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Handbook for Employers Instructions for Completing Form I-9 (Employment Eligibility Verification Form) M-274 (Rev. 04/03/09) N Obtaining Form I-9 and the M-274 This Handbook includes one copy of Form I-9, which may be photocopied. You may also download a PDF version of the form from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Web site at www.uscis.gov. Should you wish to order forms by telephone, call USCIS toll-free at 1-800870-3636. Table of Contents Obtaining Form I-9 and the M-274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside cover Part One—Why Employers Must Verify Employment Authorization and Identity of New Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part Two—Completing Form I-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Part Three—Photocopying and Retaining Form I-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Part Four—Unlawful Discrimination and Penalties for Prohibited Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Part Five—Instructions for Recruiters and Referrers for a Fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Part Six—E-Verify: The Web-based Verification Companion to Form I-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Part Seven—Some Questions You May Have About Form I-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Part Eight—Acceptable Documents for Verifying Employment Authorization and Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Form I-9, Employment Eligibility Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2 Part One Why Employers Must Verify Employment Authorization and Identity of New Employees In 1986, Congress reformed U.S. immigration laws. These reforms, the result of a bipartisan effort, preserved the tradition of legal immigration while seeking to close the door to illegal entry. The employer sanctions provisions, found in section 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), were added by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). These provisions further changed with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996. Employment is often the magnet that attracts individuals to reside in the United States illegally. The purpose of the employer sanctions law is to remove this magnet by requiring employers to hire only individuals who may legally work here: citizens and nationals of the United States, lawful permanent residents, and aliens authorized to work. To comply with the law, you must verify the identity and employment authorization of each person you hire, complete and retain a Form I-9 for each employee, and refrain from discriminating against individuals on the basis of national origin or citizenship. (See Part Four for more information on unlawful discrimination.) Form I-9 helps employers to verify individuals who are authorized to work in the United States. You should complete a Form I-9 for every new employee you hire after November 6, 1986. This Handbook provides guidance on how to properly complete Form I-9, and answers frequently asked questions about the law as it relates to Form I-9. The Homeland Security Act The Homeland Security Act of 2002 created an executive department combining numerous federal agencies with a mission dedicated to homeland security. On March 1, 2003, the authorities of the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) were transferred to three new agencies in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS): U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The two DHS immigration components most involved with the matters discussed in this Handbook are USCIS and ICE. USCIS is responsible for most documentation of alien employment authorization, for Form I-9 itself, and for the E-Verify employment eligibility verification program. ICE is responsible for enforcement of the penalty provisions of section 274A of the INA, and for other immigration enforcement within the United States. Under the Homeland Security Act, the U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ) retained certain important responsibilities related to Form I-9 as well. In particular, the Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices (OSC) in the Civil Rights Division is responsible for enforcement of the anti-discrimination provisions in section 274B of the INA, while the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) is responsible for the administrative adjudication of cases under sections 274A, 274B, and 274C (civil document fraud) of the INA. 3 4 Part Two Completing Form I-9 You must complete Form I-9 each time you hire any person to perform labor or services in the United States in return for wages or other remuneration. This requirement applies to everyone hired after November 6, 1986. Ensure that the employee fully completes Section 1 of Form I-9 at the time of hire — when the employee begins work. Review the employee’s document(s) and fully complete Section 2 of Form I-9 within 3 business days of the first day of work. If you hire a person for less than 3 business days, Sections 1 and 2 of Form I-9 must be fully completed when the employee begins work. You DO NOT need to complete a Form I-9 for persons who are: 1. Hired before November 7, 1986, who are continuing in their employment and have a reasonable expectation of employment at all times; 2. Employed for casual domestic work in a private home on a sporadic, irregular, or intermittent basis; 3. Independent contractors; or 4. Providing labor to you who are employed by a contractor providing contract services (e.g., employee leasing or temporary agencies). Section 1 Have the employee complete Section 1 when he or she begins to work by filling in the correct information and signing and dating the form. Ensure that the employee prints the information clearly. If the employee cannot complete Section 1 without assistance or if he or she needs Form I-9 translated, someone may assist him or her. The preparer or translator must read the form to the employee, assist him or her in completing Section 1, and have the employee sign or mark the form in the appropriate place. The preparer or translator must then complete the Preparer/ Translator Certification block on Form I-9. You are responsible for reviewing and ensuring that your employee fully and properly completes Section 1. NOTE: Providing a Social Security number on Form I-9 is voluntary for all employees unless you are an employer participating in the USCIS E-Verify Program, which requires an employee’s Social Security number for employment eligibility verification. You may not, however, ask an employee to provide you a specific document with his or her Social Security number on it. To do so may constitute unlawful discrimination. For more information on the E-Verify Program, see Part Six. For more information on unlawful discrimination, see Part Four. 5. Not physically working on U.S. soil. NOTE: You cannot contract for the labor of an alien if you know the alien is not authorized to work in the United States. 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 Figure 1: Instructions for Completing Section 1: Employee Information and Verification 1 Employee enters full name and maiden name, if applicable. 2 Employee enters current address and date of birth. 3 Employee enters his or her city, state, ZIP Code, and Social Security number. Entering the Social Security number is optional unless the employer verifies employment authorization through the USCIS E-Verify Program. 4 Employee reads warning and attests to his or her citizenship or immigration status. 5 Employee signs and dates the form. 6 If the employee uses a preparer or translator to fill out the form, that person must certify that he or she assisted the employee by completing this signature block. Section 2 The employee must present to you an original document or documents that establish identity and employment authorization within 3 business days of the date employment begins. Some documents establish both identity and employment authorization (List A). Other documents establish identity only (List B) or employment authorization only (List C). The employee can choose which document(s) he or she wants to present from the Lists of Acceptable Documents. This list appears in Part Eight and on the last page of Form I-9. Examine the original document or documents the employee presents and then fully complete Section 2 of 6 Form I-9. You must examine one document from List A, or one from List B and one from List C. Record the title, issuing authority, number, and expiration date (if any) of the document(s); fill in the date of hire and correct information in the certification block; and sign and date Form I-9. You must accept any document(s) from the Lists of Acceptable Documents presented by the individual that reasonably appear on their face to be genuine and to relate to the person presenting them. You may not specify which document(s) an employee must present. NOTE: If you participate in the E-Verify Program, you may only accept List B documents that bear a photograph. 1 2 3 Figure 2: Section 2: Employer Review and Verification 1 Employer records document title(s), issuing authority, document number, and the expiration date from original documents supplied by employee. See Part Eight for the Lists of Acceptable Documents. NOTE: You may use abbreviations for commonly used documents, e.g., DL for driver’s license and SS for Social Security. 2 Employer enters date employment began. 3 Employer attests to examining the documents provided by filling out the signature block. In certain circumstances, employers, recruiters, and referrers for a fee must accept a receipt in lieu of a List A, List B, or a List C document if one is presented by an employee. A receipt indicating that an individual has applied for initial employment authorization or for an extension of expiring employment authorization is NOT Table 1: Receipts Receipt A receipt for a replacement of a lost, stolen, or damaged document Who may present this receipt? All employees acceptable proof of employment authorization on Form I-9. Receipts are never acceptable if employment lasts less than 3 business days. Some examples of receipts and temporary employment authorization documents an employee can present are listed in the tables below: Is this receipt proof of employment authorization and/or identity? A receipt fulfills the verification requirements of the document for which the receipt was issued (can be List A, List B, or List C) How long is this receipt valid? 90 days from date of hire or, for reverification, the date employment authorization expires What must the employee present at the end of the receipt validity period? The actual document for which the receipt was issued 7 Receipt Who may present this receipt? Is this receipt proof of employment authorization and/or identity? How long is this receipt valid? What must the employee present at the end of the receipt validity period? The arrival portion of the Form I-94 or I-94A containing a Temporary I-551 stamp and photograph Lawful Permanent Residents Employment authorization and identity (List A) Until the expiration date of the Temporary I-551 stamp or, if no expiration date, 1 year from date of issue The actual Form I-551 (Permanent Resident Card, or green card) The departure portion of Form I-94 or I-94A with an unexpired refugee admission stamp Refugees Employment authorization and identity (List A) 90 days from date of hire or, for reverification, the date employment authorization expires An unexpired EAD (Form I-766) or a combination of a valid List B document and an unrestricted Social Security card When the employee provides an acceptable receipt, record the document title in Section 2 of the Form I-9 and write the word “receipt” and its document number in the “Document #” space. When the employee presents the actual document, cross out the word “receipt” and any accompanying document number, insert the number from the actual document presented, and initial and date the change. Some examples of documents that employment-authorized aliens with unique or temporary employment authorization may present to employers are listed in the table below. Table 2:Temporary Employment Authorization Document(s) Who may present this document? Is this document proof of employment authorization and/or identity? How long is this document valid? An Employment Authorization Document (EAD) (Form I-766) that is expired on its face, but that has been automatically extended by a Federal Register notice. The Federal Register notice will describe, based on unique notations on the cards, which EADs have been automatically extended. (To minimize confusion over this extension at the time of hire or reverification, qualified individuals may present a copy of the applicable Federal Register notice regarding the auto-extension of employment authorized status.) Individual with Temporary Protected Status (TPS) who qualifies for automatic extension of employment authorized status as announced in the Federal Register notice Employment authorization and identity (List A) Validity period is the period stated in the Federal Register notice A foreign passport, a Form I-94 or I-94A indicating H-1B nonimmigrant status, and Form I-797 indicating USCIS’ receipt of the H1B petition H-1B nonimmigrant who is changing employers and is authorized to begin working for the new employer at the time the new employer files a petition on his or her behalf Employment authorization and identity (List A) Until the date of USCIS’ written decision 8 Document(s) An expired EAD (Form I-766 issued for postcompletion Optional Practical Training (OPT) issued under category (c)(3)(i)(B) or the 17-month OPT STEM extension issued under category (c)(3)(i)(C)) combined with a Form I-20 endorsed by the F-1 student’s DSO and the USCIS receipt notice (Form I-797), showing receipt of the H-1B petition Who may present this document? Is this document proof of employment authorization and/or identity? How long is this document valid? F-1 student whose employment authorization has been automatically extended under the “cap gap” until his or her employment start date as an H-1B nonimmigrant Employment authorization and identity (List A) An expired EAD (Form I-766 issued for postcompletion OPT, issued under category (c)(3) (i)(B)), combined with a Form I-20 endorsed by the F-1 student’s DSO recommending the STEM extension and the USCIS receipt notice (Form I-797) showing timely filing of the STEM extension application F-1 student whose employment authorization has been automatically extended until his or her OPT STEM extension is adjudicated Employment authorization and identity (List A) Until the date of USCIS’ written decision, but not to exceed 180 days beginning on the date of EAD expiration A foreign passport, an expired Form I-94 or I-94A indicating employment authorized nonimmigrant status, and a USCIS receipt notice (Form I-797) indicating a timely filed application for an extension of stay Nonimmigrant* whose status has expired but who timely filed an application for an extension of status Employment authorization and identity (List A) Authorized to continue employment with the same employer until the date of USCIS’ written decision, but not to exceed 240 days beginning on the date of Form I-94 or I-94A expiration A valid Form I-94 or I-94A with an asylee approval stamp stating “asylum,” “granted indefinitely,” or the appropriate provision of law (274a.12(a)(5) or INA 208). Asylee Employment authorization (List C) This document does not expire An expired Permanent Resident Card (Form I-551) and Form I-797 “Notice of Action” from USCIS stating that the Permanent Resident Card has been extended for 1 year Conditional Lawful Permanent Resident who has applied to have his or her conditional status removed Employment authorization (List C) 1 year from the original expiration date on the I-551 If the receipt notice has not yet been issued, the expired EAD and Form I-20 are sufficient Until September 30 of each year, or until the H-1B petition is rejected, denied, or withdrawn If the student presented a Form I-20 without a receipt notice, the employer must reverify upon the expiration date noted on the Form I-20 (but not later than September 30 of each year) *A-3, E-1, E-2, G-5, H-1B, H-2A, H-2B, H-3, I, J-1 (specific categories), L-1A, L-1B, O-1, O-2, P-1, P-2, P-3, Q-1, Q-2, R-1, TN (per 8 CFR 274a.12 (b)(20)) 9 Minors (Individuals Under Age 18) If a minor – a person under the age of 18 – cannot present a List A document or an identity document from List B, complete Form I-9 as follows: 1. A parent or legal guardian must complete Section 1 and write “Individual under age 18” in the space for the employee’s signature; 2. The parent or legal guardian must complete the “Preparer/Translator Certification” block; 3. Write “Individual under age 18” in Section 2, under List B; and 4. The minor must present a List C document showing his or her employment authorization. You should record the required information in the appropriate space in Section 2. 1 1 2 3 3 Figure 3: Completing Form I-9 for Minors 1 10 A parent or legal guardian of a minor employee completes Section 1 and writes, “Individual under age 18” in signature space. 2 A parent or legal guardian completes the Preparer and/or Translator block. 3 Enter “Individual under age 18” under List B and records the List C document the minor presents. Employees With Disabilities (Special Placement) 2. The representative, parent or legal guardian must complete the “Preparer/Translator Certification” block; If a person with a disability, who is placed in a job by a nonprofit organization, association, or as part of a rehabilitation program, cannot present a List A document or an identity document from List B, complete Form I-9 as follows: 3. Write “Special Placement” in Section 2, under List B; and 4. The employee with a disability must present a List C document showing his or her employment authorization. Record the required information in the appropriate space in Section 2. 1. A representative of the nonprofit organization, a parent or a legal guardian must complete Section 1 and write “Special Placement” in the space for the employee’s signature; 1 1 2 3 3 Figure 4: Completing Form I-9 for Employees with Disabilities (Special Placement) 11 1 A representative of a nonprofit organization, parent or legal guardian of an individual with a disability completes Section 1 and writes, “Special Placement” in signature space. 2 The representative, parent, or legal guardian completes the Preparer and/or Translator block. 3 Enter “Special Placement” under List B and records the List C document the employee with a disability presents. Future Expiration Dates Future expiration dates may appear on the employment authorization documents of aliens, including, among others, permanent residents and refugees. USCIS includes expiration dates even on documents issued to aliens with permanent employment authorization. The existence of a future expiration date: 1. Does not preclude continuous employment authorization; 2. Does not mean that subsequent employment authorization will not be granted; and 3. Should not be considered in determining whether the alien is qualified for a particular position. Considering a future employment authorization expiration date in determining whether an alien is qualified for a particular job may constitute employment discrimination. (See Part Four.) However, as described below, you may need to reverify the employee’s authorization to work when certain List A or List C documents expire. Reverifying Employment Authorization for Current Employees When an employee’s employment authorization expires, you must reverify his or her employment authorization. You may use Section 3 of Form I-9, or, if Section 3 has already been used for a previous reverification or update, use a new Form I-9. If you use a new form, write the employee’s name in Section 1, complete Section 3, and retain the new form with the original. The employee must present a document that shows either an extension of his or her initial employment authorization or new employment authorization. If the employee cannot provide you with proof of current employment authorization (e.g., any document from List A or List C, including an unrestricted Social Security card), you cannot continue to employ that person. NOTE: Do not reverify List B identity documents, such as a driver’s license. 12 To maintain continuous employment authorization, an employee with temporary employment authorization should timely file for new employment authorization or an extension of stay prior to the expiration of his or her current document or authorized period of stay. If the employee is authorized to work for a specific employer and has filed an application for an extension of stay, he or she may continue employment with the same employer for up to 240 days from the date the authorized period of stay expires. If an employee has timely filed for new employment authorization and USCIS fails to adjudicate that application within 90 days, the employee will be granted an employment authorization document for a period up to 240 days. NOTE: You must reverify an employee’s employment authorization on Form I-9 not later than the date the employee’s employment authorization expires. Reverifying or Updating Employment Authorization for Rehired Employees When you rehire an employee, you must ensure that he or she is still authorized to work. You may do this by completing a new Form I-9 or you may reverify or update the original form by completing Section 3. If you rehire an employee who has previously completed a Form I-9, you may reverify on the employee’s original Form I-9 (or on a new Form I-9 if Section 3 of the original has already been used) if: 1. You rehire the employee within 3 years of the initial date of hire; and 2. The employee’s previous grant of employment authorization has expired, but he or she is now eligible to work under a new grant of employment authorization; or 3. The employee is still eligible to work on the same basis as when Form I-9 was completed. To reverify, you must: 1. Record the date of rehire; 2. Record the document title, number and expiration date (if any) of the document(s) the employee presents; 3. Sign and date Section 3; and 4. If you are reverifying on a new Form I-9, write the employee’s name in Section 1. 2. Sign and date Section 3; and 3. If you are updating on a new Form I-9, write the employee’s name in Section 1. You may complete Sections 1 and 2 on a new Form I-9 instead of completing Section 3 when rehiring employees. NOTE: You must complete a new Form I-9 if the version of the form you used for the previous verification has since been replaced by a newer version. To update, you must: 1. Record the date of rehire and the employee’s new name, if applicable; 1 2 3 Figure 5: Reverification of Employment Authorization for Current Employees and Rehires 1 Record the employee’s new name, if applicable, and date of rehire, if applicable. 2 Record the document title, number, and expiration date (if any) of document(s) presented. 3 Sign and date. NOTE: You may also fill out a new Form I-9 in lieu of filling out this section. 13 14 Part Three Photocopying and Retaining Form I-9 Employers must retain completed Forms I-9 for all employees for 3 years after the date they hire an employee, or 1 year after the date employment is terminated, whichever is later. These forms can be retained in paper, microfilm, microfiche, or electronically. To store Forms I-9 electronically, you may use any electronic recordkeeping, attestation, and retention system that complies with DHS standards, which includes most commercially available off-the-shelf computer programs and commercial automated data processing systems. However, the system must not be subject to any agreement that would restrict access to and use of it by an agency of the United States. (See Electronic Retention of Forms I-9 below.) Issues Relating to Merging or Successive Companies If you acquire a business and its employees, you may choose to keep the previous owner’s Forms I-9 for each acquired employee, but you are responsible for any errors or omissions in them. To avoid this liability, you may choose to complete a new Form I-9 for each acquired employee. If you do so, you must do so uniformly for all of your acquired employees, without regard to actual or perceived citizenship status or national origin. Paper Retention of Forms I-9 Form I-9 can be signed and stored in paper format. Simply photocopy or print a complete, blank Form I-9. Ensure that the employee receives the instructions for completing the form. When copying or printing the paper Form I-9, you may photocopy the two-sided form by making either doublesided or single-sided copies. You may retain completed paper forms onsite, or at an off-site storage facility, for the required retention period, as long as you are able to present the Forms I-9 within 3 days of an inspection request from DHS, OSC, or U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) officers. 1. Select film stock that will preserve the image and allow its access and use for the entire retention period, which could be upward of 20 years, depending on the employee and your business. 2. Use well-maintained equipment to create and view microfilms and microfiche that provides clear viewing, and can reproduce legible paper copies. DHS officers must have immediate access to clear, readable documents should they need to inspect your forms. 3. Place indexes either in the first frames of the first roll of film, or in the last frames of the last roll of film of a series. For microfiche, place them in the last frames of the last microfiche or microfilm jacket of a series. Remember: Forms I-9 must be stored for 3 years after the date you hire an employee, or 1 year after the date you or the employee terminates employment, whichever is later. For example, if an employee retires from your company after 15 years, you will need to store his or her Form I-9 for a total of 16 years. Electronic Forms I-9 USCIS provides a Portable Document Format fillableprintable Form I-9 from its Web site, www.uscis.gov. Form I-9 can be electronically generated and retained, provided that: 1. The resulting form is legible; 2. No change is made to the name, content, or sequence of the data elements and instructions; 3. No additional data elements or language are inserted; 4. The employee receives Form I-9 instructions; and 5. The standards specified under 8 CFR 274a.2(e) are met. Microform Retention of Forms I-9 Electronic Retention of Forms I-9 You may store Forms I-9 on microfilm or microfiche. To do so: You may complete or retain Form I-9 in an electronic generation or storage system that includes: 15 1. Reasonable controls to ensure the integrity, accuracy, and reliability of the electronic storage system; 2. Reasonable controls designed to prevent and detect the unauthorized or accidental creation of, addition to, alteration of, deletion of, or deterioration of an electronically completed or stored Form I-9, including the electronic signature, if used; 3. An inspection and quality assurance program that regularly evaluates the electronic generation or storage system, and includes periodic checks of electronically stored Forms I-9, including the electronic signature, if used; 3. Provide a printed confirmation of the transaction, at the time of the transaction, to the person providing the signature. NOTE: If you choose to use electronic signature to complete Form I-9, but do not comply with these standards, DHS will determine that you have not properly completed Form I-9, in violation of section 274A(a)(1)(B) of the INA. (8 CFR Part 274a.2(f)(2)) System Documentation For each electronic generation or storage system used, you must maintain and make available upon request complete descriptions of: 4. A retrieval system that includes an indexing system that permits searches by any data element; and 1. The electronic generation and storage system, including all procedures relating to its use; 5. The ability to reproduce legible paper copies. 2. The indexing system, which permits the identification and retrieval of relevant records maintained in an electronic storage system; and Remember, Forms I-9 must be stored for 3 years after the date you hire an employee, or 1 year after the date you or the employee terminates employment, whichever is later, which can result in a long retention period. Retaining Copies of Form I-9 Documentation You may choose to copy or scan documents presented by an employee, which you must retain with his or her Form I-9. Even if you retain copies of documentation, you are still required to fully complete Section 2 of Form I-9. If you choose to retain copies of employee documentation, you must do so for all employees, regardless of national origin or citizenship status, or you may be in violation of anti-discrimination laws. Electronic Signature of Forms I-9 You may choose to fill out a paper Form I-9 and scan and upload the signed form to retain it electronically. Once you have securely stored Form I-9 in electronic format, you may destroy the original paper Form I-9. If you complete Forms I-9 electronically using an electronic signature, your system for capturing electronic signatures must allow signatories to acknowledge that they read the attestation and attach the electronic signature to an electronically completed Form I-9. In addition, the system must: 1. Affix the electronic signature at the time of the transaction; 2. Create and preserve a record verifying the identity of the person producing the signature; and 16 3. The business processes that create, modify, and maintain the retained Forms I-9 and establish the authenticity and integrity of the forms, such as audit trails. Note: Insufficient or incomplete documentation is a violation of section 274A(a)(1)(B) of the INA (8 CFR Part 274a.2(f)(2)). Security If you retain Forms I-9 electronically, you must implement a records security program that: 1. Ensures that only authorized personnel have access to electronic records; 2. Provides for backup and recovery of records to protect against information loss; 3. Ensures that employees are trained to minimize the risk of unauthorized or accidental alteration or erasure of electronic records; and 4. Ensures that whenever an individual creates, accesses, views, updates, or corrects an electronic record, the system creates a secure and permanent record that establishes the date of access, the identity of the individual who accessed the electronic record, and the particular action taken. Note: If an employer’s action or inaction results in the alteration, loss, or erasure of electronic records, and the employer knew, or reasonably should have known, that the action or inaction could have that effect, the employer is in violation of section 274A(a)(1)(B) of the INA. (8 CFR Part 274a.2(f)(2)) Inspection DHS, OSC, and DOL give employers 3 days’ notice prior to inspecting retained Forms I-9. The employer must make Forms I-9 available upon request at the location where DHS, OSC, or DOL requests to see them. If you store Forms I-9 at an off-site location, inform the inspecting officer of the location where you store them and make arrangements for the inspection. The inspecting officers can perform an inspection at an office of an authorized agency of the United States if previous arrangements are made. Recruiters or referrers for a fee who designate an employer to complete employment verification procedures may present photocopies or printed electronic images of Forms I-9 at an inspection. If you refuse or delay an inspection, you will be in violation of DHS retention requirements. and supporting documentation specifically requested by the inspecting officer. Supporting documentation includes associated audit trails that show who has accessed the system and the actions performed within or on the system during a given period of time. 2. Provide the inspecting officer with appropriate hardware and software, personnel, and documentation necessary to locate, retrieve, read, and reproduce any electronically stored Forms I-9, any supporting documents, and their associated audit trails, reports, and other data used to maintain the authenticity, integrity, and reliability of the records. 3. Provide the inspecting officer, if requested, any reasonably available or obtainable electronic summary file(s), such as spreadsheets, containing all of the information fields on all of the electronically stored Forms I-9. At the time of an inspection, you must: 1. Retrieve and reproduce only the Forms I-9 electronically retained in the electronic storage system 17 18 Part Four Unlawful Discrimination and Penalties for Prohibited Practices Unlawful Discrimination General Provisions The anti-discrimination provision of the INA, as amended, prohibits 4 types of unlawful conduct: 1. Citizenship or immigration status discrimination; 2. National origin discrimination; 3. Unfair documentary practices during Form I-9 process (document abuse); and 4. Retaliation. The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices, Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice (OSC), enforces the anti-discrimination provision of the INA. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), as amended, also prohibits national origin discrimination, among other types of conduct. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces Title VII. OSC and EEOC share jurisdiction over national origin discrimination charges. Generally, the EEOC has jurisdiction over larger employers with 15 or more employees, whereas OSC has jurisdiction over smaller employers with between 4 and 14 employees. OSC’s jurisdiction over national origin discrimination claims is limited to intentional acts of discrimination with respect to hiring, firing, and recruitment or referral for a fee, but the EEOC’s jurisdiction is broader. Title VII covers both intentional and unintentional acts of discrimination in the workplace, including discrimination in hiring, firing, recruitment, promotion, assignment, compensation, and other terms and conditions of employment. OSC has exclusive jurisdiction over citizenship or immigration status discrimination claims against all employers with four or more employees. Similarly, OSC has exclusive jurisdiction over all document abuse claims against employers with four or more employees. Types of Employment Discrimination Prohibited Under the INA Document Abuse Discriminatory documentary practices related to verifying the employment authorization and identity of employees during Form I-9 process is called document abuse. Document abuse occurs when employers treat individuals differently on the basis of national origin or citizenship status in Form I-9 process. Document abuse can be broadly categorized into four types of conduct: 1. Improperly requesting that employees produce more documents than are required by Form I-9 to establish the employee’s identity and employment authorization; 2. Improperly requesting that employees present a particular document, such as a “green card,” to establish identity and/or employment authorization; 3. Improperly rejecting documents that reasonably appear to be genuine and belong to the employee presenting them; and 4. Improperly treating groups of applicants differently when completing Form I-9, such as requiring certain groups of employees who look or sound “foreign” to produce particular documents the employer does not require other employees to produce. These practices may constitute unlawful document abuse and should be avoided when verifying employment authorization. All employment-authorized individuals are protected against this type of discrimination. The INA’s provision against document abuse covers employers with 4 or more employees. Citizenship Status Discrimination Citizenship or immigration status discrimination occurs when an employer treats employees differently based on their citizenship or immigration status in regard to hiring, firing, or recruitment or referral for a fee. U.S. citizens, recent permanent residents, temporary residents 19 under the IRCA legalization program, asylees, and refugees are protected. An employer must treat all of these groups the same. Subject to limited exceptions, the INA’s provision against citizenship or immigration status discrimination covers employers with 4 or more employees. National Origin Discrimination This form of discrimination occurs when an employer treats employees differently based on their national origin in regard to hiring, firing, or recruitment or referral for a fee. An employee’s national origin relates to the employee’s place of birth, country of origin, ancestry, native language, accent, or because he or she is perceived as looking or sounding “foreign.” All work-authorized individuals are protected from national origin discrimination. The INA’s provision against national origin discrimination generally covers employers with 4 to 14 employees. Retaliation Retaliation occurs when an employer or other covered entity intimidates, threatens, coerces, or otherwise retaliates against an individual because the individual has filed an immigration-related employment discrimination charge or complaint; has testified or participated in any immigration-related employment discrimination investigation, proceeding, or hearing; or otherwise asserts his or her rights under the INA’s anti-discrimination provision. Types of Discrimination Prohibited by Title VII As noted above, Title VII also prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of national origin, as well as race, color, religion, and sex. Title VII covers employers that employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the preceding or current calendar year, and prohibits discrimination in any aspect of employment, including: hiring and firing; compensation, assignment, or classification of employees; transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall; job advertisements; recruitment; testing; use of company facilities; training and apprenticeship programs; fringe benefits; pay, retirement plans, and leave; or other terms and conditions of employment. Avoiding Discrimination in Recruiting, Hiring, and Form I-9 Process In practice, you should treat employees equally when recruiting and hiring, and when verifying employment authorization and identity during Form I-9 process. You should not: 20 1. Set different employment eligibility verification standards or require that different documents be presented by employees because of their national origin and citizenship status. For example, you cannot demand that non-U.S. citizens present DHSissued documents. Each employee must be allowed to choose the documents that he or she will present from the lists of acceptable Form I-9 documents. For example, both citizens and work-authorized aliens may produce a driver’s license (List B) and an unrestricted Social Security card (List C) to establish identity and employment authorization. However, documents that are clearly inconsistent may be rejected. 2. Request to see employment eligibility verification documents before hire and completion of Form I-9 because someone looks or sounds “foreign,” or because someone states that he or she is not a U.S. citizen. 3. Refuse to accept a document, or refuse to hire an individual, because a document has a future expiration date. 4. Request that, during reverification, an employee present a new unexpired Employment Authorization Document if he or she presented one during initial verification. For reverification, each employee must be free to choose to present any document either from List A or from List C. Refugees and asylees may possess employment authorization documents, but they are authorized to work based on their status, and may possess other documents that prove employment authorization from List A or List C to show upon reverification, such as an unrestricted Social Security card. 5. Limit jobs to U.S. citizens unless U.S. citizenship is required for the specific position by law; regulation; executive order; or federal, state, or local government contract. On an individual basis, you may legally prefer a U.S. citizen or national over an equally qualified alien to fill a specific position, but you may not adopt a blanket policy of always preferring citizens over noncitizens. Procedures for Filing Charges of Employment Discrimination OSC Discrimination charges may be filed by an individual who believes he or she is the victim of employment discrimination, a person acting on behalf of such an individual, or a DHS officer who has reason to believe that discrimination has occurred. Penalties for Prohibited Practices Discrimination charges must be filed with OSC within 180 days of the alleged discriminatory act. Upon receipt of a complete discrimination charge, OSC will notify you within 10 days that a charge has been filed and commence its investigation. If OSC has not filed a complaint with an administrative law judge within 120 days of receiving a charge of discrimination, it will notify the charging party (other than a DHS officer) of its right to file a complaint with an administrative law judge within 90 days after receiving the notice. In addition, OSC may still file a complaint within this 90-day period. If a complaint is filed, the administrative law judge will conduct a hearing and issue a decision. OSC may also attempt to settle a charge, or the parties may enter into settlement agreements resolving the charge. DHS may impose penalties if an investigation reveals that you knowingly hired or knowingly continued to employ an unauthorized alien, or failed to comply with the employment eligibility verification requirements with respect to employees hired after November 6, 1986. DHS will issue a Notice of Intent to Fine (NIF) when it intends to impose penalties. If you receive a NIF, you may request a hearing before an administrative law judge. If your request for a hearing is not received within 30 days, DHS will impose the penalty and issue a Final Order, which cannot be appealed. EEOC A charge must be filed with EEOC within 180 days from the date of the alleged violation to protect the charging party’s rights. This 180-day filing deadline is extended to 300 days if the charge also is covered by a state or local anti-discrimination law. Employers Prohibited From Retaliating Against Employees You cannot take retaliatory action against a person who has filed a charge of discrimination with OSC or the EEOC, was a witness or otherwise participated in the investigation or prosecution of a discrimination complaint, or otherwise asserts his or her rights under the INA’s anti-discrimination provision and/or Title VII. Such retaliatory action may constitute a violation of the INA’s anti-discrimination provision and/or Title VII. Additional Information For more information relating to discrimination during Form I-9 process, contact OSC at 1-800-255-8155 (employer hotline) or 1-800-237-2515 (TDD); or visit OSC’s Web site at http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/osc. For more information on Title VII and EEOC policies and procedures, call 1-800-USA-EEOC, or 1-800-669-6820 (TTY for hearing impaired), or visit EEOC’s Web site at http://www.eeoc.gov. Unlawful Employment Civil Penalties Hiring or continuing to employ unauthorized aliens If DHS determines that you have knowingly hired unauthorized aliens (or are continuing to employ aliens knowing that they are or have become unauthorized to work in the United States), it may order you to cease and desist from such activity and pay a civil money penalty as follows: 1. First Offense: Not less than $375 and not more than $3,200 for each unauthorized alien; 2. Second offense: Not less than $3,200 and not more than $6,500 for each unauthorized alien; or 3. Subsequent Offenses: Not less than $4,300 and not more than $11,000 for each unauthorized alien. DHS will consider you to have knowingly hired an unauthorized alien if, after November 6, 1986, you use a contract, subcontract or exchange, entered into, renegotiated or extended, to obtain the labor of an alien and know the alien is not authorized to work in the United States. You will be subject to the penalties set forth above. Failing to comply with Form I-9 requirements If you fail to properly complete, retain, and/or make available for inspection Forms I-9 as required by law, you may face civil money penalties in an amount of not less than $110 and not more than $1,100 for each violation. In determining the amount of the penalty, DHS considers: 1. The size of the business of the employer being charged; 21 2. The good faith of the employer; 3. The seriousness of the violation; 4. Whether or not the individual was an unauthorized alien; and 5. The history of previous violations of the employer. Enjoining pattern or practice violations If the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that a person or entity is engaged in a pattern or practice of employment, recruitment or referral in violation of section 274A(a)(1)(A) or (2) of the INA, the Attorney General may bring civil action in the appropriate U.S. District Court requesting relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order against the person or entity, as the Attorney General deems necessary. Requiring indemnification Employers found to have required a bond or indemnity from an employee against liability under the employer sanctions laws may be ordered to pay a civil money penalty of $1,100 for each violation and to make restitution, either to the person who was required to pay the indemnity, or, if that person cannot be located, to the U.S. Treasury. Good faith defense If you can show that you have, in good faith, complied with Form I-9 requirements, then you have established a “good faith” defense with respect to a charge of knowingly hiring an unauthorized alien, unless the government can show that you had actual knowledge of the unauthorized status of the employee. A good faith attempt to comply with the paperwork requirements of section 274A(b) of the INA may be adequate notwithstanding a technical or procedural failure to comply, unless you fail to correct a violation within 10 days after notice from DHS. Criminal Penalties Engaging in a pattern or practice of knowingly hiring or continuing to employ unauthorized aliens Persons or entities who are convicted of having engaged in a pattern or practice of knowingly hiring unauthorized aliens (or continuing to employ aliens knowing that they are or have become unauthorized to work in the United States) after November 6, 1986, may face fines of up to $3,000 per employee and/or 6 months imprisonment. 22 Engaging in fraud or false statements, or otherwise misusing visas, immigration permits and identity documents Persons who use fraudulent identification or employment authorization documents or documents that were lawfully issued to another person, or who make a false statement or attestation to satisfy the employment eligibility verification requirements, may be fined, or imprisoned for up to 5 years, or both. Other federal criminal statutes may provide higher penalties in certain fraud cases. Unlawful Discrimination If an investigation reveals that you engaged in unfair immigration-related employment practices under the INA, OSC may take action. You will be ordered to stop the prohibited practice and may be ordered to take one or more corrective steps, including: 1. Hiring or reinstating, with or without back pay, individuals directly injured by the discrimination; 2. Posting notices to employees about their rights and about employers’ obligations; and/or 3. Educating all personnel involved in hiring about complying with the employer sanctions and antidiscrimination laws about the requirements of these laws. The court may award attorney’s fees to prevailing parties, other than the United States, if it determines that the losing parties’ argument is without foundation in law and fact. Employers who commit citizenship status or national origin discrimination in violation of the anti-discrimination provision of the INA may also be ordered to pay a civil money penalty as follows: 1. First Offense: Not less than $375 and not more than $3,200 for each individual discriminated against. 2. Second Offense: Not less than $3,200 and not more than $6,500 for each individual discriminated against. 3. Subsequent Offenses: Not less than $4,300 and not more than $16,000 for each individual discriminated against. Employers who commit document abuse in violation of the anti-discrimination provision of the INA may similarly be ordered to pay a civil money penalty of not less than $110 and not more than $1,100 for each individual discriminated against. If you are found to have committed national origin discrimination under Title VII, you may be ordered to stop the prohibited practice and to take one or more corrective steps, including: 1. Hiring, reinstating or promoting with back pay and retroactive seniority; 2. Posting notices to employees about their rights and about the employer’s obligations; and/or 3. Removing incorrect information, such as a false warning, from an employee’s personnel file. Under Title VII, compensatory damages may also be available where intentional discrimination is found. Damages may be available to compensate for actual monetary losses, for future monetary losses, and for mental anguish and inconvenience. Punitive damages may be available if you acted with malice or reckless indifference. You may also be required to pay attorneys’ fees, expert witness fees, and court costs. Civil Document Fraud If a DHS investigation reveals that an individual has knowingly committed or participated in acts relating to document fraud, DHS may take action. DHS will issue a Notice of Intent to Fine (NIF) when it intends to impose penalties. Persons who receive a NIF may request a hearing before an administrative law judge. If DHS does not receive a request for a hearing within 30 days, it will impose the penalty and issue a Final Order, which is final and cannot be appealed. Individuals found by DHS or an administrative law judge to have violated section 274C of the INA may be ordered to cease and desist from such behavior and to pay a civil money penalty as follows: 1. First offense: Not less than $375 and not more than $3,200 for each fraudulent document that is the subject of the violation. 2. Subsequent offenses: Not less than $3,200 and not more than $6,500 for each fraudulent document that is the subject of the violation. 23 24 Part Five Instructions for Recruiters and Referrers for a Fee Under the INA, it is unlawful for an agricultural association, agricultural employer, or farm labor contractor to hire, or to recruit or refer for a fee, an individual for employment in the United States without complying with employment eligibility verification requirements. This provision applies to those agricultural associations, agricultural employers, and farm labor contractors who recruit persons for a fee and those who refer persons or provide documents or information about persons to employers in return for a fee. This limited class of recruiters and referrers for a fee must complete Form I-9 when a person they refer is hired. Form I-9 must be fully completed within 3 business days of the date employment begins, or, in the case of an individual hired for less than 3 business days, at the time employment begins. Recruiters and referrers for a fee may designate agents, such as national associations or employers, to complete the verification procedures on their behalf. If the employer is designated as the agent, the employer should provide the recruiter or referrer with a photocopy of Form I-9. However, recruiters and referrers for a fee are still responsible for compliance with the law and may be found liable for violations of the law. Recruiters and referrers for a fee must retain the Form I-9 for 3 years after the date the referred individual was hired by the employer. They must also make Forms I-9 available for inspection by a DHS, DOL, or OSC officer. NOTE: This does not preclude DHS or DOL from obtaining warrants based on probable cause for entry onto the premises of suspected violators without advance notice. The penalties for failing to comply with Form I-9 requirements and for requiring indemnification, as well as the prohibition against unlawful discrimination described in Part Four, apply to this limited class of recruiters and referrers for a fee. NOTE: All recruiters and referrers for a fee are still liable for knowingly recruiting or referring for a fee aliens not authorized to work in the United States. 25 26 Part Six E-Verify: The Web-based Verification Companion to Form I-9 Since verification of the employment authorization and identity of new hires became law in 1986, Form I-9 has been the foundation of the verification process. To improve the accuracy and integrity of this process, USCIS operates an electronic employment verification system called E-Verify. E-Verify provides an automated link to federal databases to help employers determine the employment authorization of new hires. E-Verify is free to employers and is available in all 50 states, as well as U.S. territories except for American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Employers who participate in the E-Verify Program must complete Form I-9 for each newly hired employee in the United States. E-Verify employers may accept any document or combination of documents on Form I-9, but if the employee chooses to present a List B and C combination, the List B (identity only) document must have a photograph. After completing a Form I-9 for a new employee, E-Verify employers submit an electronic query that includes information from Sections 1 and 2 of Form I-9. After submitting the query, you will receive an automated response from the E-Verify system regarding the employment authorization of the individual. In some cases, E-Verify will provide a response indicating a tentative nonconfirmation of the employee’s employment authorization. This does not mean that the employee is necessarily unauthorized to work in the United States. Rather, it means that the system is unable to instantaneously confirm that employee’s authorization to work. In the case of a tentative nonconfirmation, both you and the employee must take steps specified by E-Verify to resolve the status of the query within the prescribed time period. You must also follow certain procedures when using E-Verify that were designed to protect employees from unfair employment actions. You must verify all new hires, both U.S. citizens and noncitizens, and may not verify selectively. You may not prescreen applicants for employment, check employees hired before the company became a participant in E-Verify, or reverify employees who have temporary employment authorization. You may not terminate or take other adverse action against an employee based on a tentative nonconfirmation. E-Verify, along with Form I-9, protects jobs for authorized U.S. workers, improves the accuracy of wage and tax reporting, and helps U.S. employers maintain a legal workforce. You can register online for E-Verify at https://www.dhs. gov/E-Verify, which provides instructions for completing the registration process. For more information about E-Verify, please contact USCIS at 1-888-464-4218, or visit the Web site listed above. 27 28 Part Seven Some Questions You May Have About Form I-9 Employers should read these questions and answers carefully. They contain valuable information that, in some cases, is not found elsewhere in this manual. Questions About the Verification Process 1. Q. Where can I obtain Form I-9 and the M-274, Handbook for Employers? A. Both Form I-9 and the Handbook for Employers are available as downloadable PDFs at www.uscis.gov. Employers with no computer access can order USCIS forms by calling our toll-free number at 1-800-870-3676. Individuals can also get USCIS forms and information on immigration laws, regulations, and procedures by calling our National Customer Service Center toll-free at 1-800-375-5283. 2. Q. Do citizens and noncitizen nationals of the United States need to prove they are eligible to work? A. Yes. While citizens and noncitizen nationals of the United States are automatically eligible for employment, they too must present the required documents and complete a Form I-9. U.S. citizens include persons born in the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. U.S. noncitizen nationals are persons who owe permanent allegiance to the United States, which include those born in American Samoa, including Swains Island. 3. Q. Do I need to complete a Form I-9 for everyone who applies for a job with my company? A. No. You should not complete Forms I-9 for job applicants. You only need to complete Form I-9 for individuals you actually hire. For purposes of this law, a person is “hired” when he or she begins to work for you. 4. Q. If someone accepts a job with my company but will not start work for a month, can I complete Form I-9 when the employee accepts the job? A. Yes . The law requires that you complete Form I-9 only when the person actually begins working . However, you may complete the form earlier, as long as the person has been offered and has accepted the job . You may not use Form I-9 process to screen job applicants . 5. Q. I understand that I must complete a Form I-9 for anyone I hire to perform labor or services in return for wages or other remuneration. What is “remuneration”? A. Remuneration is anything of value given in exchange for labor or services rendered by an employee, including food and lodging . 6. Q. do I need to fill out Forms I-9 for independent contractors or their employees? A. No . For example, if you contract with a construction company to perform renovations on your building, you do not have to complete Forms I-9 for that company’s employees . The construction company is responsible for completing Forms I-9 for its own employees . However, you must not knowingly use contract labor to circumvent the law against hiring unauthorized aliens . 7. Q. What should I do if the person I hire is unable to provide the required documents within 3 business days of the date employment begins? A. If an employee is unable to present the required document or documents within 3 business days of the date employment begins, the employee must produce an acceptable receipt in lieu of a document listed on the last page of Form I-9 . There are 3 types of acceptable receipts . See Question 25 below for a description of each receipt and the procedures required to fulfill Form I-9 requirements when an employee presents a receipt . 29 By having checked an appropriate box in Section 1, the employee must have indicated on or before the time employment began that he or she is already eligible to be employed in the United States. NOTE: Employees hired for less than 3 business days cannot present a receipt, but instead must present the actual document(s) at the time employment begins. 8. Q. May I fire an employee who fails to produce the required documents within 3 business days? A. Yes. You may terminate an employee who fails to produce the required document or docu- Questions About Documents 10. Q. May I specify which documents I will accept for verification? A. No. The employee may choose which document(s) he or she wants to present from the lists of acceptable documents. You must accept any document (from List A) or combination of documents (one from List B and one from List C) listed on Form I-9 and found in Part Eight of this Handbook that reasonably appear on their face to be genuine and to relate to the person presenting them. To do otherwise could be an unfair immigration-related employment practice in violation of the anti-discrimination provision in the INA. Individuals who look and/ or sound foreign must not be treated differently in the recruiting, hiring, or verification process. For more information relating to discrimination during Form I-9 process, contact OSC at 1-800255-8155 (employers) or 1-800-237-2515 (TDD) or visit OSC’s Web site at www.usdoj. gov/crt/osc. NOTE: An employer participating in the E-Verify Electronic Employment Eligibility Verification Program can only accept a List B document with a photograph. 11. Q. If an employee writes down an Alien Number or Admission Number when completing Section 1 of Form I-9, may I ask to see a document with that number? 30 ments, or a receipt for a document, within three business days of the date employment begins. However, you must apply these practices uniformly to all employees. 9. Q. What happens if I properly complete and retain a Form I-9 and DHS discovers that my employee is not actually authorized to work? A. You cannot be charged with a verification violation. You will also have a good faith defense against the imposition of employer sanctions penalties for knowingly hiring an unauthorized alien, unless the government can show you had knowledge of the unauthorized status of the employee. A. No. Although it is your responsibility as an employer to ensure that your employees fully complete Section 1 at the time employment begins, the employee is not required to present a document to complete this section. When you complete Section 2, you may not ask to see a document with the employee’s Alien Number or Admission Number or otherwise specify which document(s) an employee may present. 12. Q. What is my responsibility concerning the authenticity of document(s) presented to me? A. You must examine the document(s), and if they reasonably appear on their face to be genuine and to relate to the person presenting them, you must accept them. To do otherwise could be an unfair immigration-related employment practice. If the document(s) do not reasonably appear on their face to be genuine or to relate to the person presenting them, you must not accept them. 13. Q. My employee has presented a U.S. passport card. Is this an acceptable document? A. Yes. The passport card is a wallet-size document issued by the U.S. Department of State. While its permissible uses for international travel are more limited than the U.S. passport book, the passport card is a fully valid passport that attests to the U.S. citizenship and identity of the bearer. As such, the passport card is considered a “passport” for purposes of Form I-9 and has been included on List A of the Lists of Acceptable Documents on Form I-9. 14. Q. Why was documentation for citizens of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) added to the List of Acceptable Documents on Form I-9? A. Under the Compacts of Free Association between the United States and FSM and RMI, most citizens of FSM and RMI are eligible to reside and work in the United States as nonimmigrants. The compact also eliminated the need for citizens of these two countries to obtain employment authorization cards to work in the United States. Now FSM and RMI citizens can show a valid passport with a Form I-94 or I-94A to satisfy Form I-9 requirements. 15. Q. There are 3 documents on Form I-9 that are listed on both List B and List C. Does this mean that my employee may present 1 of those documents to prove both identity and employment authorization? A. Three documents can be found in both List B and List C: a Native American tribal document, the U.S. Citizen Identification Card (Form I-197) and the Identification Card for the Use of Resident Citizen in the United States (Form I-179). If an employee presents any one of these documents, it establishes both identity and employment authorization on Form I-9, so you do not need any other documents from the employee to complete Section 2 of Form I-9. 16. Q. An employee has attested to being a U.S. citizen or U.S. noncitizen national on Section 1 of Form I-9, but has presented me with