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[Music] in a contract of carriage the consignee is the entity who is financially responsible the buyer for the receipt of a shipment generally but not always the consignee is the same as the receiver if a sender dispatches an item to a receiver via delivery service the sender is a container the recipient is the config knee and the deliverer is the carrier this is a difficult area of law in that it regulates the mass transportation industry which cannot always guarantee arrival on time or that Goods will not be damaged in the course of transit furthermore two other problems are that unpaid consumers or freight carriers may wish to hold goods until payment is made and fraudulent individuals may seek to take delivery in place of illegitimate considers the key to resolving such to speak lies in the documentation the standard form of contract is a bill of lading which in international shipping law is simply a contract for the carriage of goods entered into between the shipper and the carrier that is not a charter party it is always a term of that contract that the carrier must deliver the goods to a specific receiver a straight bill of lading by land or sea or air waybill are not documents of title to the goods they represent they do no more than require delivery of the goods to the name config me and subject to the shippers ability to redirect the goods to no other this differs from an order or bearer bill of lading which are possessory title documents and negotiable that if they can be endorsed and so transfer the right to take delivery to the last endorsee this aspect of shipping law is regulated by the hague rules and the laws of individual countries for example the UK carriage of goods by sea at 1992 and the US Marine act 1916 there is some ink national dispute as to whether the consignee on a straight bill must produce a bill in order to take delivery the u.s. position is that the person taking delivery must prove his or her identity but as in Hong Kong there is no need to present the bill itself in the UK there are conflicting obiter dicta in the Raphael s2 Lord's representative 113 and the hoppy Ranger to air comm 23 so the matter must remain unclear even though there are serious problems for example arising from the everyday occurrence of cargo being discharged against letters of indemnity when the original bills of lading are not yet available to be presented at the discharge port the rights of the consignee under an airway bill are regulated by the Warsaw Convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air 1929 and the Montreal Convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air 1999 and the relevant state laws which may be one law chosen as the proper law by the parties or any combination of laws representing the seller buyer consumer and carrier this is very important as for export documents the receiver can be different than that of the consignee [Music]