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Good day from Chem Help ASAP. Let’s discuss  how we can learn about the current drug   discovery and drug development landscape  by reviewing a company’s drug pipeline.  Upon completion of this video,  students will be able to…  list the common areas of drug research as  defined by pharmaceutical companies, and  contrast differences in the pipelines  across multiple large drug companies.  A “pipeline” encompasses the overall research  efforts of a company, and the term pipeline is   often encountered in the pharmaceutical  industry, although many other industries   also use the term. If you visit the webpage  of almost any drug company – whether a large   pharmaceutical company or small biotech, you’ll  find a page that describes the company pipeline.   The page gives a summary of the current research  programs in that company and gives a snapshot of   what the management of that company feels are  areas of opportunity. In the next three slides,   we’ll look at the number of active projects  at three large companies – three of the   largest drug companies in the world  based on their revenues in 2021.  Our first company (company X) lists their  projects in six different areas: inflammation   (which includes immunological disorders),  internal medicine (which ranges from diabetes   to cardiovascular disorders to neurological  diseases), oncology (which is cancer), vaccines   (including COVID), anti-infectives (whether  viral, bacterial, fungal), and rare diseases   (including neglected tropical diseases). For this  company, the largest area of research is oncology,   trailed by inflammation and immunological  disorders. Vaccines are next, but I do feel   that number of projects is not representative  and inflated because of COVID. As you can see,   there is a range of advancement  for the projects. In general,   more projects are in phases I & II with fewer  in phase III or undergoing approval. So,   this is just one company’s allocation of research  resources. Let’s see another large company.  Our second company (company Y) uses seven  categories for its research projects: immunology,   infections, metabolic, neuroscience,  oncology, ophthalmology, and other. So,   the categories are similar but differ somewhat.  There are no rules that govern the distinctions.   Two things stand out as distinct from company  X. First, the infectious disease programs are   not further described based on the stage of the  research. That is kind of interesting. Second,   the largest area of research, by far, is oncology.  Apparently this company feels that oncology is   clearly the best opportunity. Company Y also  has quite a bit more activity in neuroscience   than company X, which puts its neuroscience  research under the heading of internal medicine.   So, we can see that every company determines its  own areas of emphasis. Let’s now see company Z.  In company Z we again see that oncology  is the main focus, trailed by immunology   and neuroscience. Company Z is the only one of the  three that has a specific category for aesthetics.   Drugs in this category would include drugs  like BOTOX (which reduces visible wrinkles).   One might argue that these drugs do not  address a critical unmet medical need,   but there is a market for them. If there is a  consensus across all of these company pipelines,   it is that oncology seems to be  a main driver of R&D investment.  Through this video we have seen research  pipelines of three different large   pharmaceutical companies and highlighted  their differences and similarities.  Thank you for watching to the end of this  video. Please subscribe, leave a like,   or make a comment. Questions are  also always welcome. Take care.