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Create Electronic signature Presentation Safe. Check out probably the most end user-warm and friendly exposure to airSlate SignNow. Handle all of your papers handling and discussing process digitally. Change from hand held, paper-dependent and erroneous workflows to automatic, electronic and flawless. You can easily create, deliver and indicator any documents on any gadget everywhere. Ensure your airSlate SignNow enterprise instances don't move overboard.
See how to Create Electronic signature Presentation Safe. Stick to the basic guide to get started:
- Create your airSlate SignNow profile in click throughs or log on with the Facebook or Google account.
- Benefit from the 30-time free trial offer or select a costs strategy that's great for you.
- Discover any lawful format, build on the web fillable varieties and discuss them securely.
- Use advanced capabilities to Create Electronic signature Presentation Safe.
- Indication, individualize signing purchase and collect in-particular person signatures ten times more quickly.
- Established automatic reminders and receive notifications at each and every step.
Transferring your jobs into airSlate SignNow is simple. What follows is a simple process to Create Electronic signature Presentation Safe, along with recommendations to maintain your peers and lovers for better cooperation. Empower your staff with all the greatest instruments to keep in addition to business functions. Increase efficiency and size your small business quicker.
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FAQs
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How do I manage safe and convertible noteholders when raising my series A?
How do I manage SAFE and Convertible Noteholders when raising my Series A? The proliferation of SAFEs and Convertible Notes the past few years has given rise to a new problem when raising your Series A financing – “party rounds” with a lot of stakeholders who prove difficult to manage.More and more, we are seeing Series A companies with a signNow number of outstanding converting securities. The range for Series A financings we have worked on in 2017 and 2018 has been anywhere from twenty to sixty converting securities, with the majority being SAFEs. Total Seed financing has increased such that the range we are now seeing is a couple of million dollars up to ar...
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What industries must use electronic signature software?
Any industry involving a large amount of paperwork make use electronic signatures. In other words, all industries make use of electronic signatures because all of them have piles of paperwork to handle. Some examples of such industries include financial, life science, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.Industries such as the pharmaceutical industry, have a number of licenses and other paperwork that they have to handle and keep track of. It can be a tedious task to perform such cumbersome paper processes. Therefore, e-signatures can facilitate an organisation in keeping a track of all this paperwork, by signing electronically.Healthcare industries usually involve time-sensitive documents, which need to be urgently completed. But, it can take days in case of the traditional wet ink paper signatures for the documents to signNow the signer and back, if the parties are geographically scattered. But with electronic signatures, that is not the case. Geographical barriers do not play a role. Documents which earlier needed days to be completed, can now be signed and sent back within minutes, in the click of a button. Furthermore, it takes a long time to bring assets under management. The time taken by the signing process, if wet ink paper signatures are used, may even further delay the process. But by using electronic signatures, the whole process can speed up.Apart from these, there are many paper prone industries which require huge amount of paperwork and with the use of electronic signatures they can make their everyday processes smoother and more efficient.
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What is digital signature certificate and why is it required?
A Digital Signature Certificate is a secure digital key that is issued by the signNowing authorities to validate and signNow the identity of a person for digitally signing the document. One has to create a digital signature certificate before signing a document digitally. Digital signature certificate holder does not need to be physically present at the time of signing a document. They can sign from anywhere, anytime from virtually any device. Usually, digital signatures are much more secure than electronic signatures. Documents signed via digital signatures cannot be altered or edited after signing, which makes the transaction much more safe and secure.In layman’s language, digital signatures are used to check the authenticity of the signer and the sender signing the document and safeguards all the sensitive data, whereas a digital certificate is used to verify the authenticity of the source who issued the certificate.There are three types of digital signatures issued by the signNowing authorities: class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Certifications.For more information on the digital signature certificate, please check this link. eMudhra | Buy Digital Signature Certificate | Paperless DSC Online
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What are the risks associated with Coin as a product? So far I've heard chatter about "chip n pin" legislation in the US and mer
All things considered, there are really just two points of paramount importance that Coin, Inc. faces and just about any company that plans to create a similar solution. These two points are:The merchant The payment card companiesThis posting is not meant to rain on the wonderful success Coin has achieved. I am a supporter of Coin and other systems that are truly innovative in payments and actually solve real problems.How Dorothea Perry Invented The Modern Credit Card While Ironing Crisp White ShirtsThe payment card has a rich history that spans back to the spring of 1960 when Forrest C. Perry’s wife casually ironed a reel to reel tape strip to the back of a manilla heavy cardboard card [1] and invented the modern payment card. History may not remember Dorothea Perry’s name and contribution, but she solved a huge problem that over 200 types of glues and pastes failed at, to secure the magnetic strip in a manner that it would not bubble. Doerhea’s iron had just the right amount of heat to melt the tape strip to the card in a very uniform way. Specimen of one of the first 1960s prototype of a magnetic strip payment card rear and front. The data on the card was still readable in December 2012.Over 50 years later you and I are still using this technology just about every day. Forrest’s invention was cutting edge and many years ahead of its time. The company that Forrest worked for was IBM and they did not patent the system because they where the only company with the computers at the time that would be able to process these new cards. One of the unique feature of this new invention was to encode information that was nearly impossible for the average person to mimic. The magnetic strip was just as much a feature for encased speed of processing as it was a security feature. The Merchant: The Code 10 ProblemThe payment card companies, acquiring banks and processing companies see innovation through a completely different set of glasses then most of us technologists. They establish rules and operating guidelines based on history, recent risk management challenges and state and federal laws. One of the first things all new merchants should be trained for when they begin to process payment cards is the ability to identify a genuine card. All of the payment card companies adopted a number of security features that should be noted before a merchant processes a payment card transaction. As low tech as it may sound, the legacy payment card has a number of very clear security elements. These elements although seeming trivial are really quite important and useful:The payment card logoThe hologramThe raised numbers and raised card holder nameThe signature panelThe cardholder’s signatureThe reprinting of the payment card number and the CVV2 number in the signature panelThe expiration dateStandard issue Visa branded merchant security features flyer. Standard issue MasterCard branded merchant security features flyer. Standard issue American Express branded merchant security features flyer. Thus far Coin card does not have any of these security features. This may have an impact on acceptance at some merchants. All merchants agree to examine each payment card for these minimum security features. If the payment card companies can demonstrate that these features were not examined, they could hold the merchant, even though they swiped the card, 100% fully liable for any repudiation by the cardholder that results as a chargeback. This means the merchant could face losing the full amount of the transaction plus a penalty fees called “Retrieval Requests” and "Chargebacks” and can cost from $25 to hundreds of dollars. They can reject acceptance of the card and in some circumstance retain the card under the Code 10 procedure [2] [3]. Visa’s Code 10 Procedures When you suspect fraudIf you’re suspicious of a card or cardholder at any time during a transaction authorization process, you will need to make a Code 10 authorization request.What is Code 10?The Code 10 authorization request alerts the card issuer to the suspicious activity—without alerting the customer. During a Code 10 call, you will speak to the card issuer’s special operator, who will provide instructions on any necessary action. This type of authorization request is the most likely to result in a call to law enforcement.Code 10 stepsIf you receive an electronic authorization, but still suspect fraud, do the following:Keep the card in hand to quickly respond to questions.Call your voice authorization center and say "I have a Code 10 Authorization Request."The call will first be received by your merchant bank who may need to ask you for some merchant and/or transaction details. You will then be transferred to the card Issuer and immediately connected to a special operator. A series of yes/no questions will be asked to determine whether you are suspicious of the card or cardholder.When connected to the special operator, answer all questions calmly and in a normal tone of voice.Follow all operator instructions.If the operator asks you to retain the card, comply with this request only if it is safe to do so.No Matter Which Card Is Presented, Always Follow These Important Play It Safe.1. Slide the stripe through the terminal in one direction only to obtain authorization.2. Check the card’s security features to make sure the card has not been altered.Check the authorization response and take appropriate action.Get the cardholder’s signature on the transaction receipt.5. Compare the name, account number, and signature on the card to those on the transaction receipt—they should match.Code 10 is a way for a merchant to be certain that any questionable element of the transaction is addressed and will leave it to the bank that issued the customer’s payment card to make a final judgement call. If the payment card issuing banks do not know of or agree with Coin’s system there may be a request to suspend the transaction.Thus any system that mimics an authentic payment card may very well present a problem with merchants that may or may not understand what is taking place. But moreover may fear loss if they do not have clear guidelines established by the payment card companies in advance. The Payment Card Companies: The Rule And Branding ProblemAll of the payment card companies issue cards through banks. In the case of American Express it is slightly different. This means that to make any changes it takes many meeting with institutions that are known to not change anything that appears to be working. Even if Visa and MasterCard wanted to make any minor changes to the current system, they would be required to get the vote of support from the bank partners. This has had a rather deep impact on innovations. Just getting the US to an EMV standard that much of the rest of the world has in place took over two decades. The bank that issues a payment card legally owns the card and as a cardholder you are licensed to use it in contractually agreed upon settings. In a very real way a cardholder does not own the payment card number or another part of the card other then their name when it appears on the card. There are specific rules about trying to alter or change the card in any way. There are also rules about trying to decode or encode the magnetic strip. They are grounds for termination and in some cases fees being assessed.These banks along with the payment card companies will absolutely have to grant Coin a provision that will allow them to operate. They do have full legal rights (I am not a lawyer) to block any attempt to insert a new system between the card and the merchant. I can say that I am rather certain that Visa, MasterCard, Discover and American Express want to see more innovations in the payment space. They do however need to balance rules, laws, relationships, branding and marketing. And it may be the last two points that present a more pressing challenge to Coin.Visa and MasterCard are effectively the marketing and branding they have created and invested in for over 50 years. They work very hard to establish exactly how the brands are positioned and exactly how the use marks are displayed. Coin currently does not have any payment card branding. This aspect alone runs counter to the very nature of how these companies market. There is still power in the prestige of presenting a Platinum or Black card for example. This broadcasts a big message to the merchant and to the customer. Present an American Express Centurion Black Card at the Four Seasons and see what I mean. The Distillation Thus we have two issues that really can be distilled down to one issue. Will all of the payment card companies issue a provision that will allow Coin to produce these cards and will they encourage and endorse the idea?I have thought considerably about this subject for the last three years and have some ideas and some solutions. There are a number of ways the company should be addressing these challenges. I can say very clearly, ignoring them or using social media pressure is not one of them. This challenge will require some of the best minds in payments to address in my view. I think it is better to address with experienced professions, sooner rather then later and learn from the challenges that Square is now facing with the pricing fiasco that did not need to happen[4].There Are Always SolutionsI have been a champion of creativity in payments for a very long time. There have been a lot of companies that have had profoundly great ideas but faded into history with little more then a footnote for any number of reasons. I have made it clear, I ordered a Coin card and stand with the company as they face these challenges. There are solutions to all of the issues I presented here. I look forward to seeing this innovation in the market and hope it sparks a revolution of creativity and the solving of real problems. Keep your mind and heart open, true innovation can come from the most unlikely places, like Dorothea Perry’s iron.___________[1] When was the first credit card with a magnetic stripe issued?[1] Code 10 | Visa USA[3] Page on Visa[4] Square Turns Its Back On Small Businesses by Janet Yurcik on Accepting Payments
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What is the best PDF reader, annotator, and organizer for academic scholars using a Mac? Is there such an application and/or sof
Even I had the similar problem, my windows 10 upgrade laptop crashed badly and I decided to go for Macbook Air which is all new OS for me. Earlier I had organised my work in Zotero in Mozilla Firefox, and I was using symlink to dropbox to sync my library between my office PC and Laptop (as free 300 MB cloud storage got exhausted early and I had no credit card to buy additional Cloud Storage from Zotero), it was all working good until I went for Window 10 upgrade and finally my hardware crashed. Now in mac I don’t know much where the appdata file stored and not sure even the symlink can be created from Zotero library stored in dropbox or not.I have installed Zotero in Firefox on mac yet I’m looking to find more easy way to do the same. I read a comparison which I hope you’ll find useful http://thesismonkey.com/compare-...Now, I’m going to try Readcube coz it has auto search and highlighted pdf options along with other features like Zotero. Lets hope it works well!
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Why hasn't the IAF retired the MiG-21 yet, even though it is extremely old?
I will give a step-wise explanation on why IAF still uses Jaguar and Mig-21 till date even though they were retired long ago by some of the operators around the world.Mig-21 : It was in early 1980s , when Indian Air Force realised that it needed to replace its Mig-21 since they will be signNowing the end of their service life by 1990s which will be a critical fall for Indian Air Force in terms of numbers. Hence the Tejas programme was started which had its own share of problems and was dragged on for many years. Hence what IAF needed was an interim solution. The solution came when it was decided that IAF Mig-21 will be upgraded and its Total Technical Life (TTL) will be extended. The upgrade involved better avionics , armaments , EW suite and more. This helped the Mig-21 to stay for much longer in Indian Air Force. The sole reason why Mig-21 has persisted in IAF till date was due to the fact that Tejas programme faced initial hiccups and thus failed in its objective to replace the older Mig-21 in IAF service.Recently IAF has retired its Mig-21 Type 96 Aircrafts as Tejas programme has started to bore results with Tejas now being actively inducted in Flying Daggers Squadron of IAF. At present IAF uses only Mig-21 Bison/bis aircrafts which will be retired from service by next decade.SEPECAT Jaguar : Jaguars in IAF service are termed as “Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft” ( DPSA ) meant as a Fighter-Bomber to strike deep in the enemy territory. Indian Air Force has serially upgraded its Jaguars with DARIN programmes the latest being DARIN III which adds an AESA radar to the Jaguar. Future replacement for Jaguar can be AMCA which is an Indian 5th Generation Fighter Aircraft currently under development. The extended life which has been breathed in Indian Jaguars through MLUs can well keep Indian Jaguars in air up till next decade.India has been notoriously known for running the aircrafts in its inventory for a much longer time than warranted by its TTL through MLUs like in case of Mig-21 and Jaguars and even Mig-27 and others. Retiring almost 200+ Mig-21 will bring in a critical void which IAF doesn’t want due to its falling numbers. Also Jaguar is India’s lone DPSA so as long as upgrades are available and quick replacements are unavailable it is better to keep them running as these aircrafts serve quite well in their roles.Many nations still use Mig-21 like Romania with some of the famous Mig-21 knockoffs like F-7 used many nations around the world like Bangladesh , Pakistan and Egypt.
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What is the best free PDF reader for large documents?
[1] PDF format is popularly known as print document format. This creates a virtual printer within operating system to print the document. For offline scanning of document, the PDF format is popular. The importance attached with these program is that you need to have PDFsoftware installed to run these files. If someone sends you PDF file and your computer do not have such software installed then that file is not to be read from there.There are so many PDF softwires available and this article aims to find out the mostly free software or freeware to help readers to choose from variety of options. More and more operating systems are providing built-in facilities for such products. Now-a-days everything comes with PDF formats beginning from circulars, bank statement, insurance statement, tax statement and e-books.That is why there immense important to have the free PDF software installed on computer but the thousand question is which one is to choose from the variety of resources available.Sumatra PDF:Sumatra PDF is available for download to Windows since the times of Windows XP. This program has very low foot print, light on system resources and fast. It is going to perform simple task as well as it is going to perform complex task depending upon you choose from PDFfiles. It is available with installed version as well as standalone portable version in which it does not write to registry.It is available in 64 bit version on Windows. It is available for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. It is available for Windows operating system only.signNow Reader DC:It is from signNow and signNow is available for free for users. While installing this software do check for installation of MCAfee security and safe connect.it is a big download of nearing to 120 MB. Yours antivirus software might stop this installation so allow to install it. This software for high=end computing processes.Many features are included with it and for some features you might need it and if you want to have these features then it is better to choose this software. It has mobile version of android and apple operating system. With it you are going to synchronize documents with clouds and yours signature too and everything is going to stay with cloud to access from each and every device.When you first download signNow on Windows, a download manager first downloads and it is small in size and then by opening that download manager signNow software is installed and this is nearer to 120 MB.PDF-Xchange Editor:PDF-Xchange Editor is a smart PDF tools and most functions are free except some complex ones. It is a PDF reader, pdf editor and pdf tools. It can print PDFs, fill the forms created with signNow and can extract images from PDF files. There are some advanced features included in this free version but most of these are not free one is that watermarking of PDFsoftware which is not free.Foxit Reader:Foxit Reader is fast, simple and is there for years. It is available for Windows, Apple and android versions. It can fill forms and save data. Can include and validate electronic signatures. During installation user need to be cautioned not to install so many verities of other software. In order to keep the size of download minimal, the user manual is available for separate download.It is faster than PDF-Xchange Editor. If you are not interested in OCR facilities then Foxit reader is best suited for yours work. Multiple PDF documents when opened all these are opened in tab format and shifting from one tab to the other is easier. From time to time it introduces some new features in order to provide dynamic software development.It allows adding up of multimedia files easier. Collaboration with social media accounts becomes easier with Fixit Reader because of the ease to synchronize with Twitter, Facebook, Evernote and SharePoint. One caution is that Foxit Reader comes bundled with so many other software and toolbar and it is important to not to allow installations of such software during its installation.MuPDF Reader:It is very lightweight PDF Reader. On its first launch it will ask you about to choose from files instead of showing its interface and when the PDF is opened then it shows the exact documents and no toolbar and other interfaces are present. In order to see the interface of MuPDF reader you are going to click on the top left of the visible windows to find it. It provides a cleaner interface and superior look for PDF files.Google Chrome PDF viewer:While browsing for internet whenever you see any PDF and click on it and it will slowly open in another tab of Chrome and you can read it from there or download by clicking the downloadsymbol available there. This setting can be turned and changed out there easily, go to settings of chrome and then advanced and then content settings and then pdf documents, Scroll down and click on PDF documents and from there switch on ‘Download PDF files instead of opening automatically opening them in Chrome’ and this will download PDF files from net to computer.If you want to read PDF files that are stored inside computer, then right click on that files and then open with chrome and your chrome reader will automatically, open pdf files and for this you will not have to install pdf viewers. Similarly, with android if you install Google Drive then you will not need any other third-party PDF apps as Google Drive act as PDF viewer and make it default while opening the first PDF and that is going to make it default.TinyPDF:TinyPDF as the name suggests has very small foot print of PDF reader and it has no string attached. It is only 586k as it is less than one MB. It does not contain no malware, adware, watermarks and no pop Global Home: UPS is completely free. JPEG compression is supported. No ghost script and third-party software included with the installer version. The downside is that it is partially supported on 64-bit computer. Automatic font management is there.There are so many alternatives to use for PDF viewer and if your computer is 64 bit then you can download the 64 bit version of Sumatra PDF and if you want to insert electronic signature then opt for Foxit PDF reader and if you want to have the old and classic PDF reader which is heavier in file composition and not for low end computing purposes then go for signNow and lastly if you do not want to install PDF readers at all then it is better to open it with Google Chrome built in PDF viewer.So, there are many large numbers of option to choose from and if you want to have some complex PDF functions besides the presence of PDF reader you need pdf tools and others then it is best to have PDF-Xchange viewer and so many other option listed here you can choose it from. There are some other alternatives are available which are there to search ad find in internet.This entry was posted in Android Apps on Google Play, Apple Inc., Computer Information Technology, Google, Google Chrome, Information Technology, Internet, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows XP and tagged signNow, Apple, doPDF, FOXIT READER, free PDF converter, google chrome, image to pdf converter, PDF Password Remover, pdf printer, pdf-xchange, Sumatra PDF A PDF Viewer for Windows, WINDOWS, Windows 8, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS XP, Windows XP SP3 onFootnotes[1] Best Free PDF Writer and Reader
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Why are Chinese products cheaper?
In the words of Tim Cook: "The popular conception is that companies come to China because of low labor costs. I'm not sure what part of China they go to, but the truth is China stopped being the low labor cost country years ago. That is not the reason to come to China from a supply point of view, the reason is because of the skill."Let us look at the concept of labor or the involvement of labor in an every-day product. Let us compare 2 products: a plastic fork vs a plush toy. Although both products fall on opposite spectrums of the consumer life cycle (one disposable whilst the other one is reusable), both are sure to be made in China.A plastic fork is made from food-grade Polystyrene (PS) plastic pellets or beads through a process known as plastic inject molding. In here the pellets are heated in a molding machine to a viscous state and are injected into a mold. The mold produces multiple sets of forks within a matter of seconds and from there on it’s as simple as detaching the forks from a sacrificial (?) holder or tool (this is also made of PS and in most cases is recycled). From here the product is moved into packaging and then sent out of the factory for export. A fully automated machine can be set to run continuously 24 hours a day with very little monitoring by a worker, thus being a low labor product.Now, let us look at that plush toy. The stuffed animal is comprised of textile material for the cover, stuffing, two eyes and a nose. The material must be cut into pieces, sewn together and stuffed. The nose, eyes and mouth are sewn onto the material together and stuffed, requiring skilled labor(-). The cutting of the pieces may be done by hand or by machine, but the pieces are sewn together by a worker using a high-speed sewing machine. Next comes the insertion of stuffing – this is rather complex for a machine to do, as such the insertion is done by hand and the insertion point is also manually closed. It is evident that this requires much labor, therefore, this type of a product is considered a high labor product with labor contributing 70% of the total cost [1]. In the end, much like a fork, the product is moved and packaged for export.Because labor is only one part of the total cost of a product, and in many cases it's as low as 20% of the total cost, – this must indicate that there may be other factors at play in making Chinese products, such as the fork. If labor were the only factor, then most of the “plush toy/labor intensive” industries would have shifted to other countries – but only some industries already have e.g. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Mongolia to name just a few. To that extent, manufacturing of plastic forks could possibly return to the USA; but that’s not happening.Industrial production does not take place in isolation, but rather relies on networks of suppliers, component manufacturers, distributors, government agencies and customers who are all involved in the process of production through competition and cooperation. The ecosystem of doing business in China has evolved quite a lot in the last thirty years. Here are the additional factors, including labor, that affect the overall cost of manufacturing and thus make Chinese exports cheaper:A. Commendable supply chain: Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. No country, at present, has a supply chain more sophisticated yet flexible than China. China’s biggest advantage is their domestic availability of most of the raw materials required to manufacture a given product [2]. Not only are private entities involved in the process of outputting raw material for manufacturing. Rather, many Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SoEs) actively control and output raw materials for small factories to transform into ready-made goods. If the government is involved in such activities, it is safe to assume that this is an active industry that requires not only oversight and monitoring, but active involvement. Access to affordable raw materials helps bring down manufacturing costs to a considerable extent. As a result, having suppliers who are local to the manufacturer has gained importance as a way to cut costs[6].B. Rebate upon Export: The export tax rebate policy was initiated in 1985 by China as a way to boost the competitiveness of its exports by abolishing double taxation on exported goods[7]. China is one of over 150 countries that utilize a Value Added Tax (VAT) system. It is a tax only on the "value added" to a product, material, or service at every state of its manufacture or distribution. The VAT rate is generally 17%, or 13% for some goods. Chinese companies receive a VAT refund from the government for materials of products produced for export. Basically, factories that export do not pay any VAT on goods or raw materials used made for export – further subsidizing raw material costs. American imports to China are charged a VAT, but the U. S. doesn't have a VAT to charge Chinese imports. Moreover, Chinese manufacturers work with far lower profit margins than those in the U.S.C. Efficient Infrastructure and Logistical Access: In its fast-paced effort towards industrialization, China has built many ports (big and small), roads and railroad access. Such a system is not secluded to the big cities (Tier 1 or Tier 2 cities), it connects all of them, including Tier 4 cities or small towns used as industrial manufacturing zones. Having an efficient logistical system allows for cheaper travel costs –the cost of units (kilometers or miles) per currency (dollar or RMB) decreases. Also, an efficient infrastructure reduces overall downtime. Such is the case of India, as pointed out by Vaibhav Mandhana [3]: “Given the poor roads, a shipment from India's north can take a week or more to signNow India's south. Sometimes it is quicker and cheaper to actually get a shipment from Shenzhen than Kolkata. Time is money and all those delays add to your cost. If I could get something in two days, I could sell it immediately rather than wait two months to sell it [add up the interest costs]”"The road freight from LA to Nevada will cost you a lot more than the sea freight from China to LA."[5]D. Subsidized Utilities and Availability: Within China’s industrial areas many fixed and variable production costs are heavily subsidized. For example: electricity and water are subsidized up to 30% compared to normal household or commercial zones. Moreover, the local government gives support with land access at competitive rates, creating jobs in the area. This further helps to diminish the cost of the end product – after all you have access to cheaper land, water and light (What manufacturing does not require these? - Hell, even mining bitcoin does!). In non-industrialized or not fully industrialized countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, India), access to water and electricity remains a critical issue, until today. “In Coimbatore and other industrial places, you get power for like eight hours a day. That means the machinery lies idle for sixteen hours and that wasted capacity adds to the cost.”Do we see a trend of several factors, other than labor, which affect the overall cost of the product? Hold on, there are more!E. Bureaucracy: Barriers for entry in China, in this context, are extremely low. Although you need to fill out a huge number of papers (Customs Declaration Form, Land Annexation, Tax Filing, Compliance Related Documentation, Drawback/Rebate Forms, Annual Returns and etc.), the process is not complex. Relevant departments and accountability are there; you do not need to grease palms to get what you need; streamlined government policies are in place. Again, non-industrialized countries do not have many of these processes in place – they are in the early stages, whereas China has been through all this. I am not saying China is pure and not corrupt, there might be corruption in some cases, but the overall industrial process is so deeply rooted, that people just follow established guidelines. Greasing palms and running around places to get a stamp or a signature causes further delays (time is money) and increases overall costs. This is considered more as “Political Will” than bureaucracy; meaning the government’s will to allow you to do business is prominent thus reducing barriers for you to do business or manufacture or engage in services.F. Technology and Automation/ Skilled Labor: It would be unreasonable to discard China’s interconnectivity between technological advancement and manufacturing capacity. They work hand-in-hand. Availability of the latest technology to manufacture products of a high quality on a large scale. And let's be honest, scalability can be a very important factor in deciding price of a product. Apart from technology, China has a large population, thus having a bigger access to a wide talent pool. Availability to a greater talent pool decreases the overall demand as there is an oversupply – again, denting the costs of the product. If you recall, Tim Cook's main reason for manufacturing in China is: the depth of highly skilled labor in the manufacturing space. To rephrase what Cook said: "No other country in the world besides China has the combination of an electronic component supply chain and large pools of skilled labor needed to make iPhones on the scale which Apple needs."G. Labor: It is comparatively cheaper to many so-called “developed countries”. You can have someone do the same labor task for a comparatively lower price than say Europe or the USA for that matter. This further brings down costs. As noted before, it is not the cheapest – but it is not the most expensive either. What is important to remember here is that labor in China, is skilled – although most laborers are not trained, but have learned by doing. When you outsource to China, you’re working with time-tested factories that have been producing quality products in similar industries as yours for years on end, and in massive supply.Where a labor task might cost you $8-9 USD/hour in developed countries, it will cost you $450-500 USD for an entire month in China (8 hours a day, 28 days a month). If you do the math, that’s about $2.19 USD/hour. Countries like Indonesia a semi-skilled laborer will do it for half, $1.05 USD/hour – but the manufacturing process will be influenced by factors all the factors mentioned.H. Local Government: Local government officials are appointed, not elected. Part of their job is to help the industries and they are measured by results. Furthermore, locals compete with each other. That means Suzhou is competing with Chengdu to attract industries, and so on. Hence officials are always using their local advantages to help, attract, and grow industries, such as providing low cast land, building industrial parks, and making sure that the support infrastructure (roads, electricity, water, etc.) even local housing and schools are there. Since these officials are not elected locally, their actions are much more efficient rather than dealing a motion to go through town hall meetings or waiting for a ballot to pass for months. The downside of such efficiency could be that some environmental studies were not complete or many local concerns are not addressed fully (All credit for how to local governments operate within China go to Mr. James Yeh ).Here are few controversial factors, claimed by several sources:I. Currency: There is the ever-present theory of currency manipulation among economists, where China undervalues their currency by an estimated 30%-40%, which simply makes every product that China ships out 30-40% cheaper than those of a potential American competitor. The Yuan is manipulated and pegged undervalued to the US dollar [2]. So the price quoted in US dollars( more exports are quoted in dollars), will be cheaper than normal; (This manipulation has affected the domestic price of the product and labor wages as it has been kept much lower than it should have been. The Chinese yuan has, however, been steadily increasing in value against the dollar over the past few years.J. Compliance: The Chinese government does not bind itself with Intellectual Property issues. They allow the industry to investigate the products developed successfully elsewhere in the world. They then produce them in large quantities. Personally, there is nothing wrong in this benchmarking. Most industries do benchmark; especially in the automotive world. This saved the industry from expensive investments in R&D [4]. Although China has its own environmental protection agency, the environmental protection laws are generally lax and not enforced fully, especially at the local level. In previous years, Chinese factories cut down on waste management costs -further bringing down overall product costs. Things have been different lately, thanks to the strong efforts from the national government. Laws on IP and environmental protection are being enforced, especially after the Hangzhou G20 summit. There is still some belief that more needs to be done.If cheap labor was in itself the key driving factor, a large percentage of the labor-intensive factories would have already shifted to cheaper labor countries and lower labor-intensive jobs would have returned to the countries such as the USA - because China is not the synonym for cheap labor anymore. But that's not what we are experiencing; only certain jobs within the manufacturing field are moving to South East Asia. A huge chunk is there and is still able to reap the benefits of various factors. It will take more than a cutthroat desire for emerging economies to set up a business ecosystem that can compete with China's.Wow now over 1,000 Thanks for your upvotes! If you would be kind enough to give a like for this same article on my LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/w...Footnotes:1. https://www.industryweek.com/env...2. https://qr.ae/TUtz1K3. https://qr.ae/TUtzTO4. https://labs.ebanx.com/en/market...5. Walter Hay's answer to How expensive is it to import to Nevada from China?6. 5 Reasons Why You Should Manufacture In China With ITI[7] China Will Continue To Dominate World Production
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