Common Security and Defense Policy,   agreeing to enhance civilian capacity  through binding commitments.   In the end, PESCO and the Civilian Compact are  two sets of actions aimed at firmly developing   the Common Security and Defense Policy, and will  make EU member states to unite their strengths.   In a world that is vulnerable to  conflict, Europe should be prepared to   improve our crisis response capabilities, and we must become a more mature Union.   We, as citizens, should have a real  alliance which promotes our common interests   by engaging responsibly or working with others. Now It's up to us to put it into practice.