Help Me With Add eSignature in G Suite

G Suite signatur refers to the electronic signature capabilities integrated with Google Workspace, previously known as G Suite. With airSlate SignNow, users can leverage the power of G Suite signatur to securely sign documents directly within their Google applications, enhancing workflow efficiency and collaboration.

airSlate SignNow seamlessly integrates with G Suite, allowing users to access their Google Drive documents and add G Suite signatur directly. This integration enhances your document management process by enabling easy sending, signing, and tracking of agreements from within your familiar Google environment.

Yes, airSlate SignNow offers competitive pricing plans that provide excellent value for G Suite signatur users. Our plans are tailored to small and large businesses alike, ensuring you get the features you need without overspending on unnecessary functionalities.

Key features of G Suite signatur with airSlate SignNow include templates, bulk sending of documents, real-time tracking of signatures, and the ability to sign from any device. These features streamline your signing process, ensuring you can execute agreements quickly and securely.

Absolutely! While airSlate SignNow integrates smoothly with G Suite signatur, it also supports various document formats from outside Google Workspace. This flexibility allows users to manage all their signing needs in one place seamlessly, regardless of the document source.

Using airSlate SignNow for G Suite signatur enhances workplace efficiency by reducing the time spent on manual paperwork. The platform makes it easy to send, sign, and store documents securely, while also ensuring compliance with electronic signature laws to protect your business.

Yes, getting started with G Suite signatur on airSlate SignNow is straightforward. Simply sign up for an account, connect your Google Workspace, and start uploading your documents for signing. Our user-friendly interface is designed to help you navigate the platform with ease.

I once read somewhere that piano is the easiest instrument to play in the beginning but the hardest to master in the end; and truth be told, I really agree with this. I started taking piano lessons at the age of 7 when my mom got sick of hearing me slamming random keys all the time. At first, I made quite a lot progress. I practiced around 15 minutes a day, and in less than a month or so I was already playing familiar melodies. However, as years went by, it started to get more and more challenging and 15 minutes a day wasn’t enough anymore. At that time, I had several friends playing at my level who quit, thinking it was too much work, but I didn't. In fact I started practicing more deligently, really dedicating myself. Long story short, I eventually completed grade 8 (Conservatory Canada) with honors, as well as the theory part. But all of this didn't happen overnight. My advice to you if you want to learn piano and be good at it (like actually good, not just “Chopsticks good”) is first and foremost, start taking piano lessons with a teacher and practice what you've learned EVERYDAY. I can't stress this enough; Piano is like a language, if you don't practice, you'll likely forget it just as quickly as you learned it. So that’s why it's so important to make time everyday for piano, even when you’re tired and you don't feel like it. Furthermore, when you get to the part where it gets more complicated, don't quit! Just hang in there, once you pass this crucial step, you’ll find that playing gets way more fun and effortless. Another tip: don't rely on your ear too much at the beginning, as it will interfere with your sight reading skills. You need a good foundation on which you can build upon.In conclusion, learning the piano can be a short or a long process, depending on how skilled you desire to be. All in all, the key (pun intended, ha!) when learning the piano is to be tenacious, persevering and to practice everyday!Good luck my friend!

Learning jazz improv is a skill like any other and you learn it like any other skill - practice.They say it takes 10,000 hours to master a skill but if you understand how diminishing returns effects your practice time you can MASSIVELY cut this down. You can check out the learning hack (and hundreds of free training videos) here: [Piano Hacks] Learn Piano in a Fraction of the TimeText version:Hello and welcome to a New. Jazz theory lesson. In this video we will learn some simple but very useful jazz piano exercises. These exercises will help us a great deal when improvising jazz and modal jazz. Now let me try to play a little solo to demonstrate the sound we can make when mastering these exercises. This solo is actually not very complicated. It may sound complicated… but as a matter of fact it is build upon some very simple techniques…and it is these techniques we are going to explore in this lesson. The big secret is to simplify everything. So we are going to use only these 3 fingers. And we place the three fingers in one simple hand grip… like this! Every exercise in this lesson will be about this hand grip and these 3 fingers.It happens that this hand grip is very powerful. Mastering this 3 finger hand grip we can play the pentatonic scale and all the church modes… and we can play chromatic and inside and outside the scales. Furthermore it is also very easy to augment the handgrip using also finger 4 and 5 playing more advanced stuff.I will show you all this later on in this lesson. with this very simple 3 finger handgrip we make a strong and solid foundation we can use when playing a solo. Ok, let’s look closer at this hand grip. Having the thumb on a given note…we place the second finger on the minor third… and the third finger on the perfect 4th compared to the thumb note. Now the idea is to place the thumb of the hand grip… at the correct locations on the keyboard to form the different scales. Let’s start with a very simple and easy exercise… playing the C minor pentatonic scale.Now let’s put some green markers on the c and g notes. These markers will help us when we rehearse because if we place the thumb of the hand grip on the marked keys we will play the C minor pentatonic scale. Now we set up a 3 bar loop containing sixteenth notes with a four four time signature. And let’s start up in a really slow tempo, like 60 BPM.Now we make a simple left hand bass giving us the 4 meter and the keynote C. We have to decide a finger pattern or motif for the hand grip. Let’s choose the 1 2 3 motif… and write it on the sixteenth notes. The trick is to play finger 1 2 3 and continuously move the thumb of our hand grip to the different markers on the keyboard. So here we go.This is a very simple exercise I know. More stuff will come later. We just need to start simple and make some groundwork first. Having a pattern containing 3 notes against the sixteenth notes we have a metric with 3 against 4 so our motif will continuously be displaced compared to the beats and the bars. in this way we practice the motif in different rhythmical inversions. Having played the 3 bar loop the motif starts all over with the thumb hitting the first beat. Notice, the hand grip completely controls and manage our piano fingering 1 2 3, 1 2 3, 1 2 3… Letting the hand grip direct our piano fingering gives us some great advantages when playing a solo.Because when the hand grip takes control we can in return free our mind to express the music. We will discuss that further in the end of this lesson. Now we will expand our note material and add some green markers to the d an a notes. Maybe you are just a little bit curious now. What happens when we place our hand grip with the thumb on the marked keys? Having the C note as our bass and keynote we got the C Dorian scale. Let’s start the metronome, and let’s play the Dorian mode using the 1 2 3 motif. It is the same principle as with the pentatonic scale…but now we have added two more locations to the hand grip the d note and the a note. And again remember, this is an exercise, not music. We have to practice before we can play any music. Later on in this lesson we will incorporate music into the exercises. That will be fun. But we just have to wait a little longer.Let’s speed up this exercise to 120 BPM If you are able to speed up this exercise to more than 120 BPM you are really fast and a pro on the three first fingers. Personally I will spare you playing any faster… then I avoid you guys laughing at me when I can’t hold the speed and rhythm. If it seem totally impossible to signNow 120 BPM then don’t worry. Everything has a beginning. Start up in a slow speed. Get the grip of the grip. Have patience.Then every day you can speed up the tempo a little bit. It’s all about practice. Let’s try out another motif for our hand grip. What about the 3 1 2 motif. Let’s set the metronome to 60 BPM and the Dorian sounds like this. So here we have another exercise to rehearse…using the 3 1 2 motif. Again the hand grip is controlling the fingering: 3 1 2, 3 1 2, 3 1 2… And we always have the thumb on the marked keys. Let’s speed up the exercise to 120 BPM With our 3 fingered hand grip we can make many variations on the motif. We can play 1 2 3, 2 3 1, 3 1 2, 3 2 1, 2 1 3 and 1 3 2 So in this case we have 6 different motifs to practice.We can practice those motifs using only the c and g location giving us the C Minor pentatonic scale. And we can add the d and a location playing the C Dorian scale. It is also possible to combine the different motifs for example 1 2 3 1 3 2 or an inverted version 3 2 1 3 1 2 Well there are lots of combinations that we could rehearse. You can also make closed phrases. It could be this phrase 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 sounds like this. And we can play the same motifs but at different locations forming a different phrase.And we can move the phrase so it starts off beat. As you can see we end up with millions of possibilities using this simple 3 finger hand grip. It’s like counting the stars on the heaven we will never get done. So this simple hand grip gives us endless ways to make exercises and endless ways to paint our star heaven of music. Let’s set the metronome to 100 BPM.Now we play the Dorian scale using the positions at the green markers. But now we put in some natural breaks. And we are not using a particular motif like 1 2 3 or 3 1 2 and so on. We are mixing the different motifs and we are just fooling around. When I rehearse I often start with a strict exercise for about 30 minutes… and then I take 15 minutes just fooling around like this… incorporating the exercise into my music. I think the fooling around exercise is very important…else our music will end up sounding like an endless repeating borrowing exercise… and we don’t want that. We want our music to live, to be random to be something that is just messing around in our heads and hearts something we can’t explain. If we can get there, THEN we play music. Well our music still need some substance I think.now we are going to discover som very easy ways to expand our 3 finger hand grip to make our music more colorful and thrilling. When we master the 3 finger hand grip… it is very easy and straightforward to expand the grip adding the fourth finger. Having the grip located with the thumb on c…we could add the tritone blue note, the gb note. It is same procedure having the grip on d the blue note will be here. and with the grip on g… the blue note is here. and on a… blue note. Let’s start the metronome and try this out.Now listen… the sound of Dorian mode is now more dissonant, bluesy and colorful Still we are using our 3 finger hand grip… as our mental home base. So the exercises we made earlier in this lesson makes the groundwork. That’s why it is easy for us to add the fourth finger.It’s like putting a trailer on the hook. Finger 1, 2 and 3 represents the car, the engine. The 4 finger is the trailer that just follows being pulled by the car. In another Newjazz lesson we use this blue note when playing jazzy blues. I will paste a link to that lesson in the description below. There are other interesting openings we can hook onto our 3 finger engine.We can actually have the entire minor pentatonic scale in our hand. So if our 3 finger hand grip is on c… then we add the fourth and fifth finger on the g… and bb note. So here is the C minor pentatonic scale. We can do that on every marker or location. Having the hand grip on d…we can expand to the D minor pentatonic. And having the grip on g… we can expand to the G minor pentatonic. And with the grip on a… we have the A minor pentatonic scale in our hand. Notice that the e note… inside the A pentatonic does not belong to the C Dorian scale.It should be the eb note. This e note… is the ONLY note… that does not fit the C Dorian. Else we are home free. Let’s start the metronome again.So now we play the C Dorian scale occasionally using all five fingers. Still the 3 finger hand grip is my engine. And remember, if we use the A pentatonic grip… we must be aware of the 4th finger. This note does not not belong to the C Dorian scale.But the thing is that I occasionally like the more bright sound from this C major third… disturbing the C Dorian minor third. Then we have a nice counteraction between minor and major. Let’s try also to mix in the blue note. Not all the time, just occasionally. So far we have behaved being faithful to the scales not destroying them too much.But now we will break the boundaries totally and make some exercises playing chromatic. Now, if we rehearse some chromatic exercises with our hand grip it will be easy for us to play inside and outside a specific scale. A technique many jazz musicians use to make tension and release in their solos. So let’s construct a chromatic exercise.Well this is quite straight forward, because we just add some additional markers to the keys. Let’s put on markers on the eb notes… and the bb notes. These two new locations are definitely outside the C Dorian right? Let’s start the metronome and make a strict exercise using a specific motif… let’s choose the 1 3 2 motif. With this exercise we actually practice to play in and out.When the thumb is on the c, d, g, and a notes… we play inside the C Dorian. When the thumb is on the eb or bb… then we play outside. So we are shifting between playing inside and outside. Having done this strict exercise using a specific motif… we also just have to make a fool around exercise… to hear how the new outside locations sound when we improvise more freely.In this case we added the eb and the bb locations. But it could also be any other outside locations. They all give us a different sound. In this case we have added two locations giving us two similar clusters so we have the locations placed in the same manner here… and here. In this way… we retain structure and composition in our solo.By the way… in another lesson from New. Jazz… we create a totally chromatic… atonal and non diatonic sound. Instead of playing scales we make the sound using a composition of structures, sequences and patterns. I will paste a link to that lesson in the description below.let’s try to add the 4th and 5th finger to our hand grip. And what about also using the 4th finger blue note. Well it works great I think. Now we will discover how to use the simple 3 finger hand grip to play all the 7 church modes. We are going to use a simple but very useful tool. The CIRCLE OF CHURCH MODES. With this tool we can look up all the church modes and find out where to place our hand grip. In another lesson from New. Jazz we build this circle of church modes.I will paste a link to that lesson in the description below. Let’s look up our C Dorian mode. Then we just find the Dorian mode on the lower disc… and then we point the c key on the upper disc to the Dorian mode. Now we have all the C Dorian keys pointed out: c, d, eb, f, g, a and bb. Playing the C Dorian we already know that we must place our grip on c, d, g, and a.So let’s put on a paper clip at each location for our hand grip: c, d, g and a. Now we can also observe on the circle of church modes that the locations for our hand grip… are at the Dorian degree… Phrygian degree… Aeolian degree… and Locrian degree. These four degrees are universal. So it applies to every mode in every key that we must place our hand grip at these four degrees.So let’s see how it works and look up another mode on the circle of church modes. Let’s say we want to play the C Phrygian mode. then we set the circle of church modes to Phrygian… and C. Then we can observe that the C Phrygian contains the notes: c, db, eb, f, g, ab, and bb. So where to place our handgrip when playing the C Phrygian? At the four degrees pointed out by the paper clips. So we can place our thumb on the Dorian degree bb…the Phrygian degree c… the Aeolian degree f… and the Locrian degree g. So let’s move the green markers to the new keys. Let’s start the metronome and try to play the C Phrygian placing our hand grip on the new locations. Using only 3 fingers we now play a Phrygian solo. Let’s try to expand our 3 finger hand grip also using the 4th and 5th finger.So with the 3 finger engine we can play all 7 modes. It is just a matter of finding the correct locations to place the thumb of the hand grip. And the locations are always at the Dorian… Phrygian…Aeolian… and Locrian degree. On the circle of church modes we looked up the C Phrygian scale. And we could observe that the hand grip should be placed on the notes bb, c, f, and g. Compared to the C Dorian we played earlier we have actually just moved all the green markers down a whole step. Let’s try also to play some outside locations. So now I just choose some random outside locations…playing inside and outside the Phrygian scale. When the thumb is on a green marker we play inside… when the thumb is not, we play outside. This is a fooling around exercise mixing different motifs. But as we did earlier we can of course also rehearse specific motifs like 1 2 3, 2 3 1 and so on. Everything is all the same as when we rehearsed the C Dorian scale.Now we have just changed the tonality, that’s all. If you want to know more about the church modes you may consult another lesson I made digging really deep into the modal theory. I will paste a link in the description below. Let’s talk a little about the advantages of the 3 finger hand grip system. The thing is that the 3 first fingers are the strongest and fastest by nature. That’s why the exercises shown in this lesson only concern rehearsing these 3 fingers. We must of course also exercise the last two fingers but they will just never get the same potential no matter how much we practice.So the idea in this lesson is to benefit from the nature and physiology of the hand. So that’s why we use the first 3 fingers to make a strong engine. Having a strong engine we can always hook on the two last fingers. Making a simple hand grip containing only 3 fingers also makes thing easier for us we don’t have to think too much about advanced techniques when playing a solo… it’s all in the hand grip.Instead of thinking we can concentrate on feelings and expression, playing music from our heart. A subscriber asked me about those hand grips I often use in different aspects: “What if I change the tonality” he said “should I then use the same piano fingering?” that’s a really good question and the answer is YES. This is the whole idea. When moving my thumb to different locations on the keyboard I use the same piano fingering, the same hand grip no matter the tonality or location of the hand grip. It can give some awkward finger transitions once and awhile, I know.But the big advantage using the hand grip is that I can play the solo without thinking too much because I can use the same simple piano fingering system all the time. So I would rather make some awkward finger transitions once and awhile than placing my fingers in a more classical correct manner. In a static classical composition it is different. Then it may pay off to find the most suitable places for the fingers not thinking in hand grips. But when we play a spontaneous solo we also need a spontaneous tool. We need a hand grip that is suited for rehearsing, repetition and variation. A hand grip that splits the phrases into small recognizable motifs. A hand grip that is fast, strong and simple.A hand grip that makes our mind free from overthinking so we can use our energy on expression and feelings. This video must have an end. My name is Oliver Prehn. And I really hope you can benefit from the exercises and the 3 finger hand grip. In the description below I will paste a link to a playlist with all music from New. Jazz.The songs are a mixture of modal blues, rock, funk and jazz. Erik Frandsen plays the drums and I play the keyboards. So enjoy listening and enjoy playing music…..

Learning anything on the piano can be tricky it just depends how you do it. Personally I like learning Jazz pieces because it suits me.Generally the hardest part for new students is learning to get the rhythm right.They say it takes 10,000 hours to master a skill but if you understand how diminishing returns effects your practice time you can MASSIVELY cut this down. You can check out the learning hack (and hundreds of free training videos) here: http://piano-professor.com/learn...Give the video a watch it might help.Write up:Hello and welcome to a New. Jazz theory lesson. In this video we will learn some simple but very useful jazz piano exercises. These exercises will help us a great deal when improvising jazz and modal jazz. Now let me try to play a little solo to demonstrate the sound we can make when mastering these exercises. This solo is actually not very complicated.It may sound complicated… but as a matter of fact it is build upon some very simple techniques… and it is these techniques we are going to explore in this lesson. The big secret is to simplify everything. So we are going to use only these 3 fingers.And we place the three fingers in one simple hand grip… like this! Every exercise in this lesson will be about this hand grip and these 3 fingers. It happens that this hand grip is very powerful. Mastering this 3 finger hand grip we can play the pentatonic scale and all the church modes… and we can play chromatic and inside and outside the scales. Furthermore it is also very easy to augment the handgrip using also finger 4 and 5 playing more advanced stuff. I will show you all this later on in this lesson.with this very simple 3 finger handgrip we make a strong and solid foundation we can use when playing a solo. Ok, let’s look closer at this hand grip. Having the thumb on a given note… we place the second finger on the minor third… and the third finger on the perfect 4th compared to the thumb note. Now the idea is to place the thumb of the hand grip… at the correct locations on the keyboard to form the different scales.Let’s start with a very simple and easy exercise… playing the C minor pentatonic scale. Now let’s put some green markers on the c and g notes. These markers will help us when we rehearse because if we place the thumb of the hand grip on the marked keys we will play the C minor pentatonic scale. Now we set up a 3 bar loop containing sixteenth notes with a four four time signature. And let’s start up in a really slow tempo, like 60 BPM. Now we make a simple left hand bass giving us the 4 meter and the keynote C. We have to decide a finger pattern or motif for the hand grip.Let’s choose the 1 2 3 motif… and write it on the sixteenth notes. The trick is to play finger 1 2 3 and continuously move the thumb of our hand grip to the different markers on the keyboard. So here we go. This is a very simple exercise I know. More stuff will come later. We just need to start simple and make some groundwork first. Having a pattern containing 3 notes against the sixteenth notes we have a metric with 3 against 4 so our motif will continuously be displaced compared to the beats and the bars.in this way we practice the motif in different rhythmical inversions. Having played the 3 bar loop the motif starts all over with the thumb hitting the first beat. Notice, the hand grip completely controls and manage our piano fingering 1 2 3, 1 2 3, 1 2 3… Letting the hand grip direct our piano fingering gives us some great advantages when playing a solo. Because when the hand grip takes control we can in return free our mind to express the music.We will discuss that further in the end of this lesson. Now we will expand our note material and add some green markers to the d an a notes. Maybe you are just a little bit curious now. What happens when we place our hand grip with the thumb on the marked keys? Having the C note as our bass and keynote we got the C Dorian scale. Let’s start the metronome, and let’s play the Dorian mode using the 1 2 3 motif. It is the same principle as with the pentatonic scale… but now we have added two more locations to the hand grip the d note and the a note.And again remember, this is an exercise, not music. We have to practice before we can play any music. Later on in this lesson we will incorporate music into the exercises. That will be fun. But we just have to wait a little longer. Let’s speed up this exercise to 120 BPM If you are able to speed up this exercise to more than 120 BPM you are really fast and a pro on the three first fingers. Personally I will spare you playing any faster…then I avoid you guys laughing at me when I can’t hold the speed and rhythm. If it seem totally impossible to signNow 120 BPM then don’t worry. Everything has a beginning. Start up in a slow speed. Get the grip of the grip. Have patience.Then every day you can speed up the tempo a little bit. It’s all about practice. Let’s try out another motif for our hand grip. What about the 3 1 2 motif. Let’s set the metronome to 60 BPM and the Dorian sounds like this.So here we have another exercise to rehearse… using the 3 1 2 motif. Again the hand grip is controlling the fingering: 3 1 2, 3 1 2, 3 1 2… And we always have the thumb on the marked keys. Let’s speed up the exercise to 120 BPM With our 3 fingered hand grip we can make many variations on the motif. We can play 1 2 3, 2 3 1, 3 1 2, 3 2 1, 2 1 3 and 1 3 2 So in this case we have 6 different motifs to practice. We can practice those motifs using only the c and g location giving us the C Minor pentatonic scale. And we can add the d and a location playing the C Dorian scale.It is also possible to combine the different motifs for example 1 2 3 1 3 2 or an inverted version 3 2 1 3 1 2 Well there are lots of combinations that we could rehearse. You can also make closed phrases. It could be this phrase 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 sounds like this. And we can play the same motifs but at different locations forming a different phrase. And we can move the phrase so it starts off beat.As you can see we end up with millions of possibilities using this simple 3 finger hand grip. It’s like counting the stars on the heaven we will never get done. So this simple hand grip gives us endless ways to make exercises and endless ways to paint our star heaven of music. Let’s set the metronome to 100 BPM. Now we play the Dorian scale using the positions at the green markers.But now we put in some natural breaks. And we are not using a particular motif like 1 2 3 or 3 1 2 and so on. We are mixing the different motifs and we are just fooling around. When I rehearse I often start with a strict exercise for about 30 minutes… and then I take 15 minutes just fooling around like this… incorporating the exercise into my music. I think the fooling around exercise is very important… else our music will end up sounding like an endless repeating borrowing exercise…and we don’t want that. We want our music to live, to be random to be something that is just messing around in our heads and hearts something we can’t explain. If we can get there, THEN we play music. Well our music still need some substance I think. now we are going to discover som very easy ways to expand our 3 finger hand grip to make our music more colorful and thrilling. When we master the 3 finger hand grip… it is very easy and straightforward to expand the grip adding the fourth finger. Having the grip located with the thumb on c…we could add the tritone blue note, the gb note. It is same procedure having the grip on d the blue note will be here. and with the grip on g… the blue note is here. and on a… blue note. Let’s start the metronome and try this out. Now listen…the sound of Dorian mode is now more dissonant, bluesy and colorful Still we are using our 3 finger hand grip… as our mental home base. So the exercises we made earlier in this lesson makes the groundwork. That’s why it is easy for us to add the fourth finger. It’s like putting a trailer on the hook.Finger 1, 2 and 3 represents the car, the engine. The 4 finger is the trailer that just follows being pulled by the car. In another Newjazz lesson we use this blue note when playing jazzy blues. I will paste a link to that lesson in the description below. There are other interesting openings we can hook onto our 3 finger engine. We can actually have the entire minor pentatonic scale in our hand. So if our 3 finger hand grip is on c…then we add the fourth and fifth finger on the g… and bb note. So here is the C minor pentatonic scale. We can do that on every marker or location. Having the hand grip on d…we can expand to the D minor pentatonic. And having the grip on g… we can expand to the G minor pentatonic. And with the grip on a…we have the A minor pentatonic scale in our hand. Notice that the e note… inside the A pentatonic does not belong to the C Dorian scale. It should be the eb note.This e note… is the ONLY note… that does not fit the C Dorian. Else we are home free. Let’s start the metronome again. So now we play the C Dorian scale occasionally using all five fingers.Still the 3 finger hand grip is my engine. And remember, if we use the A pentatonic grip… we must be aware of the 4th finger. This note does not not belong to the C Dorian scale. But the thing is that I occasionally like the more bright sound from this C major third… disturbing the C Dorian minor third. Then we have a nice counteraction between minor and major.Let’s try also to mix in the blue note. Not all the time, just occasionally. So far we have behaved being faithful to the scales not destroying them too much. But now we will break the boundaries totally and make some exercises playing chromatic. Now, if we rehearse some chromatic exercises with our hand grip it will be easy for us to play inside and outside a specific scale. A technique many jazz musicians use to make tension and release in their solos. So let’s construct a chromatic exercise.Well this is quite straight forward, because we just add some additional markers to the keys. Let’s put on markers on the eb notes… and the bb notes. These two new locations are definitely outside the C Dorian right? Let’s start the metronome and make a strict exercise using a specific motif… let’s choose the 1 3 2 motif. With this exercise we actually practice to play in and out. When the thumb is on the c, d, g, and a notes… we play inside the C Dorian.When the thumb is on the eb or bb… then we play outside. So we are shifting between playing inside and outside. Having done this strict exercise using a specific motif… we also just have to make a fool around exercise… to hear how the new outside locations sound when we improvise more freely.In this case we added the eb and the bb locations. But it could also be any other outside locations. They all give us a different sound. In this case we have added two locations giving us two similar clusters so we have the locations placed in the same manner here… and here. In this way… we retain structure and composition in our solo. By the way…in another lesson from New. Jazz… we create a totally chromatic… atonal and non diatonic sound. Instead of playing scales we make the sound using a composition of structures, sequences and patterns.I will paste a link to that lesson in the description below. let’s try to add the 4th and 5th finger to our hand grip. And what about also using the 4th finger blue note. Well it works great I think.Now we will discover how to use the simple 3 finger hand grip to play all the 7 church modes. We are going to use a simple but very useful tool. The CIRCLE OF CHURCH MODES. With this tool we can look up all the church modes and find out where to place our hand grip. In another lesson from New. Jazz we build this circle of church modes. I will paste a link to that lesson in the description below. Let’s look up our C Dorian mode.Then we just find the Dorian mode on the lower disc… and then we point the c key on the upper disc to the Dorian mode. Now we have all the C Dorian keys pointed out: c, d, eb, f, g, a and bb. Playing the C Dorian we already know that we must place our grip on c, d, g, and a. So let’s put on a paper clip at each location for our hand grip: c, d, g and a. Now we can also observe on the circle of church modes that the locations for our hand grip… are at the Dorian degree…Phrygian degree… Aeolian degree… and Locrian degree. These four degrees are universal. So it applies to every mode in every key that we must place our hand grip at these four degrees. So let’s see how it works and look up another mode on the circle of church modes. Let’s say we want to play the C Phrygian mode. then we set the circle of church modes to Phrygian…and C. Then we can observe that the C Phrygian contains the notes: c, db, eb, f, g, ab, and bb. So where to place our handgrip when playing the C Phrygian? At the four degrees pointed out by the paper clips. So we can place our thumb on the Dorian degree bb… the Phrygian degree c…the Aeolian degree f… and the Locrian degree g. So let’s move the green markers to the new keys. Let’s start the metronome and try to play the C Phrygian placing our hand grip on the new locations.Using only 3 fingers we now play a Phrygian solo. Let’s try to expand our 3 finger hand grip also using the 4th and 5th finger. So with the 3 finger engine we can play all 7 modes. It is just a matter of finding the correct locations to place the thumb of the hand grip. And the locations are always at the Dorian… Phrygian… Aeolian…and Locrian degree. On the circle of church modes we looked up the C Phrygian scale. And we could observe that the hand grip should be placed on the notes bb, c, f, and g. Compared to the C Dorian we played earlier we have actually just moved all the green markers down a whole step. Let’s try also to play some outside locations. So now I just choose some random outside locations… playing inside and outside the Phrygian scale.When the thumb is on a green marker we play inside… when the thumb is not, we play outside. This is a fooling around exercise mixing different motifs. But as we did earlier we can of course also rehearse specific motifs like 1 2 3, 2 3 1 and so on. Everything is all the same as when we rehearsed the C Dorian scale. Now we have just changed the tonality, that’s all.If you want to know more about the church modes you may consult another lesson I made digging really deep into the modal theory. I will paste a link in the description below. Let’s talk a little about the advantages of the 3 finger hand grip system. The thing is that the 3 first fingers are the strongest and fastest by nature.That’s why the exercises shown in this lesson only concern rehearsing these 3 fingers. We must of course also exercise the last two fingers but they will just never get the same potential no matter how much we practice. So the idea in this lesson is to benefit from the nature and physiology of the hand. So that’s why we use the first 3 fingers to make a strong engine. Having a strong engine we can always hook on the two last fingers. Making a simple hand grip containing only 3 fingers also makes thing easier for us we don’t have to think too much about advanced techniques when playing a solo… it’s all in the hand grip.Instead of thinking we can concentrate on feelings and expression, playing music from our heart. A subscriber asked me about those hand grips I often use in different aspects: “What if I change the tonality” he said “should I then use the same piano fingering?” that’s a really good question and the answer is YES. This is the whole idea. When moving my thumb to different locations on the keyboard I use the same piano fingering, the same hand grip no matter the tonality or location of the hand grip. It can give some awkward finger transitions once and awhile, I know. But the big advantage using the hand grip is that I can play the solo without thinking too much because I can use the same simple piano fingering system all the time.So I would rather make some awkward finger transitions once and awhile than placing my fingers in a more classical correct manner. In a static classical composition it is different. Then it may pay off to find the most suitable places for the fingers not thinking in hand grips. But when we play a spontaneous solo we also need a spontaneous tool.We need a hand grip that is suited for rehearsing, repetition and variation. A hand grip that splits the phrases into small recognizable motifs. A hand grip that is fast, strong and simple. A hand grip that makes our mind free from overthinking so we can use our energy on expression and feelings. This video must have an end. My name is Oliver Prehn. And I really hope you can benefit from the exercises and the 3 finger hand grip.In the description below I will paste a link to a playlist with all music from New. Jazz. The songs are a mixture of modal blues, rock, funk and jazz. Erik Frandsen plays the drums and I play the keyboards. So enjoy listening and enjoy playing music…..

Let's not take all the bogus “Low Indian self-esteem” answers/opinion here at face value. Let's talk about TECHNOLOGY!Design: The Tejas is an Unstable design with Relaxed static stability(RSS). Unstable design with RSS is more agile and maneuverable than conventional 4th generation “stable designs”. In simpler words, an unstable 2 wheeler bike will have better turn rates and agility than a stable 4 wheeler. I believe Tejas is the most unstable fighter in the IAF.2. Flight Controls: Unstable designs need a power Flight control system to maintain artificial stability in the air. In this regard, Tejas has the most advanced Flight control system in the world:- A Quadruplex (4 channel) Digital Fly by Wire system. The Su-30MKI is the only other fighter in the IAF with comparable Fly By Wire system. Mirage2000 has a very basic 2 channel Fly By Wire system, while the remaining fighters in the IAF still have mechanical controls and no Fly by Wire system.3. Aircraft Make: Tejas is a World beater in this category. Traditionally fighters were made completely of metal. But modern 4.5th generation fighters have a lot of advanced composites over metal in the airframe. Composites are easier to maintain, makes the fighter lighter and most importantly does not reflect radar waves making the fighter stealthy. Coming to Tejas, 90% of the Airframe surface area is made of composites, the highest in the world!4. Stealth: Tejas is not only the stealthiest fighter in the IAF but also arguably the stealthiest 4.5th generation fighter in the world. Its radar signature is estimated to be just 1/3rd of a Mirage2000. Apart from the use of composites and its small size a Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor face from probing radar waves, and the application of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings are intended to minimize its susceptibility to detection and tracking.5. Cockpit and avionics: The Tejas has a Glass cockpit with 100% Digital controls., unlike Mirage2000/Mig 29, etc which traditionally have a lot of analog systems controls in the cockpit. The biggest stamp of approval about the avionics are from the pilots themselves“"Tejas is best in its class with excellent onboard systems and avionics," said the ace pilot hailing from Srirangam in Tamil Nadu. He said the avionics in Tejas is leagues ahead when compared to other contemporary aircraft of its kind in the world. “Read more at https://www.oneindia.com/india/t...6. Talking Fighter? : Some of the most advanced software have gone into developing the Tejas making it an intelligent “talking machine”. The Tejas is highly responsive to the pilot’s inputs giving him all the information he needs to have access to. It tells you what all it is capable of and what it cannot do. The aircraft also tells you what is wrong with it. As an engineer, you need not to break your head to diagnose technical issues as it also pinpoints any issues during maintenance.‘Intelligent’ Tejas does the ‘talking’; pilots & engineers are not complaining7. Thrust to Weight Ratio: Tejas has a TW ratio of 0.96(100% fuel), which is the best in its class among all Light Combat Fighters in the world.Conclusion: To be fair, Tejas is one of the most advanced platforms in the world as of today. Its Design, Flight controls, Composite usage, Software, Avionics, and all other Core technologies are comparable to the Best in the World. Its wide range of Weapons package is also impressive! While Mig 29, Mirage2000, Jaguars start to get obsolete 12–15 years down the line..it will be the Su-30MKI and Tejas that will form the backbone of the IAF.Debunking some misconceptions about this brilliant fighter though :Tejas is overweight: No, Tejas is the Lightest 4.5th generation fighter in the world. Asking for anything lighter is living in unrealistic fantasy land.Weak Thrust to Weight Ratio: As mentioned before, the Tejas has a TW ratio of 0.96, best in its class. Offcourse its always better to have a higher TW ratio and the Tejas mk2 would possibly have a TW ratio of over 1.00, but 0.96 is from no angle “weak. Its better than Mirage2000, JF-17, Jas Gripen, FA-50, Jaguars to name some.Most of the parts are imported: False. Most of the parts are Indian. In terms of numbers, 25% of the components are imported. In terms of value, it is 40%.The third line of Defence: That's a bogus thing that keeps repeating.Su-30MKI is the first line..Mirage2000 second line..Tejas 3rd line bullshit. There is no such concept in the IAF. Though most fighters in the IAF are Multi-role, they excel at certain roles which are then appointed to them.High maintenance: Absolutely not. Its one of the easiest to maintain owing to the fact its single engine, Light, has a composite aircraft and advanced software to point out the issues.Low Range and Payload: Its Range and Payload is proportional to its Weight. You cannot expect a Horse to carry as much weight as an Elephant. In fact, I would say Tejas packs more than its Weight. Being just 6.5 tons, it can carry another almost 6 tons of Internal fuel + External payloads.And Finally to conclude-Overall How does Tejas compare to Migs and Mirages in the IAF? :To a specific query on how best was Tejas when compared to the MiGs and Mirages, Ranga said: "Generation ahead of Mirage, MiG. You can't compare apples with oranges."Read more at https://www.oneindia.com/india/t...Why is Tejas generation ahead of Migs and Mirages is explained in the first 7 points?

Anonymous OP= Sadist w/o enough proof and evidence a.k.a TROLL.So here it is for Ya’all sadists fanboys.LOOK AT IT. UNDERSTAND IT. DIGEST IT. RESPECT IT!The answer is very long, but I assure you that it is to the point and will answer both questions in detail.The LCA-Tejas is the replacement for the soviet origin Mig-21 fighter aircrafts, which have been in air for around 70 years with various air-forces across the globe, Indian Air Force being a major customer with considerable numbers still in service. The LCA has hit the production lines and 123 are on order.But it is still a question if LCA is a worthy successor to the Mig-21? and if the country has gained anything from this or is it just another piece of junk?This answer shall dig into the above questions.Content:1.Role2.Aerodynamics3.Stealth4.Safety5.How it has helped the country?ROLE:Mig-21: It was primarily designed and inducted as an Interceptor, Later it was modified as CAS and a airsuperiority fighter.LCA: Point defense, multi-role fighter.Inference: The primary job of an interceptor is to gain speed and height quickly and to intercept incoming threats. They are not primarily designed to undertake CAS and Air-superiority fighter roles whereas LCA from the first day was supposed to be a multirole fighter. The design of Mig allows it to travel at very high speeds with degraded performance at low speed where as LCA has a balanced performance in all speed regimes.Little knowledge before going further:Aspect Ratio(AR): Ratio of total lenth of wing(wing span) to ChordWing loading(WL): It is ratio of gross weight to be carried by wing to area of wingLeading edge/Trailing edge :Anhedral/Dihedral:Chord: Line joining Leading edge to trailing edgeAOA: Angle between chord and Wind.Critical AOA: AOA for which lift is maximum or angle after which lift starts decreasing rapidly.Relation of AR with lift:Lift Vs AOA for various AR:Inference :Higher AR will have higher LiftMore the AR less will be the Critical AOA.Higher the AR, higher the induced dragAerodynamics of Delta Wings:Lift generated by delta wing has two components: Vortex lift+Potential Flow lift (read Lift on a flat plate)At lower angle of attack the lift is only the Potential flow component.(AOA=0*-5*)At higher angle of attacks Vortex are generated by the leading edge, which flow over wing and creates a low pressure region over wing and hence lift is generated.(AOA=5*-20*)At higher AOA the vortex starts getting disturbed and lift is decreased but can be controlled by certain measures.(AOA=20*-30*)Delta wing shows low lift at low A.O.A because of following reasons:More surface area for given amount of lift causes more viscous drag which decreases Lift/Drag ratio. More the ratio is better the lift.At low AOA the formation of vortex is not uniform or flow separation or due to vortex burst(I oversimplified way too much).Relation of WL with Maneuverability: The less the WL the better and faster will be the roll maneuver.AERODYNAMICS:Wing Type:Mig-21: Pure Cropped Delta with tail.LCA: Cropped Compound tailless delta.Inference: Mig had an extra control surface that added to the drag at high speed regime. Being pure cropped delta has it’s fair share of disadvantages as i mentioned above. Also due to the design the take off speed and distance is more for Mig-21 than Tejas.AR:Mig-21: 2.2LCA: ~1.75(Wing span^2 / wing area)Inference: Mig-21 focuses on more lift whereas LCA for less drag, no one wins in this department all matter of priorities. Trade-offs can’t be avoided.WL:Mig-21: 452LCA: 247Inference: LCA is a clear winner, this makes LCA more maneuverable in combat.Thrust to Weight Ratio:Mig-21: 0.7LCA: 1.07Inference: LCA wins, this gives LCA a better climb rate than Mig-21.Wing Position:Mig-21: -2* dihedralIts 2 deg annhedral sirLCA: Anhedral:Inference: Anhedral position of delta wings generates extra lift. LCA wins.AOA: This part is tricky.Mig-21:30*LCA:28*Inference: Despite using dihedral swept back cranks LCA has AOA 2* less than Mig-21, but at the same time it is good in terms of existing 4.5 gen aircrafts. The reason for the following can be the pure delta of Mig-21 which are best suited in for high AOA but poor lift at low AOA where as LCA tries to keep the lift enact even at low AOA and low speed, so the reduction of 2* AOA in LCA is a trade-off for a wider flight envelope.STEALTH:Inlet:Mig-21: Inlet cone with Inlet at front of the plane.LCA: Supersonic, Y-duct below and behind the wing.Inference: Mig doesnot gives stealth due to the protruding cone and compressor RCS just visible at the front whre as LCA has two advantage:Stealth by covering the Compressor RCS.Continious suppply of air at high AOA.Material Used:Mig-21: Mostly metal or alluminium alloyLCA: 44% is Carbon composite.Inference: LCA is more lighter, stronger and stealthier.Wing Blending: The Blending of wing with fuselage in LCA does two things:Lower down the RCS.Make fuselage a Lift generating object. This feature is not present in Mig-21.RAM: Extensive use of RAM(Radar Absorbing Materials) decrease the RCS both of body and the Cockpit through canopy.SAFETY:Needless to say from the day LCA was first flown it had never ever met with an accident, Mig-21 doesnot have a appreciable safety record which has earned it the name of “Flying Coffin”.IS LCA PROJECT A SCAM ON TAXPAYERS MONEY?Well, probably what’s your say on these?We paid $2B for INS vikramaditya when it was projected to be several millions.We are paying more than $3B for FGFA but the work share and ToT is still questionable.We are major share holder in Mig-29 and SU-30 MKI developement and still the supplier doesn't share spare parts of the same, result being more than 40% fighters being grounded at any given time and frequent crashes.We bought T-90S but it's FCS, Armour and Air condition, RCWS all run on that developed by DRDO for Arjun MBT, same stands for T-72 CIA. Reason Russia didn’t share the ToT as per agreement.Add up all these and the total financial figure can easily cross $10B. But still the media never shys away from calling this utterly over expensive, frequent maintainance and accident prone Russian equipments some sort of “Brahmastra” and the LCA which hasn’t met with an accident so far and an availability of 73% all the time a DUD. This is a bigger scam. Isn’t it?Coming to Tejas:1. It was meant to replace Mig-21 which was not a key fighter either.2.LCA remains the cheapest programme with just $1B on it’s R&D. Atleast one-fourteenth of the budget of nearest contemporary and still comparable.Can the OP produce any official reports to quantify the fact that an aircraft which is developed by an R&D organisation whose Total R&D budget is one-sixth of an E-retailing company’s R&D and having underpaid scientists as compared to it’s international peers is a SCAM.IS IT A CHEAP MIRAGE COPY?Perhaps NO. Why?Here is it :WING POSITION W.R.T FUSELAGE:Mirage: Flat i.e 0* w.r.t to horizontol axis.LCA: AnhedralInference: For Delta Wings Anhedral placement creates more lift, which further help to counter the lack of lift during slow speeds in tejas but thats not the case with Mirage, suffers lack of lift during slow speeds.Extra LIFT AND PERFORMANCE INCREMENT DEVICES(Canards/LERX/Chine etc):Mirage: Small strake on the intakes above wing.LCA: Crank (Marked in pink and dihedrally placed)Inference: Mirage doesnot have any Lift increment device, the strakes it uses it gives a littlehelp in maintaining airflow at high AOA but not very effective , unlike tejas whose dihedrally positioned forward swept crank helps it a lot to maintain lift at high angle of attack(AOA) by delaying flow separation above wings.BLENDING WING : Look at wing- fuselage for junction both :Mirage: The junction is clearly visible.LCA: There is blending of juction between wing-fuselage.Inference: Now this feature does two things-Makes the fuselage self lift creating object.Helps to reduce the RCS and add stealth to aircraft.Mirage is in disadvantage in this one.WING-LOADING : The lower the better. Lower wing loading is a key deciding factor about the maneuverability of aircraft. Lower wing-loading helps in better dogfight.Mirage:337 kg/m²LCA: 247 kg/m²Now comes the most complex of all but rather ignored topic the INTAKES. The topic is scientifically very critical in deciding the performance of aircraft.The position of inlet:Mirage: Beside the fuselage.LCA: Under and Behind wing.Inference: Putting the inlet sidewise, creates airflow moving over the surface of the fuselage develops a turbulent boundary layer, and ingesting this turbulent boundary layer into the engines may causes problems in the compressors if not it adds to drag. Also at high AOA this position of inlets does not ensure a good performance but in case of tejas the position of inlet behind wind ensures a considerable of amount of air supply to engine at high AOA which is not in case of Mirage.Type of Intake:Further the intakes of Mirage are old gen intake comprising inlet cone but which doesnot helps to guard the compressor RCS, but Tejas uses Y-Duct intake that curtails the compressor RCS and gives a big RCS reduction to tejas and adds to tejas’s stealth which is not the case with Mirage.Above: Inlet cone of Mirage; Below: Y-duct inlet design.Conclusion: Where Mirage was primarily developed to replace Mirage III it was supposed to be a interceptor and good ground attack capability which are the strong points of mirage but lacks little bit in Air to Air and Stealth capability whereas the LCA was always supposed to be point defense fighter to replace Mig-21 , hence it was supposed to have a well balance of ground attack, Air to Air combat and Stealth. Though LCA lacks in terms of range but thats a trade off between aerodynamics, stealth and attack capability just like the Mirage which does just the reverse. It’s all matter of priorities. The following points proves that LCA is not copy of Mirage-2000 either!A SHEAR WASTE OF TAXPAYERS MONEY?Hell No, I don’t believe so!TEJAS IS NOT A FIFITH GENERATION AIRCRAFT. IT WAS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE ONE. IT IS REPLACEMENT FOR MIG-21. IT DOES JOB QUITE WELL. LETS KEEP IT THAT WAY. TELLING TEJAS IS FIFTH GENRATION AIRCRAFT WHEN IT IS NOT IS UNDERMINING THE AIRCRAFT DELIBERATELY. WE HAVE FGFA AND AMCA PROGRAMMES TO TAKE CARE OF FIFTH GENERATION AIRCRAFT NEEDS.Rest of the answer i am reposting one of my earlier ones:IAF is at least of its air squadron power ever, this answer shall also look into this point if this situation was sudden or it was predictable.HAL tejas a failure or Success?Well its time to find out…Content:History of developement: HAL Marut, MCA(Most of us won’t have even heard of it), LCA-tejasTechnologies developed: Fly-by wire, engine, radar, aerodynamics, avionicscontribution to the industry/ country .comparison of budgets with other fighter jets?Let’s start with:HISTORY:HAL MARUT:The first supersonic fighter jets in Asia.Served efficiently from 1960–1991 without any severe problems.Also IAF was enjoying aerial supremacy in the region with the newly developed and bought 1200 Mig-21, during this time the PLAAF was not as strong as IAF. But Chinese realised “SOMETHING” that we (excluding navy) didn’t and are still denying from realising it.It was first fighter jet developed, designed and manufactured in India.It got some engine problems, GTRE did developed engine for it, it worked with complete efficiency but was incompatible with aircraft. Had there been foresightedness in airforce, governement and beuraucracy a little more funds would have given us a new engine for Marut. But Marut died a slow death given by beuraucracy, poor R&D funding(which still is poor), and lack of foresightedness.HAL MCA(Medium Combat Aircraft): Say Hello to this Guy!!It was the twin engined, vertical stabilizer less, 360 Thrust vectoring nozzle aircraft a.k.a twin engined MCA(big brother of MCA)It was proposed in early 2000s.But We did the same mistake again, IAF showed little interest in the program and the plan was shelved back in 2000s and the IAF insisted on the LCA and insisted for 126 MCA from foreign and hence started the saga of 126 MMRCA with tender being issued in 2001. The deal was signed for just 36 in 2016. We wasted 16 years again, had there been foresightedness and less corruption in the system , with proper absorption of public and private industry, this thing would have been already into the sky.But, it never saw the daylight and remained a proposal.HAL TEJAS:The so called 1980 is just a media propaganda, it was the year IAF mentioned this matter, 1984 ADA was formed and 1990 finally funds were released so actual commencement was 1990 and not alleged 1980.At last there was some ray of hope though tarnished by 1999 nuclear test embargos, Tejas took to the sky in 2001.LCA was named tejas by then PM.Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee. The programme went well till 2004, it slowed down after 2004 due to slack nature of then government, corruption throughout the reign rocked the entire country during this period, Let alone tejas it was just a small Fighter jet under developement.2014 BJP governement came back again with absolute majority and Defense Minister being Manohar parrikar, clearly stating that Tejas is his dream project.Tejas programme in this two year period i.e 2014–16 saw a faster speed of developement with 123 strong tejas being ordered by DAC and in early 2017 it’s FOC started with successfull firing of Derby guided missile in guided missile mode.TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED:Airframe and Aerodynamics(including stealth):The exact RCS of tejas is unknown. But it is said that it is “1/3 of mirage”, considerably low as compared to other 4th generation aircrafts because ofHigh usage of carbon composites.Being small in size adds to the lowering the RCS.Y-shape inlets that reduces the heat signature of the engine..Use of RAM(Radar Absorbent material) paints.Addition of AESA radar in mk1a and mk2 will ensure that tejas locks on to the target before target sees it which adds to the LO feature.Radar waves normally enter the cockpit reflects of objects & possibly return to the radar and even the HMD of pilot itself contributes to RCS. To avoid this Tejas canopy is coated with a thin film transparent conductor of Indium Tin Oxide. The coating is thin enough that it has no adverse effect on pilot vision and can reflect the radar waves away from the radar antenna.quadraplex digital fly-by-wire control system.ENGINE:A little bit history about the kaveri engine:The GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri is a turbofan project developed by the (GTRE), a lab under the DRDOT the Kaveri was originally intended to power production models of the Tejas LCA fighter.This was approx 202 mn $ project.Later on the project was divided into two category: K9 and K 10K9: Will be completely indigenous with only foreign consultation and certification.K10: Will be a joint venture with a foreign partner.Problems that occured:Kaveri engine in its present form uses directionally solidified blade technology which is rather an old tech and it couldn’t tolerate the high temperature in its combustion chamber called “Kabini”. The solution was “single crystal blades”The thrust generated was nearly 65 to 70% of what was needed.Performance decay at high altitude.A peculiar noise when in after burning mode..Here comes the MMRCA deal which many think was a bad decision by the current leadership as it just bought 36 rafales. But if we look closely to the offset, it was boon to us as under the offset:Snecma which manufacture the Rafales M-88 core agreed to help and signNow the engine in 18 months.DRDO has been given a virtual carte blanche to channelise offsets from the Indian Rafale deal to resurrect the Kaveri.Snecma, a partner in the Rafale programme, builds the Rafale’s twin M88 turbofan engines. Under the terms of the partnership , Snecma is working to modify, signNow and integrate the Kaveri on a Light Combat Aircraft airframe before 2020.A later phase in the partnership will involve modifications on the Kaveri for a twin configuration on India’s AMCA fifth generation fighter concept and an altered non-reheat version for the Ghatak UCAV.According to DRDO chief the kaveri engine will be ready by next aero india.Another good new is that altitude test and flying test bed trials have been completed. Official statement of MoD in Parliament” In a written reply to the Lok Sabha in December 2016, Minister of State for Defence Subhash Bhamre had called the effort of the GTRE in developing the engine as “an attempt to mastering one of the most complex technologies”. The minister said the altitude test and flying test bed trials for the engine had been completed and other developmental problems were being addressed to make the engine flight-worthy through in-house efforts as well with assistance from abroad”.The engine will be first used on Tejas PV-1.Other uses will beGhatak UCAV(Dry variant or w/o afterburner)AMCATejas Mk2Also, Rolls royce has collaborated with DRDO on developing the K10 engine. This engine’s first prototype is to be expected in 12 month. The news was broken out in Aero-india 2017 in february.http://www.thehindu.com/news/nat...UK’s Rolls Royce, India’s DRDO working together on engine for fighter jetsWIND TUNNEL FACILITIES:Perhaps you have made this 74 Wind tunnel facilities across the country and other aerospace testing centres.LCA was the principle project that compelled India to develope all this centres of excellence indigenously after being kicked out from Buffalo, USA after ’99 nuclear test.AVIONICS:Indigenous HUD.EW suite for Tejas is under developement for LCA but since it is small it has to be compact other than that Tusker EW suite is the bigger derivative of the suite Mayavi EW for LCA and is used for Mig-29, jaguar and Su-30. Samyukta is also another EW suite that has used the experience from past developement of Mayavi and tusker EW.Early version of tejas (PVs) had analog display now they fly on Digital display designed by DARE(DRDO).Also DARE has developed the litening targetting pod for effective targetting of air version of brahmos.It’s HMD is ELBIT designed, but its friend and foe detection is designed by DRDO.UTTAM AESA (Further updates:Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Is India developing/working on AESA radars?)radar has given rise to many other forms of AESA radar such as that used on swordfish radar, AEW&C, recently successfully launched QRSAM.CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY/INDUSTRY:Private sector giants especially TATA SED and L&T have gained a lot of experience in electronics and manufacturing respectively.It has created a chain of MSMEs.Almost entire fuselage which includes wings, center of fuselage is made by private companies and HAL is only a integrator.AMOUNT OF RESOURCE:Tejas is the most economical 4.5 gen aircraft programme ever with $1 bn spent on programme, whereas Gripen is 14 bn$ programme and F-16 even more.Tejas has never ever faced an accident whereas its competitor Grippen has faced Two accidents.Given the amount of experience by spending the least amount of money compared to any fighter jet programme as shown by above facts and two failed attempts to develope or continue to develope a fighter jets, TEJAS LCA IS A SUCCESS.The “SOMETHING” that i mentioned earlier is the thing that complete indigenisation is the only way you can survive for long and you can see how strong and thriving the chinese aerospace industry is now(you can abuse me as traitor, porkistani and whatever you may like).But it’s time to accept that only R&D can give us what we call as self reliance and not so called ToT that we keep asking from other nations.No nation will give critical technologies that have made them pioneers of their respective field. By giving critical tech to another company, no parent company in sane mind would create their own competitor. But w/o critical tech we can’t modify the weapon platforms according to needs as all IPR are reserved with the parent company, forget about creating a new one.Hence LCA TEJAS is a success and the present squadron crisis was predictable and also preventable had there been foresightedness in IAF, beuraucracy to develope complete R&D infrastructure by consuming potential of both private and public sector also academic institutions to the fullest.Hope this is sufficient for you, or else I can serve more but that will be on further requests. LOLz.Footnotes:1.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to After the failure of Kaveri GTX jet engine is India still developing an indigenous jet engine?2.https://www.quora.com/Why-cant-India-develop-its-own-AESA-radar/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYr3.Soikot Banerjee (सोइकोत बैनर्जी)'s answer to Why can't India develop its own AESA radar?4.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-RCS-of-Tejas/answer/Soikot-Banerjee?srid=RKYrPic credits: Google and Respective ownerPic credits: GooglePic credits:respective owners and google.Data: Wikipedia

LCA Tejas is India’s program for developing a modern multi-role light combat aircraft. Here is a discussion about the aircraft and an overview of the program:Purpose and Objectives:Tejas is developed with the primary objective of replacing MiG-21 and 27 fleet of Indian Air Force and play the role of an interceptor with air-superiority capability. But it is also expected to have ground support and attack as well as anti-ship capability i.e. it is to be a multi-role aircraft. It also has to be cheap and maintenance-friendly.1) Tejas has high maneuverability and agility and can fire Close-comb...

[無調漢語拼音的缺憾 Toneless Hanyu Pinyin can cause serious problems][GR Tonal Spelling makes names maximally distinctive; Hanyu Pinyin leads to a confusing blend of totally unrelated names that sound quite different to Chinese ears, but look exactly the same to foreign eyes]Three names that look totally different in GR Tonal Spelling: confusingly blended in Hanyu Pinyin:Imaginary, but plausible names: 陸六贏醫師, 魯劉穎大師 and 盧柳鶯大師1. 陸六贏醫師 Dr. Luh Liowyng (Lù Liùyíng Yīshī), the dentist, bears the auspicious name 六贏 “six successes”2. 魯劉穎大師 Master Luu Liouyiing (Lǔ Liúyǐng Dàshī), the photographer, bears the name 劉穎, which is a pun on the word 留影 “take a photo [as a souvenir]” (this phrase is often used for photo captions)3. 盧柳鶯大師 Master Lu Leouing (Lú Liǔyīng), the musician, bears the name 柳鶯 “[literally] willow warbler”, one of many species of songbirds, some of which can be found in Taiwan.TL;DR 性命攸關 Not using GR Tonal Spelling can have serious, or even life-changing consequencesAnswer: Yes, people in Taiwan still use GR Tonal Spelling (a.k.a. Gwoyeu Romatzyh), but it is hiding in plain sight where most foreigners don’t bother looking (not just tour buses ;-). GR Tonal Spelling is used for naming people, clothing, household goods (rubber bands, insecticide), Chinese medicine, noodles, beverages, snacks, doctors’ offices, beauty parlors, restaurants, companies, schools etc.I took all of the photos below within the last month. I live in Taipei, but I managed to locate several samples of GR Tonal Spelling even in Kaohsiung, a DPP stronghold where Southern Min is more popular than Mandarin][Jyma Liuhdow 芝麻綠豆, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh)—a children’s clothing brand I found in a traditional market] [zhīma lǜdòu][Song Jer CPA 松哲會計師事務所, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh)—an accounting firm on Nanjing West Road in Taipei. The sign is bigger than the side of a bus, but is only visible when people look up from their cell phones ;-)] [Sōng Zhé][Piin U Bakery 品屋麵包蛋糕, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh), a bakery/coffee shop in Kaohsiung] [Pǐn Wū][Shiow Chwan Hospital 秀傳醫院, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu), a private hospital with branches all over Taiwan; name is slightly misspelled (omitted -i-)] [Xiù Chuán][Yuh Tay Farm 裕泰農場, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu)][jingpiin pyishye 精品皮鞋, GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu), shoe shop in Kaohsiung]GR Tonal Spelling still appears side by side with Bopomofo in many monolingual Chinese dictionaries (字典、詞典) published in Taiwan. Foreign students tend to only consult bilingual dictionaries published outside of Taiwan, so they mostly don’t notice GR’s continued existence.[In Taiwan, dictionaries for native speakers include Bopomofo only, or a mixture of Bopomofo and GR Tonal Spelling/Hanyu Pinyin. Unfortunately, Pinyin is gaining ground; I saw these books in the 國語日報社 Mandarin Daily News bookstore]When it comes to romanization, what most foreigners do notice is the major exception to the use of GR Tonal Spelling: place names, which are a chaotic battlefield for three competing systems: the decrepit 150-year-old Wade-Giles system (and its cousin: Postal Romanization), 1958 Hanyu Pinyin and a modified Pinyin system (slightly different spellings) used mostly in southern Taiwan.Edit: GR Tonal Spelling still survives in certain localities:[Shinnyih Street 信義街 GR Tonal Spelling, 29 June 2019 (Gwoyeu Romatzyh, street sign)] [Xìnyì Jiē, Hanyu Pinyin]Rarely Asked Questions (RAQs)Many people take it for granted that one single commonly-used romanization system is all we need: whatever is used by the majority of Chinese people. The Hanyu Pinyin for everybody approach neglects to consider two important facts:(1) For many western learners, the use of optional diacritics implies that tones are also optional (“Tones are too subtle. I don’t need to be a perfectionist: muddling through is good enough. If I can find the time, I’ll master tones later!”)(2) For Chinese people who spend time abroad, an ill-considered choice of spellings can facilitate identity theft or lead to confusion. The consequences can include canceled credit, job loss, mistaken arrests, medical errors and expensive lawyer’s fees.Rarely-Asked Questions:RAQ 1: Who needs to use romanization?RAQ 2: What is the purpose of romanization?RAQ 3: Why should everyone use the same romanization?RAQ 4: Which problems does Pinyin (un)intentionally ignore?RAQ 5: How is 1928 GR Tonal Spelling better than 1958 Hanyu Pinyin?RAQ 1: Who Needs To Use Romanization?A: Children learning to read and write their native language for the first timeB: Chinese adults who want to# look up the correct pronunciation of less common or problematic words or characters# produce or consult lists or indexes# input characters on a computer or smartphoneC: Foreign students of Chinese, who need a tool for learning and annotating characters, and inputting them on a computer or smartphoneD: Foreign visitors who need an easy way to get around in China (identify people’s names, place names, names of products, items on a menu etc.)E: People outside of China who need easily-identifiable spellings for Chinese people and thingsRAQ 2: What is the purpose of romanization?Groups A & B: Romanization is supposed to correctly and unambiguously annotate the sounds of Chinese. Everything that sounds different to Chinese ears (initials 聲母, medials 介音, finals 韻母, and tones 聲調) should be explicitly marked when romanized. However, because of redundancies that are an integral part of Chinese phonology (音系規則, the Chinese sound system), people (especially computer users) can take shortcuts: tones are often left out, and IMEs (input method editors) can even ignore medials and finals (i.e. a computer user can type HYPY instead of hànyǔ pīnyīn: both yield the same result 漢語拼音).Group C: Foreign students are not aware of how Chinese sounds form patterns. Unlike native speakers, who learn phonology with their mother’s milk (so to speak), foreign beginners have definite trouble dealing with Hanyu Pinyin’s shorthand spellings.Hanyu Pinyin was designed for the convenience of native speakers of Chinese, so it is a less than ideal system for foreign learners, especially in the early stages.Group D: Tourists and short term visitors assume that Chinese is very difficult, so if they can go about their business without too much trouble, they are generally satisfied with Pinyin.Group E: This group has some limited, but very specific requirements that are not at all obvious to Chinese people who spend all their lives in a Chinese-only environment. Chinese people living in other countries need to be easily and unambiguously identified without referring to the Chinese characters of their names. This is where Hanyu Pinyin can cause EXTREMELY SERIOUS PROBLEMS.RAQ 3: Why should everyone use the same romanization?The five groups of users mentioned above have different needs that cannot all be properly served by Hanyu Pinyin. In the 1950s, when Hanyu Pinyin was designed, the world was a different place. The committee that set up and promulgated this romanization only needed to consider the needs of Chinese people within China. 60+ years later, the millions of Chinese who now live, travel or study abroad are affected by the shortcomings of Hanyu Pinyin’s shorthand spellings. Foreigners can also benefit from more than one approach.RAQ 4: Which problems does Pinyin (un)intentionally ignore?In 1956, Pinyin’s designers, who were influenced by Soviet linguists such as А. А. Драгунов 龍果夫, strove to create a simple China-only spelling system with single-letter spellings for each consonant. Thus, hard-to-type letters were used for common sounds: {ç = ch}, {ʐ = zh}, {ч = j}, {ŋ = ng}. Cyrillic, IPA and Latin letters were mixed together with no thought given to ease of use on standard ASCII typewriter keyboards (Why did the Chinese language begin using Latin letters for Pinyin?)The 1958 final revision of Hanyu Pinyin finally settled on an all-Latin alphabet solution “with Chinese characteristics”, including some unique letter values that are not commonly used by European languages, such as q, x, z, c, u and i.Thus, people whose family name is either 徐 Xú or 許 Xǔ (both very common Chinese surnames: Shyu & Sheu in GR Tonal Spelling) are both spelled Xu, which many speakers of English will assume is pronounced the same as “Zoo”. Gross mispronunciations aside, Hanyu Pinyin can lead to much more serious problems.Because Pinyin tone marks are optional, the foreigner-readable versions of birth certificates, diplomas, degrees, household registration papers, hospital records, leases, licenses, passports and other documents do not show tones.Readers may ask: So what? Foreigners can’t pronounce tones anyway! What difference does it make?Here’s why. Including tones, Mandarin Chinese has about 1200 different syllables. For the sake of argument, let us assume that each and every syllable in Mandarin could be used as part of a name (obviously not true). Because most Chinese names consist of three syllables, GR Tonal Spelling could be used to write a maximum of 1200*1200*1200 = 1,728,000,000 phonetically distinctive names (although this would never be attempted, such a scheme would theoretically be enough for every person in China to have a unique name).How many possible syllables are there in Chinese Mandarin?/answer/Robert-Matthews-%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%B8%E9%80%B2However, because Hanyu Pinyin omits tones, there is only a maximum of 400*400*400 = 64,000,000 distinctive names. Chinese names spelled in GR Tonal Spelling are much more distinctive than toneless Hanyu Pinyin names. 1,728,000,000 [GR] / 64,000,000 [PY] = 27 times more distinctive!Another way to put this: omitting the tones in romanized three-character Chinese names leads to potential information loss of as much as 96%.RAQ 5: How is 1928 GR Tonal Spelling better than 1958 Hanyu Pinyin?[Animated GIF: How abandoning GR Tonal Spelling led to scrambled Chinese surnames][Animated GIF: Different-Sounding Chinese Surnames That Are Unfortunately Blended In Pinyin]GR Tonal Spelling (a.k.a. Gwoyeu Romatzyh, National Phonetic Alphabet Version 2) was created by a small subgroup (數人會) of the committee responsible for creating National Phonetic Alphabet Version 1 (also known by the name Bopomofo or the anachronistic spelling Zhuyin Fuhao).The most important scholar behind the creation and popularization of GR Tonal Spelling is China’s greatest modern linguist, 趙元任 Chao Yuenren, a genius educated in the US who used his knowledge of mathematics, physics, music theory, phonetics and Chinese phonology to create a system based on “native speaker intuition” that also takes English orthographic habits into account (blending the two was not at all an easy task).GR Tonal Spelling is a “green” romanization that follows the Principle of Economy 經濟原則 and its three basic rules: keep, change, add 留改加. The 1st tone is usually the basic, unmodified form (“Keep”). The other three tones are spelled by making minimal changes to the basic form (“Change”), usually a different spelling for a glide vowel. If this is not possible, a letter is added (“Add”).Thus, tiau is a first tone form (spelled tiao in Hanyu Pinyin). The other three tones are spelled tyau, teau and tiaw. Notice how in each case the shape of the glide letter imitates the tone contour: The red bolded strokes of “y”, “e” and “w” are GIANT, indelible tone marks typable on any ASCII keyboard. They also provide valuable mnemonics for foreign learners struggling to remember the correct tones of words such as mae 買 and may 賣: “buy” and “sell”.Robert Matthews (馬學進)'s answer to As an English speaker, what's the best way to learn Chinese?[Animated GIF: 2nd tone tiau → tyau in GR Tonal Spelling; the tone mark is blended with the spelling of the medial vowel][Animated GIF: 3rd tone tiau → teau in GR Tonal Spelling; the tone mark is blended with the spelling][Animated GIF: 4th tone tiau → tiaw in GR Tonal Spelling; 4th tones are always marked at the end of a syllable: the tone mark is blended with the spelling]For almost 1900 years (since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty), the 反切 fǎnqiè / faanchieh system has been used to indicate the pronunciation of Chinese characters.Each Chinese syllable is split into two parts: 聲母 shēngmǔ/shengmuu “the initial” (the single consonant, if any, at the beginning of a syllable) and 韻母yùnmǔ/yunnmuu “the final” (the rest of the syllable, including the tone). Bopomofo modifies this tradition by using 2-4 symbols to represent each syllable.First tone 張 (a common surname) is marked in Bopomofo with only 2 symbols, ㄓ+ㄤ (first tone is not explicitly marked).GR Tonal Spelling, Bopomofo’s younger brother, is similarly economical. Only four letters are needed for 張: j+ang (just like in the faanchieh system, ang includes the first tone).Fourth tone 賬 (account) is marked in Bopomofo with three symbols, ㄓ+ㄤ+ˋ, and GR Tonal Spelling still only requires four letters: j+anq (again, just like in the faanchieh system, anq includes the fourth tone).Hanyu Pinyin follows the all or nothing European approach of either ignoring all tones or marking all of them with tiny optional diacritics not found on ASCII keyboards. Pinyin thus uses 6 symbols for 1st tone 張 z+h+a+ˉ+n+g (a+ˉ are combined) and six symbols for 4th tone 賬 z+h+a+ˋ+n+g (a+ˋ are combined)Hanyu Pinyin is a system better suited to native speakers who are intimately familiar with the Mandarin phonological system.Thus, in Hanyu Pinyin the letters “i” and “u” have multiple pronunciations:(1) When “i” is preceded by z, c, or s, it is automatically pronounced as an unusual (for European ears) apical vowel /ɿ/, a mosquito-like buzzing sound.(2) When “i” is preceded by zh, ch or sh, it is pronounced as a similar-sounding /ʅ/.(3) When “i” is preceded by any other consonant and not followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a very different-sounding “normal” vowel /i/.(4) When “i” is preceded by any other consonant and followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a semi-vowel /j/.(5) When “i” is preceded by “u”, it is pronounced as /ej/ (not /ui/), as in 對 dui “correct”Hanyu Pinyin’s “u” follows similar rules.(1) When “u” is preceded by z, c, or s, it is pronounced as /u/.(2) When “u” is preceded by zh, ch or sh and not followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as /u/.(3) When “u” is preceded by zh, ch or sh and followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a semi-vowel /w/.(4) When “u” is preceded by j, q, x, but not followed by any other vowel letter, “u” is pronounced as a front rounded vowel /y/.(5) When “u” is preceded by j, q, x, but followed by any other vowel letter, it is pronounced as a semi-vowel /w/.(6) When “u” is preceded by “i”, it is pronounced as /jow/, as in 休 xiu “to rest”, pronounced /ɕjow/, not /ziu/.Despite this hidden complexity, many foreigners who cut their teeth on Hanyu Pinyin swear by it and insist that it is much easier and more “reasonable” than GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh)’s traditional 反切 based approach, with its three basic rules.Hanyu Pinyin economizes on symbols by assuming that its users are native speakers who can figure out what sounds right (“i” and “u” rules) automatically. Foreign beginners and casual readers (people who only occasionally need to pronounce Chinese words) have a very difficult time.GR combines Bopomofo’s traditional Chinese 反切 analysis with an ingenious spelling system that is mnemonically-based (letters with shapes that resemble tone contours are used to spell tones) and much more foreigner-friendly than Hanyu Pinyin (even foreigners who have never learned any Chinese at all can usually make a passable guess).Basically, whatever looks different in Gwoyeu Romatzyh sounds different to Chinese ears, and whatever sounds different looks different, including the four tones of Mandarin Chinese.GR Tonal Spelling (Gwoyeu Romatzyh) is widely used for spelling the names of well-educated people in Taiwan (doctors, lawyers, professors etc.).In Hanyu Pinyin, the following four names (Shy, Shyr, Shyy and Shyh) are blended together. Millions of people are forced to share one artificial giant surname (Shī + Shí + Shǐ + Shì —> Shi) created for administrative convenience when producing foreigner-readable documents. Typing tone diacritics is a hassle: let Mr. Chabuduo handle everything.[1st tone surname 施 SHy in GR Tonal Spelling] [Shī][2nd tone surname 石 SHyr in GR Tonal Spelling] [Shí][3rd tone surname 史 SHyy in GR Tonal Spelling] [Shǐ][4th tone surname 釋 SHyh in GR Tonal Spelling] [釋 is a surname adopted by Buddhists who give up their worldly property, including their original surnames] [Shì]A real-life example of potential confusion:(1) The PRC Ambassador to the German Federal Republic is 史明德 (spelled Shǐ Míngdé in “official” Pinyin).(2) Taiwan’s most famous political activist is 施明德 (spelled Shī Míngdé in “official” Pinyin).Imagine the confusion and embarrassment that would result if the PRC ambassador (Shi Mingde in “Street” Pinyin) was erroneously refused entry to a country that had banned the Taiwan activist (they seem to have exactly the same name)!Such problems could be easily eliminated if Chinese names were written using GR Tonal Spelling. 史明德, the ambassador, would be spelled Shyy Mingder and 施明德, the political activist, would be spelled Shy Mingder. The 1928 official spelling prevented such unfortunate misunderstandings.In Taiwan, even people with less common names use GR Tonal Spelling:[Surnames Jin 金 and Jinn 靳 (GR Tonal Spelling, Gwoyeu Romatzyh)]Surnames Bau 包 and Baw 鮑1. Professor Bau Da-Tian 包大靝http://webap.cmu.edu.tw/TchEport...Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University2. Dr. Bau Tzong-ho 包宗和Professor of Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University監察院 - 人權主題網 ─ Members1. Aser Baw 鮑美瑟Animal Behavior Resource AssociationABRA國際認證訓練師資歷：2014 第二屆亞洲訓練師行為治療師培訓取得ABRA國際認證 LE 資格2. Wayne Baw 鮑維芳Wayne Baw 鮑維芳 (@waynebaw)https://www.linkedin.com/in/wayn...3. Spencer Baw鮑穎https://www.youtube.com/channel/...Identity Theft And Other Serious Problems Caused By Spelling ConfusionOutside of China, Hanyu Pinyin’s toneless version can lead to or facilitate:1) Mistaken Identity Arrests2) Identity Theft3) Credit Card Fraud4) Medical ErrorAll of these problems can cause financial pain or have life-changing consequences, such as job loss, imprisonment or even worse.1) Mistaken Identity ArrestsA policeman conducting a routine traffic stop may wind up arresting the driver. Why?For one thing, suspect descriptions on warrants can apply to many people: “A black-haired, thin Chinese man in his 20s”. Having a non-distinctive (no tones indicated), Pinyin-only name that is identical to the one on a warrant certainly wouldn’t help.[this subsection was upgraded from my reply to a comment by Ni Ming]:Taiwanese police have an excellent reputation for tracking down criminals and cracking difficult cases. I'm sure the mainland police are equally intelligent and professionally dedicated. Unfortunately, such praise is hard to apply to their American militarized counterparts, who have a reputation for shooting first and asking questions later.Even small town police departments use SWAT teams and armored personnel carriers to handle routine, non-violent cases (such as seizing a child with a fever late at night to take it to see a doctor). They use battering rams to smash down doors, shoot family dogs (even a chihuahua has been viewed as a “threat”) and leave extensive trauma in their wake, especially when they barge in on completely innocent people.If you Google “cops” + “wrong house”, or “cops” + “shoot dog”, you will get a flavor. I very much doubt American cops will stand patiently while listening to an explanation of the subtle tonal difference between three different Chinese surnames who are forced to share one single toneless spelling.Real people with false homonym namesForeigners outside of China have no way of knowing that 古真福, 顧振福, 辜振甫, 辜振富 are four different people. If they have PRC-issued ID documents, all four seem to have exactly the same name: Gu Zhenfu.Hanyu Pinyin: Gu Zhenfu ← Gǔ Zhēnfú, Gù Zhènfú, Gū Zhènfǔ, Gū ZhènfùThese are all real people:"古真福" - Google Search"顧振福" - Google Search"辜振甫" - Google Search辜振富 (Facebook)GR Tonal Spelling (different people, different names): Guu Jenfwu, Guh Jennfwu, Gu Jennfuu, GU JennfuhIf any one of these people commits a crime (such as ignoring a pile of unpaid parking tickets), the other three could mistakenly be arrested by a policeman whose warrant only says “Gu Zhenfu: wanted for being a scofflaw”.American police don’t fool around. Strictly following the law and making arrests improves their chances of promotion. What’s not to like?法律就是法律，美國警察不講人情.These supposed scofflaws will be thrown in jail, and they will wait for a judge to (hopefully) sort out the mess. How many innocent Chinese people have suffered because of an incomplete romanization that doesn’t work properly outside of China?1. Why Mistaken Identity Arrests Happen2. Can You Be Arrested with a Warrant for Someone Else? | WK LawBeing arrested, even if later proven to be a mistake, can have financial (expensive lawyers) and social consequences (job loss, shunning, shaming of one’s children), and there is sometimes nothing one can do.3. Man jailed based on mistaken identity can't sue, court rules***Examples of Mistaken Arrests Due to Having the Same Name1. Man With Accused Criminal's Name Battles Mistaken Identity2. Man Sues Police Over Mistaken Identity Arrest | Hartford Criminal Defense Attorney3. Woman held in case of mistaken identity to seek compensation [New Zealand]4. Innocent man arrested, jailed twice because of name5. This Woman Lost Kids and Job After Being Mistaken for Drug Trafficking Suspect with Same Name6. Mistaken identity leads to physical arrest of Victorville man at his front door7. Mistaken identity of same-name men causes wrong arrest by Edmond policehttps://www.edmondsun.com/news/m...8. When the Only Crime is a Common Name...9. Grandmother Arrested, Spends 5 Days in Jail.....Whoops, Wrong Person.2) Identity Theft3) Credit Card FraudIdentity theft is a serious problem that is often connected with credit card fraud. Because the US does not have a national ID card, other types of ID are used, some of which are easily forged.A case in point is signatures. Because they are not intimately familiar with Latin alphabet handwriting, many Chinese rely on a very simple foreign signature that is easily copied (to combat this problem in my university language classes, I often included instruction in cursive handwriting).Handwriting University Forgery Proof[Unhappy Consequences of Using Toneless Pinyin On Foreign Documents]A. Report: Medical Identity Theft – The Information Crime that Can Kill YouDefinition: “when someone uses an individual's identifying information, such as their health insurance information or social security number, without the individual's knowledge or permission, to obtain medical services or goods, or to obtain money by falsifying claims for medical services and falsifying medical records to support those claims.”Medical Identity theft can have all sorts of cserious consequences, including:1. Financial losses (you may be required to pay for someone elese’s expensive medical care),2. Harm from false entries in your medical record (such as being given the wrong type of blood)3. Insurance caps signNowed (Someone may have used up all of your coverage; any further treatment may be prohibitively expensive)Victims of medical identity theft find out the truth in many unexpected ways:1. collection notices (a collection agency insists that you have to pay a penalty for unpaid bills that have nothing to do with you)2. Notification by law enforcement, an insurance company, or a health care provider that you have a problem3. Your insurance company tells you that benefits have run out, or a “lifetime cap” has been signNowed (you have supposedly used up all of the benefits provided by your medical insurance)Report: Medical Identity Theft - The Information Crime that Can Kill YouB. Exploring Medical Identity TheftDesla Mancilla, MPA, RHIA, principal investigator and Jackie Moczygemba, MBA, RHIA, CCS, secondary investigator, associate professorPerspect Health Inf Manag. 2009; 6(Fall): 1e. || PMCID: PMC2804460 || PMID: 20169017Exploring Medical Identity TheftC. Medical Identity Theft in the Emergency Department: Awareness is CrucialMichelino Mancini, DOWest J Emerg Med. 2014 Nov; 15(7): 899–901. || doi: 10.5811/westjem.2014.8.22438 || PMCID: PMC4251251 || PMID: 25493150“According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), medical identity theft accounted for 3% of identity theft crimes, or 249,000 of the estimated 8.3 million people who had their identities stolen in 2005. More recently, the Ponemon Institute calculated that there were 1.84 million victims of medical identity theft in 2013.”Medical Identity Theft in the Emergency Department: Awareness is CrucialImage Credits (Public Domain images)Digital Camera, Happy Tooth images by Clker-Free-Vector-Images (Clker-Free-Vector-Images | Pixabay)Bubbleman images by Peggy und Marco Lachmann-Anke from Pixabay (3dman_eu | Pixabay)Blender image: OpenClipart-Vectors from PixabayShi Mingde (the bigshot): CC BY-SA Raimond SpekkingShi Mingde (the Taiwanese activist): Public Domain image

They are all very good systems, you can easily Google comparison of features and see which one has a feature that might appeal to you in particular. It isn’t practical to run down and restate what is readily available on the internet.In terms of overall quality they are all very good. You couldn’t possibly go wrong with any one of those four cameras.Sony, Olympus and Fuji are virtually in a dead heat quality and feature wise. The biggest difference is Olympus is a micro 4/3rds sensor size, Fuji has either an APS or a medium format sensor, and Sony has either an APS or a full frame sensor.Panasonic sort of specializes in the micro 4/3rds category and uses a variety of lens manufacturers.I think the biggest thing to look at, is what kind of photography do you want to do or do you like to do? What size prints are you planning on making? If you are not planning to print but an occasional print then just look at what features appeal to you and what kind of money do you want to spend. The quality level of all of these brands is considerably higher than the skill level of most of the photographers in this world. To really exceed what these cameras can do is a very difficult thing to achieve. I say that in the most kindest way possible.I have a full frame Nikon high Mega pixel camera, I can pull out a lot from the equipment, but it would take me thinking about it a lot to exceed the camera. I also have a Fuji APS, it has so much capability that it is very difficult for me ever to exceed the capability of the camera and even then it is in very esoteric ways. Mostly I operate well below the capability of both cameras. It speaks well to the overall quality of cameras today. The terrible truth is that they are so good. Some can do some very specialized things that others cannot. 99% of time they all operate equally as well and it is the skill level of the photographer that is wanting not the camera. Each camera feels uniquely different in each person’s hands. The other terribly honest truth is how the camera feels to you is more of a factor then the technical requirements.

Modren wars are won by Air forces - Fighters Jets form a ‘critical component’ of any airforce ( F - 35, F- 22, Euro Fighter , Su- 35, Rafale , Gripen , J 20, J -10, F /A -18, F - 15, F - 16s are considered PRIME assets for thier air forces). Hence one can safely say that No Manufacturer of Fighter jets will give away the Real / true Warfare or combat capability, let alone the full limits of it.One has to wait for the real combat - the real showdown to see the real capability. Information related to Systems and Electronics are issued for marketing tactics or for disinformation purposes. So maybe no information available is 100% accurate.__________________________________________________________________________________Comparisons started when IAF went searching for 6 - 7 Squadrons replacements for MMRCA Program - Sukhoi , Rafale , Euro Fighter , F - 21 all emerged as contenders. Nowadays with India acquiring 36 Rafale’s , the camparisons have heated up...Between the Two :F 16 Block 70 is US Lockheed Martin’s produced , Single Engine, Multi Role Agile & Maneuverable Jet. It can be deployed inSuppression of enemy air defences (SEAD) missionsCan fly deep inside enemy territory, deliver precision guided munitions in non-visual conditionsDefend itself against enemy aircraft even in day and night, adverse weatherAir-to-ground and air-to-air combatDeep interdiction and maritime interdiction missions.Its a jet with a comparatively ‘Larger Radar Cross Section’. Its a Proven combat jet with conventional design. Its a Plane of 1970s and many operators have flown it with great amount of success reported to 77 : 01 - second only to the Lethal Eagle F 15.Smaller in dimensions - The single engine with After burners provides thrust of 29,100 lb , Climbs at 255 m/s, Range of 4,200 kms ; Max Take off weight 21.8 Tons, Thrust to Weight ratio is great at 1.11 and Max speeds of 2, 400 km/h. Falcon is a pure energy fighter with very high sustained turn rates, i.e. it bleeds very less energy in turns.APG-83 radar that provides F-16 with 5th generation fighter radar capability. It can detect enemies in a range of 120 kms. Its maximum engagement range is 20 targets at 84 kms. F 16 latest Variants are armed with proven threat AMRAAM AIM 120 D , Short Range A2A AIM-9 Sidewinder, AGM 65 A2G Maverick Missiles and PENGUIN Anti Ship Missiles.F - 16 C . D , Block 50 / 60 / 70 : 30–65 million dollars(depending on the variant)Rafale: 110–120 million dollars 2015Its acquisition cost is less then Rafale around 30 - 65 MUS$ and operating cost is approx half of Rafale - Yet With it can come Uncle SAMs set of Sanctions and technology transfer remains doubtful.Rafale is French Dassault Aviation’s Twin Engine 4.0++Generation Omni Role Fighter fighter jet of late 1990s i.e 02 decades younger to F 16s. Interestingly it has a smaller RCS , Ability to carry Nuclear Weapons and seen combats in Libya and Gulf with sucess. Has a naval version available. Rafale was built to be a ground-pounder from day one.Its larger in dimensions as compared to F 16s - The Twin M88 engines with After burners provides thrust of 16,900 lbf , Power plant comes with latest full authority digital engine control (FADEC) , Climbs at 300 m/s , Range of 3.700 kms ; Max Take off weight 24.5 Tons, Thrust to Weight ratio is rated at 1.03 and Max speeds of 2, 130 km/h. Equipped with SPECTRA - a major contributor to the Low observability concept of Rafale. ; A multi-directional RBE2-AA AESA radar which can detect 40 targets at the same time in a range of over 100 kms. Thales/SAGEM’s OST Infrared Scan and Track optronics. Pay load capacity and Weapons loading is Excellent 9 Tons with 14 Hard points — fitted with Next generation deadly Meteor BVRs, MICA Air to Air, SCALP long range stand - off missiles, AM - 39 EXOCET Anti Ship Missiles & HAMMER Air to Ground Rocket boasted Guided weapons.Its priced very high 110 - 120 MUS$ at par to Euro Fighter Tyfoon as compared to F 16s. French has a reasonable record in supplying spraes and TOT.FIGHTING FALCON F - 16 USAF GENERAL DYNAMICS - LOCKHEED MARTINTHE LIGHT WEIGHT SINGL ENGINE 4.0th GENERATIONMULTI ROLE FIGHTER FROM LATE 1970sDeveloped by General Dynamics in late 1970s .The F-16 Prototype emerged in 1974 and joined the USAF in 1979….As a concept –A Dogfighter with a Shorter range - A stripped down Day - light fighter . It had the same engine as of F 15m just one in place of two. Excellent Thrust – to -Weight ratio.After flying for nearly over 45 years , Fighting Falcon remains the world’s most successful, combat-proven multirole fighter. A true success story with more than 4.600 units built , 3,000 units still used by more than 25 forces around the globe. The Light nimble jet with niche of ‘Maneuverability’ for Dog fighting. It was an ideal complement to the F - 15 Eagle.Fighting Falcon F-16 since inception was a smaller cost effective jet compared to say F 15 and was designed as a ‘Multi Role’. It has Single engine, Single air intake underneath the fuselage & Vertical stabilizer. F-16 is meant to be versatile and do a bit of anything. With a full load of internal fuel, the F-16 can withstand up to nine G's -- nine times the force of gravity -- which exceeds the capability of other current fighter aircraft.LM Pitched a specific F - 16 to IAF during the 130 plus Jets tender named F - 21 similar to Isreal AF Kifir jets. The latest variant is a modification to F 16 Viper termed as F-16 Block 70/72 version.Length . . . 49.3 ft / 15.027 mHeight . . . 16.7 ft / 5.090 mWingspan . . . .31.0 ft / 9.449 mPower Plant : Pratt & Whitney 1 X F100-229 enginesSpeed . . . 1,500 mph (Mach 2+)Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing Systems JHMCS IIConsolidation of the cockpit displays into a single large flat panel screen.Link 16 systemsNorthrop Grumman’s Advanced APG-83 SCALABLE AGILE BEAM RADAR CALLED SABRthe AN/APX-126 Advanced IFFAuto GCAS Automatic ground collision avoidance systemOutboard underwing pylons to deploy ALE-50 Towed Decoy.Ten Hard pointsM61 Al Vulcan 20mm gun8 x Medium range radar-guided AIM-120C-7 AMRAAM missiles2 X AIM-9X Sidewinder missiles.ATP - Sniper electro-optical targeting pod & IRST.GBU-49 bombsGBU-39/B Small Diameter BombsConformal Air Refueling Tank SystemPrice Tag : 25 Ns. F-16 Block 72 , estimated at $3.7 Billionhttps://www.lockheedmartin.com/c...F 16 FIGHTING FALCON EVOLUTIONFly-by-wire with relaxed stability design was the single most awesome technology that came up with F-16. Other technologies that were experimented with F-16 were extensive use of composites, frameless bubble canopy, Hands-on-throttle & stick (HOTAS) with side-mounted control stick, glass cockpit, angled seat to improve g-force handling of pilots, etc.But the APG-66v2 was the radar used by F-16 A/B and the two variants of fighter can’t do BVR engagement. Block 15 was the one with signNow structural changes such as larger stabilizers.Block 50 and 52 were signNow upgrades. The main improvements were in navigational capability, with improved GPS; the ability to carry a range of advanced missiles such as HARM, JDAM, JSOW; an improved engine, etc. The ability to add conformal fuel tanks was also added, increasing the aircraft’s range without much compromise on radar cross section, and freeing up hardpoints. Block 50/52 aircraft are equipped with the HARM targeting system, AN/ASQ-213 from Raytheon. They are also equipped with the Lockheed Martin superheterodyne AN/ALR-56M radar warning receiver. The F-16 is also compatible with a range of jammers and electronic countermeasures equipment, including Northrop Grumman AN/ALQ-131, Raytheon AN/ALQ-184, Elisra SPS 3000 and Elta EL/L-8240, and the Northrop Grumman ALQ-165 self-protection suite.The F-16 Block 60 key upgrade is the AESA radar - It comes with an APG-80 AESA radar, GE-132 Engine, EW suites (for offensive and defensive purpose), CFTs to increase its fuel load which enables the F-16 to extend its range or carry more missiles instead of external fuel tanks.A new fiber optic data system which greatly increases the data processing of the F-16 and it is compatible with all block 52 specifications. Sniper XR (extended range) incorporates a high-resolution mid-wave FORWARD LOKING INFRA RED CAMERA FLIR, dual-mode laser, CCD TV, laser spot tracker and laser marker combined with advanced image processing algorithms.But F-16 block 60 isn't the newest on the block. Latest is F-16V.https://lockheedmartin.com/conte...MOVING TO BLOCK 70Modern fighter designs incorporate front canards with tailless delta wings. Not the F -16 Viper . F-16 had a standard aerodynamic scheme. Its based on the same conventional Airframe design. F-16V has an upgraded airframe with an extended structural service life of 12,000 hours and can carry conformal fuel tanks. Some versions are powered by by a G- E F110-GE-132 rated at 32,500 lbf (144 kN) of afterburning thrust.The Block 70 version of the 1970s Vintage F 16s is a capable warplane by any measure and draws much of its technology from its more advanced F-35 stablemate. The Block 70 jet features a modernized cockpit with a new Center Pedestal Display (CPD) that provides tactical imagery on a high-resolution 6”x 8” screen. The new display will allow pilots to take full advantage of the Block 70’s new sensors. Cockpit has optional Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System II (JHMCS II) display . It allows pilot to take full advantage of the AIM-9X Sidewinder for Aerial Dogfights. A new automatic ground collision avoidance system helps to prevent pilots from crashing the aircraft. Viper is fitted has a new state of the art electronic warfare system. The F-16 can be fitted with Lockheed Martin wind-corrected munitions dispenser (WCMD), which provides precision guidance for CBU-87, -89, and 97 cluster munitions. The system corrects for launch transients, ballistic errors, and winds aloft.At the core of the F-16 Block 70 is the “ NORTHROP GRUMMAN APG - 83 AESA Radar “ , which is based on technology leveraged from the F-22 Raptor and the F-35 and can track more than 20 targets simultaneously. APG 83 Radar can generate 1 ft resolution synthetic aperture radar maps and has a range greater than 160 nautical miles against ground targets.THE NEXT 02 DECADEsAtlast the F-16 is showing its age, particularly in some areas like stealth, data fusion, even aerodynamic performance. But it’s certainly got another 2 decades of life in it. At the same time, F-16 sales has been shrinking to the point that Lockheed repeatedly raises the possibility of having to shutter the production line altogether. In March 2017, the firm announced it would stop making the jets in Texas and shift the work to a smaller facility in South Carolina.RAFALE :A Complete PackageDassault Rafale - The Rafale is France’s premier fighter.Twin Engine - Omni Role Fighter jet - 4.0++ GENERATIONBorn out of a EU fall out when originally going with Euro Fighter program, the french insisted on having their own fighter and they got one, the Rafale.Medium Multi Role Combat MMRCAWing span of 10.90mLength of 15.30mHeight of 5.30m.Long RangeTwin Engine SNECMA4.0++ GenerationCanard Delta Wing design High LiftAir Frame of late 1990s,Spectra system for Semi StealthArmed with Meteor AMRAAMsSCALP long-range missilesDESIGN HIGHLIGHTSHow is Super Maneuverability Achieved - By attaining ‘Aerodynamic Instablity’…Un stable is a design feature kept for manouvering. There is a trade-off between Stability and Maneuverability. A high level of maneuverability requires a low level of stability… High stability is easier to Fly .. Lower stability needs Fly By wire technology to control the Aircraft. This super Maneuverability is the niche point in close range Head to Head Aerial combat Drills held between various Jets in joint war games. Its achieved :> By Aircraft design employing Advanved Aerodynamics> By Delta Wings and Canards> By Thrust Vectoring System of NozzelsCanards are used to improve Maneuverability, especially for snap-shots in short-range dogfights. European jets (Say Tyfoon , Rafale , Smart Fighter) employ “Tail - less Delta Wing - Front Canard with Wing Tip Pylons config” design , with Relaxed Aerodynamic Stability. This design is a Trade - off i.e has pros and cons.It provides :> Additional Lift,> Anti - Stall protection,> Extreme agility and> Super - Maneuverability……….At the cost of Stealth .The design calls for the need of extremely complex Flight Controls to match Agility with stability,The close-coupled canards i.e additional small wings on the forward fuselage / Delta wing configuration is key to the combat performance : even at high angle-of-attack, it keeps the jet fully agile.Rafale design is conventional Euroean i.e based on Canards & Delta Wings . In a close-coupled design, Canard are geometrically placed at close proximity to the wing to maximize canard-wing interactions. This improves the airplane’s lift-to-drag ratio, maximizing range , provide even more control at extremely high AOAs & helps to shorten the take-off roll . On flip side it resullts in loss of Stealth ; plus the delta wings are great for high speed supersonic flight but poor at low speeds.A F-22 “Raptor” locked by a Dassault RafaleDassault Rafale - D is NOT a ‘Full - Aspect PASSIVE Stealth aircraft’ , It does not has internal weapon bays. However its designed for a reduced radar cross-section (RCS) and infrared signature. It has an ellaborated application of composite and other materials to reduce the RCS radar cross-section and other key attributes such asGold-coated canopyFuselage reshaping - A re-design of the fuselage-fin jointExtensive use of composite materials and serrated patterns for the construction of the trailing edges of the wings and canards.Addition of radar-absorbent materials (RAM).Repositioning of the engine air inlets underneath the aircraft's wing70% of the Rafale's surface area is composite.UNIQUE SYSTEM CALLED ‘ SPECTRA’ - E.W SELF PROTECTION SYSTEMRafale F4 is equipped with upgraded SPECTRA - Fire control radar avoidance system. SPECTRA - Self-Protection Equipment to Counter Threats - Jointly developed by MBDA and Thales to provide an integrated self-protection system.http://file:///C:/Users/AWC-Zeeshan/Desktop/SPECTRA.pdfThe SPECTRA integrated electronic warfare suite provides long-range detection, identification and accurate localisation of infrared, electromagnetic and laser threats. The system incorporates, radar warning, laser warning and missile warning receivers for threat detection plus a phased array radar jammer and a decoy dispenser for threat countering. (PASSIVE STEALTH TECHNOLOGY)It also includes a dedicated management unit for data fusion and reaction decision.Integrated self protection systemAdvanced multi-threat dispenserIR Missile Warning SystemIn service with the French Navy and Air ForceRafale F4 to get upgraded SPECTRA fire control radar avoidance systemMETEOR THE CUTTING EDGE WHICH IS ‘MUCH WANTED’Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) by MBDA Missile systems - Metoer is guided by advanced Active radar seeker, offers a multi-shot capability against long range maneuvering targets in a heavy electronic countermeasures (ECM) environment with range of 120 - 130 kilometres. The only other air-to-air missile as capable as the Meteor is the AIM-120D, the latest variant of the US Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile which is also designed to hit targets more than 100 km away.To survive the no escape zone, a fighter jet has to be able to jam the seeker of the incoming missile or deceive it by firing chaff, strips of metal foil released in the air to obstruct radar detection. Meteor has a "no escape zone " three times larger than that of the AIM 120D AMRAAM missile.Whereas traditional air-to-air missiles utilize solid-fuel rocket engines -the Meteor uses a RAM JET ENGINE along with a solid-fuel booster. The ramjet has two major advantages over a traditional solid-fuel rocket. First, it does not need to carry an oxidizer, as it simply uses the incoming air. Second, a ramjet’s burn rate is able to be throttled. This means the Meteor can accelerate at an optimum rate depending on a target’s range, speed, and position. Meteor vs AMRAAM: Two Finest BVRAAM West Has.A conventional solid-fuel booster accelerates the Meteor after launch, like most air-to-air missiles. But while roaring through the air, the missile opens up a chute, allowing air to rush into the engine, which heats up the oxygen and propels the supersonic missile to Mach 4 (four times the speed of sound.The weapon is also equipped with data link communication so that it can be operated using third party data, enabling the Meteor user – the pilot – to have the most flexible weapon system.CONCLUDING NOTEModern Fighte Jets are no longer ‘Dog Fighter’s’ anymore - Rather they are ‘Intelligent Inter Connected Multi Mission Platforms’. Hence they need to have the ability to integrate the Best of Electonics & Software (Architecture to integrate Sensors / Softwares coupled with a Strong Light Air frame gives them, ability to add Sensors and Weapons to remain Operationally Upgraded).Thats Where Gripen E , F 35s and Rafale lead thhe pack. The Rafale Jet , as a traditional Air Dominance Weapon or an Interceptor, is NOT THE BEST in terms of Brute Power / performance - Say comapred with Euro Fighter Tranche IV Or Super Flanker Sukhoi Su - 35 . While extremely maneuverable, it doesn’t posses the BEST of all the Engines or the Range , lacks Super Cruise say like Chinese J - 20 .It makes up for this by being an OMNI ROLE - Good Situational Awareness with Highly Advanced and sophisticated electronically with a powerful set of sensors (Sensor Fusion) and intelligent Avionics. The fighter is ‘France’s F-35′ . Its BVR Meteor has a cutting edge technology and a lethal kill weapon. Not Stealth but has Geometrical features to reduce RCS and aided by SPECTRA. Its Ground hitting ability , Nuclear capability and Naval Carrier role sets it as a Jack of All …… You give it any role and it will perform!Did one such comparison of Rafale, F 16 and JF 17 and its link is below .https://www.quora.com/Is-it-too-...