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the industrial age began with the industrial revolution so in this lesson we're going to be looking at basics about that monumental event we're going to look at what caused it and generally what its characteristics were what it was like at its heart the industrial revolution describes a process of change in how goods are produced and that changed the keyword for it as mechanization using machines to do work that we used to have to use muscle power to do or to do by hand mechanization led to the growth of factories and the factory system and mass production and that led to the creation of businesses and companies all based on the economic system of capitalism so this is the general change that we're talking about when we talk about the industrial revolution which began in britain um specifically in the textile industry the cloth making around the mid-1700s i'm going to start with the quote from one of the most famous primary sources to come out of this general time period by a man named engels called the condition of the working class in england written in 1845. he wrote such in brief is the history of english industrial development in the past 60 years a history which has no counterpart in the annals of humanity 60 80 years ago england was a country like every other towns few and simple industries and a thin but proportionally large agricultural population today it is a country like no other with a capital of 2.5 million inhabitants so that would be london with vast manufacturing cities with an industry that supplies the world and produces almost everything by means of the most complex machinery with an industrious intelligent dense population of which two-thirds are employed in trade and commerce and composed of classes wholly different forming in fact with other customs and other needs a different nation from the england of those days what angles is saying is that this event fundamentally changed england and in short order would change the world not just in terms of manufacturing but in terms of the character of the nation the picture on this slide shows you some of that demographic change on the left you have england before the industrial revolution with that generally well-distributed agricultural population um people living mostly in the countryside you'll notice there aren't a lot of pink spots showing dense population on the right you'll see a transformed state with the pink areas especially highlighting urban centers industrial cities that grew out of this process as a tip for notes because we're looking at cause and effect today concept mapping is a great way of taking notes throughout the lesson and then you can check what you've got in the key points and remember to do concept maps you draw causes two effects using an arrow and then you connect details and descriptive characteristics using just a straight line if you do this well if you get used to doing this you can fit actually an entire unit on a concept map like jose angel did he was my little exemplar that's up on the slide so if you'd like to practice this skill you can do that as we go through the presentation if you don't want to that's fine too let's start with causes right basic preconditions that place needs in order to industrialize to industrialize any country needs first land natural resources and access to raw materials and in england england was blessed with all of these things in terms of natural resources it had vast minds for coal which was used to burn the power steam driven machinery and iron ore which is really important for being able to construct those actual machines tools and buildings it also had plenty of navigable rivers and canals so like it was crisscrossed with bodies of water that made transporting all of these natural resources relatively easy second you need labor you need a surplus population to actually like go in and become workers for the industrial factories and as you can see in the little bar chart in blue the population in england had been rising steadily in part because of those high calorie foods from the colombian exchange that we learned about all the way in the last unit of study so there were workers ready and able to go find work in factories when factories came to exist next you need capital capital it's a word worth writing down because i bet you haven't used it in this context before it means money that's specifically available for investing so not just like money that you have but surplus money that you can use to invest in a business or in machinery for example in addition to that you need entrepreneurs you need a culture that has created people who are willing to take a risk a financial risk to open and establish a business and you need markets you need an audience to sell your finished products to now england here again lucked out because it already had a pretty sophisticated commercial economy in place with a banking system and everything and that itself reflects this last thing that you need in order to industrialize political stability nobody wants to risk and invest vast sums of money in a place with unstable politics if a revolution is going to happen soon and those revolutionaries are going to steal your stuff and bring down your factories not a safe investment but england entered a period of stability during this time when business owners felt perfectly safe taking risks and innovating people had enough money to invest in new inventions and so new technologies were invented like the steam engine the cotton gins new methods of making iron to produce industrial machinery all that sort of stuff so those are like the general things that a place needs and that's what got england started england fueled this industrialization later by using the advantage of a burgeoning industrial economy to take over other places so that you can get raw materials even more cheaply so you know imperializing other other states and countries we'll get to that in short order um with the help of mass-produced weapons the sort of thing um can go pretty fast so in short having raw materials natural resources labor capital for investing entrepreneurs markets like people who'd want to buy your stuff and political stability allowed england to be the first place to industrialize longer term causes exist as well however so specifically from the early modern period we have conditions starting to be put in place for this to happen for example the black death killed off so many people that social mobility became pop possible which encouraged people to try to move up in society which was the beginning of this creation of the idea of an entrepreneur in the self-made man so take a risk start a business make your life better etc next colonizing the americas provided raw materials from the colonies to enrich the mother state um they created social hierarchies based on race and so europeans internalized this idea that they were more civilized than non-white non-christian people which will later allow them to exploit others in the name of civilizing them while taking their raw materials to fuel industrialization in what is called new imperialism next crops from the new world were higher in calories and they allowed the population to grow in europe which provided more workers who ultimately would fill the demands of the labor supply for industrialism and then finally britain's success in colonizing the world the new world and establishing trade dominance gave it both the supplies of raw materials and the markets for finished goods that added fuel to the fire for industrialization during the renaissance the idea of humanism allowed people to start to think about how they can improve their lives in this world instead of waiting to get to heaven so they started to try to do that and it reintroduced the money economy into europe and began the development of a system of banking which will become really important to capitalism which fuels the industrial revolution the reformation came next it casts doubt on the idea that the church is always right about everything and encouraged people to find things out for themselves so discovery innovation technologies those things all tend to go hand in hand especially during the scientific revolution which introduced the scientific method encouraged people to think about their world rationally and experiment it encouraged scholars and craftspeople to apply this new scientific thinking to mechanical and technological challenges so to try to invent ways to make their lives and their work easier the direct link between 17th century experimentation with 18th century technological developments especially regarding ideas like atmospheric weight and pressure in the laws of motion or later applied to machines during the industrial revolution to make work easier and mechanized then during the enlightenment europeans gradually incorporated science and reason into their world views some historians argue that these intellectual shifts made english culture in particular highly receptive to new mechanical and financial ideas and then at last the political revolutions especially the american revolution when england lost its north american colonies caused england to start looking at other parts of the world to dominate like india for example where they would get massive reserves of the raw material cotton which they would import back to england to make finished products finish textile products in their factories again fueling the industrial revolution if you were to concept map all of that information you could have gotten most of it down without having to write down two whole slides of info just for what it's worth you don't have to write this down but if you'd like to start learning how to do this to take notes feel free to pause the slide here and create the beginning of your concept map on the industrial revolution which specifically answers the question why did it start and why england specifically like i said the industrial revolution was a process of transforming the way production happened and this affected especially the textile industry first the textile industry just refers to like making cloth before it was done by hand in like smaller workshops perhaps with the family after in the pictures on the right you can see how this process became mechanized machines were used to do this faster and then people were mostly used to help work the machines not to actually weave the cloth themselves a series of inventions made this transformation possible and they occurred over time kind of building on one another first came the water frame the leveraged the power of water to move machinery to create textiles then came a steam engine which actually happened in a few different versions the first version of the steam engine was made to pump water out of mines mines are like you know places you dig in the earth to get natural resources like coal or iron which are very important to this whole process but when they get flooded you can't go inside them to get all of those really valuable resources so you need to get the water out and the first steam engine was crucial in doing that it mechanized that process the second more famous steam engine um the one that was improved upon by a guy named james watt greatly increased the efficiency of this and this is the version that powered the industrial revolution so instead of being powered by the movement of water a steam engine is actually powered by burning coal which evaporates water which you're going to need to ask a physics teacher to explain exactly how it works but that's the process that like creates energy to do the work that otherwise you'd have to do by hand the steam engine was pretty key because you could operate it anywhere you didn't have to be next to a river and so in short order it was adapted to not only work in different parts of england but also mobile so it was adapted to allow the basics of a railroad and then a steamboat these innovations created factories in the factory system factory is the place where a lot of these machines exist to do a lot of the work all at once they allow for faster methods of production because the production is mechanized machines do the heavy work people are just there to make sure the machines are operating workers concentrated in a set location kind of as an assembly line they had a division of labor so each worker did only a little part of the work on a finished product they didn't make the finished product from beginning to end like they used to and you didn't need to train them very long in order to for them to know how to do their jobs so they became part of what's known as unskilled labor easily replaceable because their their work doesn't depend on any real specialized training that you can't just teach someone else to do in a few minutes also the factory system created a new system where production anticipated demand and mass production became possible under the domestic system when people are making stuff by hand so before this a woman might select fabric and then have a business person give it to a home-based worker to make it into a dress and it would take a long time under the factory system a factory owner would buy large lots of popular fabrics and have workers create multiple dresses in common sizes anticipating that women would buy them and they would because they were way cheaper than handmade products would have been so this all sounds like a boring way that more dresses were created and yet it was one of the most significant changes in world history consider it took modern humans over two hundred thousand years to develop farming techniques two hundred thousand years to figure out how farming worked two hundred 000 years that's a really long time it took another 5 000 years to develop complex civilization and then over the next 4 800 years technology may have become more advanced but human societies were basically structured in the same way as they had been since the neolithic revolution agriculture remains the basis of the economy and governments were organized roughly in the same way that they had been during the classical age in the last 200 years since the industrial revolution the world has completely transformed the population increased from under 1 billion to over 7 billion governments evolved from absolute empires to democratic rule some of them anyway and economic production shifted completely from the farm to the city hand-made goods to factory-made goods single-made items to mass produced less expensive items another way to put it if you took somebody out of ancient greece or ancient rome and plopped them in england in the 1700s they wouldn't be in total shock they'd be pretty comfortable because daily life wasn't too much different than it had been agriculture and technology hadn't changed that much in those 2000 years if you took that same ancient greek ancient roman and plopped them in the same place after the industrial revolution they may have a heart attack human life would have been totally unrecognizable to them more has been created in the last 250 plus years than in the previous 2 500 plus years of known human history i mean it's really just insane the amount of change that comes from like this little thing just a change in the way that works done so that you can make textiles back faster so we're going to be looking at all of the consequences of this change throughout the rest of the unit for now let's take notes on causes and characteristics of the industrial revolution so first it's important to know that it began in england in the mid 18th century that's like the 1750s when technological breakthroughs revolutionized the textile industry just making cloth leading to cheaper goods and changing work patterns industrialization itself describes the process of using new energy sources to power machines to produce goods using machines to do stuff that people used to have to do by hand is called mechanization the energy sources have changed over time but the principle is the same first they used water to power machines and then with the invention of the steam engine they burn coal to produce steam power and then later with the leveraging of oil and gas same process you use that to produce power the process of mechanization affected ore and more industries eventually leading to the creation of the factory system in which goods were mass produced that means making a ton of quantities of one thing this led to radically increased production which itself completely altered the economy and the societies of industrialized nations this is a shift from production in homes to producing things in factories from most people living in the countryside not densely populated to people crowded into cities the growth of cities is called urbanization it's the difference between using human muscle to make things to instead using new sources of energy to power machines and it's the change of expensive handmade goods to less expensive mass-produced factory-made goods the key technology here was the steam engine the invention of the steam engine dramatically spread up the industrialization process and eventually led to the development not only of the factory system and mass production and all that but also railroads and steam-powered ships by the mid-19th century this didn't even just change transportation because it led to faster movement and that means that news people goods and ideas can all travel much faster so it increased cultural diffusion as a result of industrialization england transformed from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy agricultural economies are based in the countryside with most of the population working on farming whereas industrial economies are based in the city with more of the population living in cities and engaged in producing goods in factories and this didn't just happen in england it happened in england first and then spread from there to other western nations um which in turn gave those western nations a lot of power globally um so when we start to look at how europe and then a little bit later the united states and then even a little bit later than that japan start to dominate the globe this is where that begins [Music] so pause here and please take notes you