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FAQs
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What are some effective software tools that an inside sales team can use to boost productivity?
Hey!I’d recommend you only five tools for higher productivity, but I believe they are the best ones in each category. We use all of them! And as a team leader, I’m so grateful for having them all at once.NetHunt CRMNetHunt is both a CRM software and productivity tool that is integrated into Gmail. You need a CRM to keep your team on the same page regarding the relations with current or future customers. NetHunt CRM stores all the updates in the communication with clients as well as the overall progress of sales and marketing processes.Why else does your team need CRM?Give up spreadsheets and save time on more important tasksDon’t waste a minute on navigating customers profilesSynchronize workflow between different departmentsTrack sales and performance per employeeClose deals right in your inboxSchedule follow-ups, bulk emails and more.2. SlackSlack enables clear and effective communication inside the team. It aligns the work process of team members by providing an opportunity to send instant messages.Slack is integrated with a bunch of other services like Trello or Gmail, and it notifies you when something important happens in any of your workspaces.3. Google MeetGoogle Meet is a simple and free tool to schedule video or audio calls. It helps gather teams that are spread all over the world. If you’re out of the office for a business trip or some of your employees work remotely, Google Meet will ensure effective communication and productive teamwork.4. TrelloEven the busiest people and teams get their daily agenda organized with Trello. This app boasts an intuitive and playful interface with columns, cards, lists, and tasks which you can share with your team. You may also create notes or visualize your calendar. Trello won’t let you miss a meeting or break the deadline.5. JiraWith Jira, you can measure the time which your team invests in various tasks. Jira helps estimate the performance of every employee. It gives you updates on how much time left for a specific task to be done. Although you may use it to split bigger tasks into small ones and delegate them to different people. Jira visualizes the entire workflow of your team in general and occupation of every employee in particular.In this article, you may also find 11 simple and effective ways to boost team performance! → How to increase team productivityCheers!
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What are the most effective and proven time management techniques?
Time is important.In fact, time is the ONLY element in life we will NEVER get back! Therefore, how you utilize your time, is highly important. Make sure you are using it wisely and not throwing life most precious element away.Today, I want to present to you my favourite time-management technique, a technique that has totally changed my life and sky-rocketed my productivity.It’s called……TIMEBOXING!This technique puts you back in charge of your day by identifying what you should be doing and setting a strategic plan for have you can accomplish it.Timeboxing is simply fixing a time period to w...
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What is the story behind you becoming self employed?
It is a story of suffering! But I wouldn't change it for anything.I had a great sales job making 130-150K per year. That was decent money to me then and I love what I did. I was selling coaching programs and I really thought I was helping people. As i learned more about the product I started having doubts. At about the 5 year mark I had gotten married and had a son. Something about my first child being born that really changed it all for me. I realized I wasn't at a dream job, and that I wasn't going to get anywhere working it. So I quit. I spent the next two years building a company with a partner, it was a rock chip repair, windshield replacement company and doing very well. But my partner was on a very different page than I was. I was working and imagining building a 7- figure company, and he was partying, making stupid choices like driving drunk, committing identity theft, committing insurance fraud at our best location, you know, good stuff like that. Oh let's not forget embezzling money everytime he thought he needed a buck! I realized that no amount of money would be enough to get him to straighten out so I walked away from that business.. The one I built. We were on track to gross over 7-figures in our 3rd year when I walked, but I didn't care, I just wanted to be free from anyone who was in any position to affect me besides myself. That's when I determined I needed something that was me and me only, something that relied on nobody but me. Soon after I discovered coins, and I knew I wanted to buy and sell coins to make a living. I figured I could get to 6-figures within 2 years… it took 5+. But now it's second nature and I am living life completely on my terms. I answer to nobody and do what I want whenever I want. I do work alot don't get me wrong, but I play alot too.. and the work doesn't feel like work somehow. I just buy and sell coins, its great.There were many obstacles, but none compared to the emotional toll I put myself through in those first few years. I would constantly beat myself up. I would feel as crisp and clear as I ever had felt one minute knowing exactly what I was doing and literally the next minute be asking myself if I had lost my mind completely... I often wondered if I had become delusional was this dream of making money buying and selling coins completely unrealistic? Was it something like a pipe dream I had made up just to distract myself from my current situation. Every single day I would try to figure out what was wrong with me, why couldn't I get a job like normal adults? What was my problem? Did I just lack discipline? Could I just not answer to someone? I even remember wondering if I could do adulthood successfully LOL.My point is it was impossibly hard, but yet easier than the alternative, I knew a job would suffocate the life out of me. It was crazy and unrealistic but yet the only option that allowed me my version of success and anything less than life on my terms was total failure and failure isnt an option for me. Looking back I actually miss the radical emotional swings. Those were the highest of any highs and the lowest of any lows. The wins were so intoxicating, so empowering that they became my drug. The losses were the most self defeating, desperate feelings I've ever felt which gave more beauty to my wins. Over time the losses got smaller as the wins got bigger everything just started working. In hindsight I realize there was no other option I was following my heart and that was literally the only thing I could have done.I miss those early days. Badly. I miss them so bad that part of me wants to start over just so i can feel those highs again.Thanks for reading and good luck in your business ventures. Follow your heart and own the consequences with pride!Chris
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What is the A-Z of web development and web design? What’s front end, back end and full stack?
Great that you asked these questions. I am tempted to answer everything that you have asked for, but i do not know what your background is and if you are familiar with any kind of programming, how computers work and how the internet works.For the purpose of this answer, I will assume that you are a school graduate from India who studied Computer Science in 12th grade.Now that you know how to create, compile and run a program that takes a series of numbers as an input and can reverse that series and display the same to you on a screen, we can move forward.A primer on internet, browsers and servers.How do you access the Quora website? Notwithstanding you googling quora and landing here, when you enter the web address of quora (a unique identifier also called a Domain name) into a browser (a kind of software that let's you do many more things than just browse the internet), the browser sends a request over the internet to your ISP, which typically has a DNS server (read a directory of domain names mapped to unique Internet Protocol address, also popularly referred to as IP Address) and then forwards that request to read the website to a server which is located at that very IP. A server is special type of computer with a special software (web server like Apache, Express, NGINX, IIS, Tomcat) that can listen to requests from browsers and other clients (a client is typically some software that requests information and receives it) , process the request (do whatever programming logic that is at the receiving end of the server), serve the request back to browser (hence the name Serve-r). Typically, every time you open a webpage, this entire process is repeated to load either parts of the webpage that you are viewing or the entire page too many times.So then what is Front-end and what is Back-end ? These terms can have different meanings in different contexts. With respect to web based applications like Content Management Systems, eCommerce portals - Front-end and Back-end would mean parts of the web application that a customer/end customer sees and parts of the web application with the application team sees to manage the application. For example, when you apply to a college online, the form which you will up to register etc. collectively form the front-end, while the admissions team of the college would see all applicants in an aggregate view and perform administrative tasks on your applications from the Back-end.In another context, front-end may even mean the entire client side application that gets rendered on a browser and/or client, while the back-end would mean the source code, however this context may be limited to use within web application development companies.Let's talk about LAMP, before we talk about Ember, Django and Ruby etc.LAMP is short for Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP , this is typically referred to as a stack of software installed on a web server.Other popular stacks are:-Windows, IIS, MySQL, PHP - WIMPWindows, Apache, MySQL, PHP - WAMPMongo, Express, Angular, Node.js - MEANAs you will notice, it names two operating systems that you may be familiar with Linux and Windows. These are usually the primary operating systems setup on server, there could be other. I am not going to elaborate on what an OS is here. You would also notice in the earlier part of the answer my reference to Apache and IIS, these are the specialized web serving softwares that make a computer capable of being a server. MySQL and PHP is something that i will discuss here as these are fundamentally and arguably the most widely used open source platforms on the web.MySQL is a Relational Database Management System that utilizes SQL to define database structure, add, update, read and delete the data from the system. There are other alternatives to MySQL, such as MS SQL, PostGRE SQL, Oracle etc. They all serve the purpose of storing data in pre-defined data tables in rows against columns, where each table could potentially be linked to another table and queries could be build using the relations between tables. For example all students of a class could be in one table, their attendance could be recorded in another table, and an individual students historical attendance performance can be queried through a join between the two tables.Let's move to PHP now. This is what makes abstraction in HTML possible. If you do not know what Abstraction means, then you need to ask another question, however if you've ever built a multi page HTML website and had to build a menu bar linking 10 pages, you would learn the futility and stupidity that HTML enforces on you. More-over, try making a website like Quora using just HTML. Think of PHP and its alternatives as a magical secret sauce (haters will hate for this statement), that makes HTML go beyond what it was initially designed to be. As always, there are alternatives available here like Ruby, Python etc. These can be deemed as programming languages for the web. Programs you write in C, or C++ could potentially also be written in PHP, Ruby etc. PHP binds the static HTML with the dynamic database realm of MySQL.What is Rails, CakePHP? Have you ever used stdio.h in your C programming, if you didn't include that library you wouldn't be able to print or accept inputs from users in your programs. Rails is a framework and library of functions, classes and methods that reduce the overhead of programming web applications by providing ready made, automated, rapid development tools for Ruby language. CakePHP is a similar framework for PHP. PHP helps you abstract HTML? CakePHP helps you abstract PHP utilization. There is another PHP framework like Cake called ZEND.What is Magento then?ZEND is the framework that is used to build a web application called Magento. Magento is total eCommerce software capable of running an eCommerce website with plenty of application and business logic relevant to the eCommerce domain.Think of Magento as an abstraction of Zend built specifically to run an eCommerce website. You can potentially, without having any knowledge of programming languages create a website matching the look, features and feel of Myntra and Jabong by using Magento and some pre-existing themes (think skins and design for the website)And CMS?A CMS is a generic term for a content management system that lets web administrators manage the content on a website. Content would mean pages, images, web forms, social sharing links and lot of other stuff that you see. Some of the leading CMSs in the world are Wordpress and Joomla (like Magento these are also abstractions of frameworks of PHP built for specific purposes). Chances are many blogs and news sites that you see are built on Wordpress.Also fun fact, Magento, Joomla, Wordpress all are typically run on a LAMP stack.Did I forget AJAX?Well, remember how i mentioned above in the primer section that web servers server the entire page or sometimes just parts of a page? AJAX is part of the technologies that helps achieve that. You would have observed on the web that typically when you submit a form the entire page disappears and you get redirected to either a different page or the same page reloads. But when you make a FB post, or submit answers on Quora, a loader graphic appears and then boom, the answer gets published. This happens due to an asynchronous call to the server which is made through an XMLHTTP request from the browser, sometimes made using AJAX. There are other ways to make XMLHTTP requests too.And FullStack..Fullstack is usually a term given to a ninja programmer who has knowledge, skills and speciality in all parts of the web application stack. Meaning Apache, PHP, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JS. The domain usually doesn't extend to mobile apps, but there is nothing stopping anyone from extending that definition there.Be assured that each of the terms above themselves have a depth of learning required and people can spend years mastering just one of the tech aspects.Did I answer your question about A-Z of web development?No. I think i only covered half of A above. I don't recommend you trying to learn everything. Closing RemarksI will recommend to start from somewhere and that somewhere will be wordpress. Do these things and see if you get excited:Install XAMPP or WAMP on your windows machine, google for equivalent on Linux or MAC.Visit Wordpress[dot]org and create your first website. Use WAMP/XAMPP to make your website live by converting your local computer into a server.Open Command Prompt and look up your local network IP Address using ipconfig.Open up your phone and make sure it's connected to the same wifi network as your computerType the IP address on the browser on your phone to see your website there.Thanks,Rohan
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Why was emergency declared in India in 1975?
To understand why Indira Gandhi imposed Emergency on India, we have a begin at least a decade earlier in 1964. But before I continue, here are my sources.Emergency Retold by Kuldip NayarThe Emergency by Coomi KapoorIndia after Gandhi by Ramachandra GuhaIndira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi by Katherine FrankThe Dramatic Decade: The Indira Gandhi years by Pranab MukherjeeEach of these books provide various pieces of the puzzle in understanding emergency. Most parts of my answer derives from these works. I would have loved to read Indira Gandhi, the Emergency and Indian democracy by P. N. Dhar (Indira Gandhi’s principal secretary), but a copy was hard to come by. Now, to the answer itself.Nehru’s Passing - 19641964 was an eventful year for both India as well as Indira Gandhi (IG). After suffering a defeat at the hands of Chinese in the Sino-Indian war in 1962, Jawaharlal Nehru was a broken man. He has been suffering from kidney ailments since 1959. He suffered two heart attacks in quick successions in late 1963 and early 1964. He must have suspected his end was near. The press were also debating on who would succeed him and “After Nehru?” dominated the headlines for a while.The extreme left wanted Indira Gandhi to succeed him (Indira Gandhi had been Nehru’s unofficial secretary for several years and had also served as a congress president for about 10 months in 1959–60). But both Nehru and his daughter rejected these advances. In fact, only a few months before Nehru’s passing, IG wrote to her American friend Dorothy Norman about retiring from politics. This was not the first time Indira Gandhi expressed her desire to retire, it had been going on for a about two years.In January 1964, Nehru met with K. Kamaraj (then Congress President) and on the very next day, Lal Bahadur Shastri who had left Nehru’s cabinet only a few months ago to return to party work (based on the Kamaraj plan) was inducted back. He was not given any portfolio. This to some hinted at a succession plan.On May 27, 1964, after suffering a third heart attack Nehru passed.Indira Gandhi was devastated. The only person she trusted any more was no more. Her estranged husband (Feroze Gandhi, not related to Mahatma Gandhi) had passed four years earlier in 1960. Her children were still in their adolescence and were far away in England. The rest of Nehru’s family also were not too close.When her father passed, Indira Gandhi felt lonelier than ever. She had no job, no source of income and not even a house to stay in.Three days later, on May 30, the congress met to decide on Nehru’s successor. Morarji Desai threw his hat in the ring, but Shastri had the backing of K. Kamaraj and the other leaders of the Congress party. The decision was ideological - Shastri was a moderate, while Moraji was an extreme right-winger. Two weeks after Nehru’s passing, Shastri became India’s second prime minister.Indira Gandhi was inducted into Shastri’s cabinet as Information and broadcasting minister, an insignNow cabinet position. If rumours are to be believed, Shastri offered the positions of PM and/or foreign minister to Indira Gandhi, but she apparently declined. Indira Gandhi’s biographer’s wonder if the offer was made in earnest or was merely symbolic.The only man in a cabinet of old women, 1965Soon after she was inducted into Shastri’s ministry, Indira Gandhi began to establish herself as an independent leader. She (along with finance minister T.T. Krishnamachari) represented the PM in the Commonwealth PMs conference held in London in 1964. She also travelled extensively in Europe and Asia that year. During her absence from the country, Swaran Singh was sworn in as the External Affairs minister. That seems to have been the prime cause of the friction that was to develop between her and Shastri. Her biographers argue that she(egged on by her coterie) might have been slightly angry at Shastri because he had not consulted her before the appointment (IG felt that she had better knowledge on foreign relationships having travelled around the globe since her childhood).In late 1965, Indira Gandhi would go on to critize Shastri for “veering off from Nehru’s Socialist tendencies.” However, long before that she would go onto upstage him and became a leader in her own right. The skirmishes that began in April 1964 between India and Pakistan would go onto peak in the month of August. Indira Gandhi did not only holiday in Kashmir at this time, but she would go to the battlefront and visit the soldiers.She would return to the battlefield once again in September. And this time, she would arrive to a warm welcome from Kashmiris. She would establish a devoted following and even the press would go on to call her - the only man in a cabinet of old women. After the war was won in September 1964, Shastri was hailed a hero, but Indira had to some extent, endeared herself to the masses.Soon, she had better things coming.The ascension - mid 1960’sAfter Shastri unexpectedly passed in 1966, the question of succession arose once again. This time around, there were more than two names. Moraji Desai who had lost in 1964, wanted the post again. Gulzarilal Nanda (acting PM after both Nehru’s and Shastri’s death) entered the contest. Soon, YB Chavan (Desai’s man from Maharastra), SK Patil, Sanjiva Reddy and Indira Gandhi were all in the race.Once again the responsibility fell on Kamaraj and his group of leaders (referred to as “syndicate”). They felt that Indira Gandhi was the right choice. They convinced Nanda, Chavan, Patil and Reddy to withdraw, but could not persuade Desai a second time.An internal election was held. Indira carried it easily with 355 votes against Desai’s 169. Desai was only able to garner support in Gujarat (his home states) and parts of right-leaning Bihar and UP. And on 24 January, 1966, Indira Gandhi became India’s first woman PM.Some biographers have theorized that the syndicate backed Indira Gandhi only because she was a weak leader and a woman at that. They argue that the syndicate hated Moraji and they felt they could control Indira Gandhi. I think they are projecting the view of the right-wing opposition and some INC members like Ram Manohar Lohia to the entire syndicate (Through 1966 and 1967, the opposition and media ran a smear campaign calling Indira “Goongi goodiya” or “the puppet”). I personally think Indira Gandhi was chosen because in party full of right-leaning upper caste conservatives, she was the closest to being moderate and slightly left-of-center (to continue Nehru’s socialist policies).Either way, Indira Gandhi felt a need to assert herself as an independent leader and her actions in the next couple of years can be explained by that.The rise of RSS and Jana SanghFounded in 1951 as RSS’ political arm, the Jana Sangh (BJS) performed quite poorly in the 1952 and 1957 general elections. It did not fair well in any of the state assembly elections either. This is when they decided to go back to their roots - militant activism.After Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination, India did not witness any large scale communal riots for a decade. However, one erupted in Jamshedpur, Bihar in 1959 after RSS and BJS activists turned a petty dispute into large scale fighting. Two years later, in 1961, another large scale communal riot broke out in Madhya Pradesh and this was spearheaded by ABVP. In the same year, another riot broke out in Uttar Pradesh. In UP, both BJS and ABVP played a role. Jamaat-e-Islami-hind’s also seems to have played a role in the last one.On the back of these riots, BJS did well in Bihar and UP in both the state and the Indian general election held in 1962 . Outside these states, another conservative party - the Swatantara party - did well in the 1962 election (the party’s first election since inception).In 1964, violence erupted in Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. In 1967, riots broke out in Ranchi (then in Bihar). RSS and BJS had a hand in these riots. In the 1967, Indian general election, BJS did better in UP and Bihar than it had done the previous time. With no party gaining a strong majority in UP, the Congress government folded in just 19 days. BJS also made inroads in Gujarat and Rajasthan where Swatantara had done better in 1962. In the UP state assembly election in 1967, BJS won 99 seats and became the main opposition.So, flaring up communal tensions before an election became BJS’ election strategy.After the 1967 elections, RSS and BJP expanded into the western states. In 1969, clashes claimed over 650 lives in Gujarat. In 1970, about 100 people, majority of them muslims were killed in clashes in Bhinwandi, Maharastra. However, the BJS could not capitalize on either. By passing some populist bills, Indira Gandhi appealed to the masses. Congress swept the 1971 general election and BJS lost signNow amount of ground they had gained in the last decade.They began to wait for an opportunity to gain back the lost ground.Antagonizing the INC leaders - late 1960’sIndira Gandhi faced her first election as PM of India in 1967 on the back of failed monsoons, economic stagnation, rising unemployment, food crisis, and communal violence. It was the first election since Nehru’s passing and then there was the stigma of “goongi goodiya”. Though, Indira came back to power at the centre with a slim majority, INC was thrown out of power in nine states. People, both within the party and outside, began to question her leadership. Indira Gandhi, more than ever, felt the need to assert herself individually and as a leader.To quash opposition’s cry that she was a mere puppet, Indira Gandhi began to distance herself from the syndicate and centralize power within PM’s secretariat. She brought in P.N. Haksar (who had been a friend of her and her husband when she was attending college in London) as her secretary in 1967 and within the next couple of years, her secretariat had four more men including P.N. Dhar (The other three were D.P. Dhar, T. N. Kaul and R.N. Kao). Incidentally, all the five men were Kashmiri Brahmins and so was Indira Gandhi. Over the years, the group earned monikers like Kashmiri mafia and pancha pandava. Soon, all policy decisions were being made in the prime ministers secretariat and not the PMO. Indira’s cabinet (including Finance minister Moraji) was mostly in the dark. This began to irk the congress leadership.During this period, Indira Gandhi also ensured that her supporters rose to prominence in the various state units of Congress. Soon, she had support of various chief ministers and their state units.Things worsened in July 1969 when Indira Gandhi removed Moraji Desai from her cabinet and issued an ordinance to nationalize bank. A right-winger, Moraji Desai, was opposed to this move. Only a month later, in August 1969, she chose not to support Sanjiva Reddy, Congress’ official candidate in the presidential election and backed V.V. Giri to take the role. V.V. Giri won the election comfortably and became the fourth president of India. This further irked the congress leadership.In November 1969, the congress syndicate expelled her from INC. With the support of CPI and DMK, Indira Gandhi managed to stay in power even after the Congress split.Indira’s tussle with Judiciary - late 1960’s and early 1970’sIn a bid to differentiate herself from her opposition (who were mostly right-wing conservatives) and in an effort to appeal to the masses, Indira Gandhi began moving further left (according to some biographers, after a nudge from P.N. Haksar and other secretaries) in terms of economic policies in the late 60’s. This involved implementing some populist schemes.Bank Nationalization - In 1969, Indira Gandhi passed an ordinance to nationalize 14 banks. However, a share holder of one of the banks and a couple of other Jana Sangh members approached the Supreme court to repeal the ordinance. A bench of 11 judges heard the case and struck down the ordinance based on a legality with a majority of 10 against 1. The lone dissenter was justice A.N. Ray. Four days later, Indira issued another ordinance to prevent further judicial intervention in the matter.Abolition of privy purses - In 1947, when India became independent, princely states were asked to secede to India in return for some privileges. One of them was monthly allowance known as privy purse. In the early 60’s, Kamaraj and Atulya Ghosh had wanted to abolish the privy purses, but Nehru vetoed it. In September 1970, Indira Gandhi introduced a bill in parliament to abolish the privy purses. The bill passed in the Lok Sabha, but was defeated in the Rajya Sabha. Under these circumstances, Indira approached the president to issue an order to abolish the privy purses. V.V. Giri dutifully obliged. However, Madhavrao Scindia, then prince of Gwalior, appealed to the SC to de-recognize the order. An eleven judge bench did just that in early 1971 with the majority of 9–2. A.N. Ray was one of the dissenters again. Without the required support for her in the parliament, Indira Gandhi chose to dissolve the parliament.The Golak Nath inheritance case - Earlier in 1967, the SC ruled against the parliament and held that the parliament had no power to abridge the fundamental rights (in this case, the right to property that had been denied by a 1953 land reform act). Indira Gandhi attempted to introduce a bill, giving the parliament to amend any part of the constitution, however, she did not table it fearing failure.The Keshavananda Bharathi Case - Ruling in another land reform case in 1973, SC held that the parliament cannot change the basic structure of the constitution. This reaffirmed that the constitution and not legislature was supreme. This was also a blow to Indira’s ego.Elevation of A.N. Ray as chief justice of India - In 1973, Indira Gandhi decided to appoint A.N. Ray (who had been pro-government all along) over three senior judges. One of those senior judges was K.S. Hegde (who in the Allahabad high court) had allowed some evidences in the election malpractices of Indira Gandhi (during her 1971 election) which she wanted quashed. Indira Gandhi apparently wanted the judiciary and government to work together for the betterment of the people, but not many saw it that way.Indira hatao and Indira wave, 1971When Indira announced fresh elections in 1971 after dissolving the parliament, the opposition parties including INC(O), BJS, Swatantara, CPI (M), a couple of socialist parties and various other regional parties formed a “Grand Alliance”. With far-right and far-left parties (along with other moderates) in the same mix, the uniting factor was not ideological, many have observed. On the contrary, the opposition united against Indira. They wanted to oust her and it reflected in their campaign slogan - “Indira hatao” or “oust Indira”. Indira Gandhi used it to her advantage by rephrasing the slogan as “Gharibi hatao” or “oust poverty” and used it as her own campaign slogan.In the years prior to the election, Indira Gandhi has positioned herself as the leader of the poor by enacting land reforms and other populist schemes. She was also an eloquent speaker and had a lot of charisma. She was able to connect with people wherever she went and she did travel through the country, addressing 20 meetings a day. More importantly, the green revolution began to bear fruit, the monsoons arrived on time that year, inflation stabilized and economy showed signs of improvement. Riding on the back of these, Indira Gandhi won by a landslide. The grand alliance was a complete disaster.Soon after the election, Raj Narain who competed for the Rae Bareilly seat against Indira in 1971 (and who along with Ram Manohar Lohia had been instrumental in toppling the UP congress government in 1967 and had also phrased the “Indira hatao” slogan) and lost, filed a petition with the Allahabad high court alleging malpractices by Indira Gandhi during the 1971 election (charges included bribery, illegal vote solicitation, use of religious symbols, etc among other minor offences).That did not hamper Indira Gandhi. India played a vital role in the liberation of Bangladesh later in the year and in the process, defeated Pakistan in a war. Indira Gandhi was hailed as hero by even her fiercest opponents in the media. People rallied against Pakistan and communal tensions were at a low. An external emergency was imposed and that seemed to calm down things too.Well and truly, an Indira wave swept the country.The doting mother - 1972–73The early 70’s were a relatively calmer periods for Indira. After India’s victory over Pakistan, she had the backing of the masses. Her election malpractices case was progressing at a snails pace. The opposition was still reeling from their losses the previous year. Some parties became altogether irrelevant. During this period, Indira Gandhi went about centralizing power even further. Her loyalists were given important posts in the state units of congress. Anyone who failed to fall in line were removed and replaced. Opposition parties in congress ruled states began levying charges of corruption against the state units.However, another storm was also brewing.In June 1971, Sanjay Gandhi (second son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi), after having interned at Rolls Royce London for three years, established the Maruti Udyog limited to manufacture affordable small cars indigenously. The licenses required to set up the industry were granted so quickly, the press complained of nepotism. Both Indira and Sanjay brushed these off.Soon, many congressmen began to believe that Sanjay was the future and began to line up behind him. One of those men was Haryana’s chief minister Bansilal, who sold a large tract of land (questionably very close to defence land) for a pittance. Bansilal also managed to arrange a loan for purchase of the land and setting up the plant. The press tore into Bansilal and both Sanjay and Indira Gandhi.Maruti was set to fail from the start. It’s founder had no prior experience manufacturing a car or running a company, the company did not own any technology and it did not even attempt to establish relationship with companies selling technology. Despite these problems, the government placed an order with Maruti to manufacture 50,000 cars, even before a single car had been produced.P.N. Haksar was critical about Sanjay, Maruti and Indira’s unwavering support of both. That caused a rift in his relationship with her and the latter began to gradually sideline him over a couple of years. Finally, he was forced into a retirement in 1973. After he left the secretariat, Sanjay became the unofficial policy maker and principal secretary of Indira Gandhi. Henceforth, all policy decisions were being taken by Sanjay and his henchmen, to name some, Siddhartha Shankar Ray (chief minister of WB), Bansilal (chief minister of Haryana), R.K. Dhawan(Indira’s additional secretary), V.C. Shukla(IB minister), Om Mehta(Home minister) and D.K. Barooah (the then Congress president).Trouble in Gujarat, 1973–74After the monsoons failed in 1972–73, India faced an acute food shortage in 1973. Strained relationship with USA (who were themselves in a quagmire in Vietnam) meant that food imports were not smooth. To ensure that there was proper distribution of food grains (and to keep the food prices down in UP where an election was to be held), the central government took control of wholesale grain trade in 1973. Gujarat was one of the states hit by this decision. Its allotment quota was cut down by 30,000 tonnes from 105,000 tonnes to 75,000 tonnes. Price of essential commodities like wheat, jowar, etc. that were already high soared even further.Amidst this predicament, internal rivalry within Gujarat congress saw power change from the hands of Ghanshyam Oza (an Indira Gandhi loyalist) to Chimanbhai Patel (an Indira Gandhi dissident). Chimanbhai Patel had influence in many educational institutions in the state and he was seen as someone who meddled with the internal affairs of these institutions. As a result, he began antagonizing the state student unions.In October 1973, crude oil prices shot up due to the oil crisis in the middle east. This in turn contributed to increase in prices of commodities.In December 1973, Jana Sangh organized multiple bandhs through out the state to cripple congress. Serious riots broke out in Rajkot, Porbandar and Jetpur. On December 20, 1973, students of LE college at Morbi went on a strike to protest the increase in food fees at the hostel. A fortnight later, on January 4, 1974, students of LD college of Engineering at Ahmedabad went on a rampage burning down the canteen and attacking the rector’s residence. The State Reserve Police (SRP) )were brought in to control the situation, but they only ended adding fuel to fire by beating up the students and jailed over 300 of them. This provoked the students across the state to call for a strike on January 7. Sensing an opportunity, Moraji Desai and Jana Sangh encouraged the students to form Nav Nirman Yuvak Samiti(NYS).On January 6, 1974, the Jana Sangh organized a state-wide “anti-police day”. The very same day violence broke out in Ahmedabad. Buses were stoned and ration shops were looted.Various trade unions called for an Ahmedabad bandh on January 10, 1974. Large scale riots broke out. Clashes between protestors and the SRP led to shootings in over 20 locations. On the same daய், NYS was formed and trade unions began demanding Chimanbhai Patel’s resignation (once Chimanbhai became the main target, the Jana Sangh withdrew from the agitation because they sympathized with him). Agitations spread to nearby towns and continued for a further two days. Most of them were spontaneous and led by common people.The NYS called for fresh strikes on January 17, 1974. Soon, riots became an everyday occurrence in almost every major city/town. Buses were burnt, government offices were attacked and ration shops were raided. Police were brought every single day to crush these riots.Trade unions called for a state-wide bandh on January 25, 1974. Fearing more violence, Chimanbhai imposed curfew in over 100 cities and town. That did not prevent the protestors from taking to the streets. Riots continued for three more days until the army was brought in on January 28.Another round of riots erupted on February 4. Curfew was imposed, but the riots continued undeterred. The students, the teachers and trade unions wanted Chimanbhai Chor’s (used to refer to his corrupt ways) head. While Chimanbhai tried to resist, he was forced to quit. He did so on February 9, 1974. The Gujarat assembly was suspended and president’s rule was imposed.However, just a week later, agitations broke out again, demanding dissolution of the Gujarat assembly. Moraji and Jana Sangh openly offered their support to these agitations. Over the next months, clashes between agitators and police would claim over 50 lives and over 95 MLAs resigned.On March 12, 1974, Moraji Desai announced an indefinite fast till the Gujarat assembly was dissolved. Just 4 days later, the Gujarat assembly was dissolved and the four-month long agitations came to an end.More trouble in Bihar, 1974Even before the situation was resolved in Gujarat, another arose in Bihar. In February 1974, students wings of political outfits like Jana Sangh (ABVP), CPIM (SFI) and Samyukta Socialist party (SYJS) formed an organisation Bihar Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti (BCSS). Unlike in Gujarat, where agitations broke out against food prices and then turned political, the one in Bihar was outright politically motivated.The first agitation the BCSS called for gherao (surround or encircle) movement to prevent the functioning of the Bihar assembly during the budget session on March 18, 1974. The CM of Bihar promised to look into their demands, but the students did not believe in him. Riots broke on March 18 when the student began to gather. There was looting and arson. Government offices were set on fire. The police retaliated harshly killing at least 3 students.In response, the BCSS called for a statewide strike on March 23. Within that week, 30 more students were killed in clashes between the student organisations and the police. Around this time the BCSS signNowed out to Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) to lead their movement. A freedom fighter and a Gandhian, JP was hesitant at first to join the violent movement. However, prevailing poverty in the country ,the success of the Gujarat movement and his own criticism of Indira Gandhi motivated him to join the movement. He came out of political retirement to lead the students on two conditions - 1. the protests should be non-violent and 2. the protests should not be restricted to Bihar.Through April and May 1974, both violent and non-violent protests took part in various parts of Bihar, demanding the dissolution of the Bihar assembly. The government retorted to these demands by brutally suppressing them. People were killed in police firing at Patna and Gaya among other cities. As the protests intensified, Indira Gandhi was unrelenting. Her biographers argue that she feared other states would also make such demands if she were to dissolve the Bihar assembly.Railway strike, 1974As protests raged in Bihar, another erupted in May 1974. Demanding eight-hour workdays and an increase in pay, railways workers throughout the country went on a strike on 8 May 1974. Led by George Fernandes, then president of All India Railwaymen’s Federation, over 70% of permanent employees refused to return to work. No trains ran. Travelers were stranded and essential commodities did not signNow their destination.Though George Fernandes himself was arrested on May 2, 1974, the railwaymen decided to go ahead with the strike. Writers have argued that entire India was shutdown the entire duration of the strike.Indira Gandhi responded to this with brutality. She suppressed the strike without mercy. Thousands of agitators were jailed under the draconian MISA and DIR acts. They were beaten up in jail. Thousands more lost their jobs. Many more were injured in clashes with the police.The strike continued for 20 days. During this period, some trains were operated with the help of the army. Fearing more repercussions, the strike was called off on May 27, 1974 with no immediate gains. However, it reestablished the solidarity of the railway labour force.JP movement, 1974In late April, JP and Indira Gandhi began exchanging a series letters. The exchange began cordially, but did not end so well six weeks later. Each accused the other and the misunderstanding was growing.With Indira adamant, JP decided to take the Bihar movement to the next level. On June 5, 1974, he led a massive procession through the streets of Patna. The rally culminated in a meeting at Gandhi maidan where JP called for a ‘Total revolution’ to realize the unfulfilled promises of freedom. He spoke of hunger and poverty, soaring prices and corruption. He spoke of the authoritarian ways of the government under Indira Gandhi. He spoke of a achieving a ‘a real people’s government’ in one year. He asked the students to boycott colleges and examinations for a year to rebuild Bihar and the country.In August, JP toured the Bihar countryside extensively. Everywhere he went, he received a warm welcome. People gathered in thousands to hear him speak. They waited for hours on the sides of the road to have a glimpse of him. Soon, he was turning in something Indira Gandhi had hoped he would not - the moral conscience of the nation.JP called for all the opposition parties(except CPI) through the country to unite against the Congress. Jana Sangh was already involved through ABVP. In fact, the leadership of the movement at local levels had passed into its hands. An associate of JP reported this alarming development to JP, also indication that people were attracted to the movement for the wrong and negative reasons. Another man who was openly critical of the JP movement was R.K. Patil who had toured Bihar with JP on his invitation. He does not question JP on his integrity, but only the movement direction and final goal - “What after the Bihar assembly was dissolved ?” and also extra-constitutional nature of setting up parallel governments and demanding the elected one be dismissed. He also indicated that the behaviour of the mob with and without JP was different, the latter leaning towards ruckus.On November 1, Indira Gandhi and JP met (arranged by D.P. Dhar) at New Delhi to find a resolution. Indira Gandhi offered to dismiss the Bihar government provided JP withdrew his demands to dismiss other state governments too. JP rejected the compromise. Three days later, on his way to a rally at Patna, he was manhandled by the police. Trying to avoid a baton, he stumbled to the ground. Police’s behaviour towards an old man suffering ill health sparked to outrage through the country.By the end of 1974, India had organised itself into two opposing camps. The first group (including non right-wing, non Jana-Sangh Indians) hailed the JP movement, sometimes labeling it the ‘second freedom struggle.’ They were critical of Indira Gandhi’s authoritarian ways and corrupt Congress government. The other camp (including non Congress Indians and hindus) were pained by JP’s decision to collude with Jana Sangh to oust a democratically elected government.The dance of the Ananda Margis, 1975The Ananda-marga is a bizarre organisation founded by equally bizarre man called Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar in 1955. Founded as a socio-spiritual organisation, the Ananda-marga soon turned political and were in direct opposition to the communist parties in West Bengal. Through the 1960’s, the organisation employment violent methods to achieve its political ambitions. In 1969, the Ananda margis held a conference in Cooch Behar. When the communists intervened, it turned into a blood bath. Intelligence reports revealed a plot by margis to assassinate senior leaders in the government.Known for their bizarre rituals in burial grounds and crematories, bizarre dances using skulls and daggers, bizarre rallies in red robes wielding swords, lathis and skulls, Ananda marga gained great notoriety when Sarkar was charged with the murder of six of his former disciples in 1971.Demanding Sarkar’s release, the organisation undertook several violent protests between 1971 and 1978. They raided Indian embassies in various countries, kidnapped and assassinated officials, bombed buildings and even, threatened self-immolation. During his incarceration, Sarkar’s wife left him for his personal secretary, citing his violent behaviour and other heinous crimes going on within the marga. She also accused Sarkar of sexually assaulting young boys.Suspicion fell on the organisation when Lalit Narayan Mishra (an Indira Gandhi man, who had been involved in a corruption scandal that had troubled her through 1974) was assassinated on January 2, 1975 in Bihar. The police first suspected a railway worker who they thought had retaliated at Mishra, the then railway minister, for brutally suppressing the railway strikes, leaving many railway employees unemployed.Two more men were arrested days later and they implicated a man close to Indira Gandhi, alleging her involvement. Indira, for her part blamed the CIA (Mishra had been very close to Soviet leaders) and the JP movement for creating an environment of violence. For a while, the Jana Sangh and RSS were also suspected. However, the CBI alleged that the Ananda margis had done it to pressurize the government to release Sarkar.In 2014, four Ananda margis were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for assassinating Mishra.Three of those Ananda margis had already been convicted on charges of attempted assassination of A.N. Ray (Indira Gandhi’s man in the judiciary) on March 20, 1975. A.N. was then the chief justice of India.JP movement 2.0, 1975In January and February, 1975, JP toured the country seeking support. In speeches he gave in front of huge crowds, JP (albeit implicitly) began comparing himself to Gandhi and the Indira Gandhi regime to colonial rule in India. He urged his supported to remain non-violent and warned them about the effects of violent protests like Indira Gandhi assuming dictatorial powers.Indira Gandhi, on the other hand, considered the JP movement to be against her personally.JP planned for a march on the parliament on March 6, 1975. As the date approached, people (mostly from UP and Bihar) started pouring into the capital. To dissuade more people from joining them, the government forbade the entry of buses and trucks into capital. 15,000 policemen were brought into the capital. Despite all these efforts, over 750,000 people gathered at Delhi and walked towards the parliament in procession, demanding Indira Gandhi to “vacate the throne.” JP compared the rally to Gandhi’s Dandi march.For Indira Gandhi, the noose around her neck began to tighten. So far, the epicenter of JP’s movement have been elsewhere, but now it was at her doorsteps.On March 18, JP led another march at Patna to commemorate the anniversary of the Bihar movement. In the following months, he toured the southern parts of India to gain support there.The final blow - March to June, 1975Amidst the protests that had been raging through the country for over 18 months, Indira Gandhi testified in court in her election malpractices case on March 19, 1975 (in the process, becoming the first PM to testify in court).In April, Moraji Desai went on a fast, demanding fresh elections in Gujarat. Indra Gandhi agreed to hold one in June and the opposition began to unite. Campaigns polarized the state even further and L.K, Advani, a Jana Singh leader, said that his party would continue to do the same.June 12, 1975 was an eventful day for Indira Gandhi. Early in the morning, she learnt that her long time associate D.P. Dhar had passed on. A few hours later, she found that Congress lagging behind the Janata front in Gujarat (The Janata front formed the government with the help of Chimanbhai Patel, who they had help overthrow in 1974 and who had defected from Congress to form a new party). However, the most devastating news came from Allahabad. Though she was acquitted on twelve of the fourteen counts, she was convicted for the other two - 1. She used UP government resources to construct rostrums to address her election meetings, 2. Her election agent was sill in government employment when he began campaigning. Her election was overturned and she no longer was an MP. Furthermore, she cannot contest another election for 6 years.Justice Sinha who delivered the verdict stayed his order for 20 days so that the Congress can decide on its new leader and ensure that the functioning of the government is not hampered. It was also to give Indira Gandhi time to appeal in the Supreme court.The charges on which Indira had been convicted were so trivial NY Times opined that India had unseated its PM for a minor traffic offence. Decision to appeal the verdict was soon made. For the time being, Indira would continue as the PM.On June 13, the opposition parties gathered at the Rastrapathi bhavan and demanded the president to dismiss the prime minister. JP opined that it would be shameful and cynical if Indira Gandhi were to stay in office. However, Indira Gandhi still had the support of her MPs and congress men. CPI also supported her questioning, the motives of the right-wing opposition. To show that Indira also had the people’s backing, Sanjay’s man Bansilal began ferrying people to the capital. Everyday, a crowd gathered in front of the prime minister’s residence and shouted out their support. And everyday, Indira Gandhi would speak to them. However, in the background, congress men who had PM ambitions (like Jagjivan Ram and Swaran Singh) began making their moves. Another camp within Congress dubbed Young Turk were also contemplating revolt.In the meantime, Sanjay was planning on gagging to press. He thought it was a necessary action to stop rumours and muster support for his mother from the lowest echelons of society.The opposition parties wanted to organise rallies against Indira. JP, on the other hand, wanted to wait for the Supreme court verdict.Meanwhile, Indira Gandhi was busy mustering support. On June 20, Indira Gandhi addressed a huge crowd (allegedly of about a million people), claiming the opposition wanted to liquidate her physically. In the same rally, DK Barooah declared that “Indira is India and India is Indira”.Two days later, on June 22, the opposition parties led by Moraji called for a “do or die” movement to overthrow Indira Gandhi.On June 23, Supreme court began hearing Indira Gandhi’s appeal. After two days of arguments, the SC vacation judge V. Krishna Iyer concluded that “Indira had not committed any of the grave electoral vices” and could continue as the prime minister. She could also participate in discussions in the parliament, but can not vote on any of the issues.After the conditional stay was granted, Indira Gandhi wanted to resign, but was persuaded against it by Sanjay and SS Ray, argues Katherine Frank. Others however argue that this was not an earnest offer. Either way, the PM and her confidants decided that she would stay. Sanjay and SS Ray began insisting that drastic actions were necessary in case the opposition continue to protest.The opposition considered the supreme court verdict a victory and wanted Indira Gandhi to resign. They called for a massive rally at Delhi on June 25 to be held under the leadership of JP.When the opposition was preparing for the rally, Indira and team began toying with an idea of an internal emergency. On June 25, a draft ordinance was prepared by SS Ray and was being discussed at the PM’s residence. A decision to impose the emergency that midnight was made. Later that evening, the president was advised of the developments almost around the same time JP was addressing a rally at Ram leela maidan at Delhi.Oblivious to the developments, JP, in his rally, demanded Indira Gandhi to resign. He called countrywide agitations on June 29 and urged students, trade unionists and farmers to take part in it. He asked the police and army not to obey illegal orders. Indira Gandhi latched on to this and would offer this as her reason to impose the emergency in the coming days.On June 25, 1975 at 11.45 PM, based on the recommendation of the prime minister, the president of India, Fakruddin Ahmed, imposed the emergency. Within the next few hours,all the opposition leaders including JP and Moraji Desai were arrested. Power supply was cut to most newspapers.The next morning, Indira Gandhi made a nationwide broadcast on AIR and told the country that an emergency had been imposed due to internal disturbances.ConclusionAfter Nehru’s death, there was no clear successor to take his position. After Shastri passed unexpectedly, Indira was chosen. Some thought she would be an ideological successor to Nehru and Shastri, while other considered her a week women who could be controlled. Right from the start, she had to deal with multiple violent groups. First it was the naxals, then it was fundamentalist organisation like the RSS, the Ananda Marga and the Jamaat-e-Islami-hind. To assert herself as an independent leader, she centralized power and antagonized senior congressmen (some of them with PM aspirations who would come back to haunt her). After getting her men into key positions in the center and various state governments, she failed to keep a check on them and prevent corruption. She then sidelined her ideological secretary in favour of her son who wanted to get things done, no matter the means. She shied from criticism and when the opposition demanded answers, she took it personally. She was constantly fighting the judiciary and the press too.By 1975, Indira Gandhi had antagonized almost everyone. She thought they wanted her head. The Allahabad verdict fed her fears. Feeling cornered, she retaliated back with vengeance.The blame certainly lies on Indira Gandhi, Sanjay Gandhi and his coterie. But I don’t they are the only ones to be blames. The RSS and Jana Sangh were playing a dangerous games through late 60’s and early 70’s. To achieve their political motives, they instigated agitations. Moraji Desai played alongside them. They tricked JP into their movement to lend it credibility. And that is why emergency was declared in India.
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Can one person make a difference to improve a toxic workplace environment?
Thanks for request.It is very difficult to make a difference to improve toxic workplace environment. I had very bad experience in this respect in India where I worked as a Govt servant for 40 years till I retired in 2014, in an organized sector. The condition in unorganized sector may be still worse.Some of the conditions which constituted the toxic work environment in offices where I worked were as follows:Corruption and obstruction on the way to working as an honest person.Lack of interest in workers to do their best.Burden of work allotted to good and obedient officials causing overwork while some are without much work.Interference of workers’ unions on administrative matters.No incentive for good work.Work is not taken as a service to nation and not done with dedicationLack of cooperation between officials and bosses. Disobedience of bosses.Too much of bossing and ignoring suggestions of subordinates or giving importance to their opinion.Lack of disciplineDependence on manual work as against degitization.Lack of technical efficiency and qualified officials and officers.I realized that it was beyond my capacity to change the entire system and I decided to change the toxic environment by setting a perfect example of good work myself, without submitting to corruption and sacrificing self-respect. It was a difficult journey but I stuck to my policy of honest and good work without compromising on principles. Fortunately, my work was always appreciated by my superiors and colleagues. I never compromised on principles and I never submitted to any unjust demand from my bosses. This was obviously a difficult work, going against tide but it was only I got job satisfaction, There some others like me but it could be counted fingers.
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