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Forbidden films: the films that afflicted the censorThe way movies are censored can tell us a lot about the change of attitudes in society to sex, violence, and rebellion writes Ben Southwell.Enter the hidden world of the British Board of Film Classification's written archive and expose a hundred years of cinematic censorship.It is possible to trace the changes in the concerns of the board since it has trod a thin line between enforcing the standards of the day and recognizing the artistic effort.The letters between the sensors and the filmmakers begin to take on a life of their own as the relationship develops from a regulator to collaborator and beyond.An examiner's report on Ken Russell's Demons reveals an ironic sense of humor that is often found in the censor's letters. "I have no personal knowledge about the shape of the nuns under their habits, but I doubt that they all look like the 'Playmates' of this movie."What the letters reveal is the way in which certain films and scenes can be highlighted to show the changing values ​​of a nation. In the post-war years, it was the fears of social unrest that was near the top of the agenda.As the nation relaxed in the 1960s, nudity becomes a primary concern. In the early 1970s, filmmakers were eager to push the limits of acceptability.In the 1980s, the board changed its name from the British Board of Film Censors to the Film Classification and it was the levels of violence that drew attention.Since 2011, many of the board's decisions seem strange, even quaint, and we can see many of the scenes originally considered unacceptable in DVD reissues.But in his day these were innovative films, which pushed the limits of the property. Sometimes it seemed that everything that stood between the nation and chaos was the sensor.The Wild One - social unrest"Against what do you rebel, Johnny?""What do you have?"The Wild One, by Marlon Brando, was presented to the board in 1953. This story of a gang of motorcyclists terrorizing a small city in the United States was banned amid fears of what could lead to the United Kingdom.The examiner's report summarizes the board's concerns very succinctly. "Brando is attractive, admirable, imitable."This represented a signNow problem for a Great Britain still governed by a rigid social order. The council had no choice but to come to the conclusion that: "We can not issue a certificate for this show of rampant vandalism." The movie was banned.The filmmakers begged the sensor to think again.As they said: "It is terrible that a costly image of this description has to be placed on the shelf without a penny of income from this territory."But the censorship was immobile and immovable. The film remained prohibited for 14 years.When he was finally awarded a certificate in the late 1960s, the world had moved to such an extent that it was almost impossible to see what all this fuss was about. Today the film carries a PG certificate for children.Garden of Eden - nudityWhen Britain emerged from the austerity of the post-war years, values ​​held for a long time were under pressure. The censor had for a long time had a very strict approach to the description of nudity on the screen. In the 1950s, a rather curious type of movie had begun to challenge this ban.Described as "naturist" films, these titles were considered "educational". Typical of them was Garden of Eden ("filmed in a real naturist park!").The examiner's report once again portrayed a unique sense of humor: "I think Garden of Eden would provoke very noisy reactions in difficult cinemas like The Elephant ... There are some unconsciously funny nudes, especially a young woman with peculiar gluteal muscles."But the board could not let this kind of thing go. "The question of the precedent must be the main one here."However, the decision of the board was always advisory only. Local councils could choose to allow these films to be shown, a choice that more and more began to do.In the late 1950s, the council seemed more pious than the moral guardian of the nation. In 1958 the censor bowed to the inevitable."This film was recently reconsidered by this board and it was decided to rescind the previous decision and approve the film with a certificate." The floodgates opened.Women in Love - male nudity1969 was another turning point, as censorship went to male nudity in the Ken Russell film Women in Love.The letters between the sensor and producer/writer Larry Kramer reveal a relationship in which the examiner has almost become part of the creative process. This was a time when it was perceived that many creative arts were at their peak and the sensor seems to have shared a sense of the possibilities offered by cinema.Kramer sent the script to the board before he started filming to hear his opinion. "We would very much like to have lunch with you after reading the script," he wrote. "We believe that we are embarking on an extraordinary creative experience that we would like you to share with us."The censor replied, "Dear Larry, this looks like an exciting production, I know that Ken Russell and his work are fine and I am very happy that he is going to take this picture with you."However, the censorship remained concerned about the scene in which the two male protagonists fought naked. "If they were just joking like two friends, there would be no problems, but we have already had clear indications that there are homosexual feelings among them, and this kind of scene could be problematic if not handled with discretion, be very cautious about it".When the film was presented for certification, this was the board's response: "While we are prepared to accept the fight scene, we would like you to eliminate, if possible, long-duration shots in which the genitals are clearly visible. "Ken Russell was willing to cooperate and collaborate: "I guess there is a long shot from Gerald that offends, the only way out of this ... is to obscure the shot and this would be quite ready to do it." He finished his letter with a typical gesture: "I threw myself for your good judgment, Ken Russell."As the dark prints received the nod, the mutual respect of censorship and the filmmaker reflected the mood of the time. The censor wrote to the filmmaker: "We all think it is a brilliant film and we take it into account in our opinion".This caused the filmmaker to respond: "Dear John, can I say how grateful we are Ken and I for your understanding help during these last months?"Rambo III - violenceWhen Rambo III was presented to the board in the late 1980s, two previous Rambo films had received the 15th certificate. But between parts two and three, the Hungerford massacre, when Michael Ryan killed 16 people with an assortment of weapons, had published front-page news about guns and violence in Britain.The attitude of what was now the British Film Classification Council showed how it had always had to respond to changes in public opinion.As a result of the events in Hungerford, as one examiner wrote: "It is likely that this stupid and enjoyable movie is a hot political potato."The problem was that the Rambo III seemed to be almost a continuous shooting. "It is not so much what is shown, but how much and how implacably."The examiners had an intense debate on whether to grant the film the same certificate as its predecessors (albeit with cuts), or the more mature 18 that reflect the greater sensitivity in the use of weapons."Public concern is at its height, it is naive to believe that we can always act without taking into account political realities, in fact, I would go further and argue that it is irresponsible." The film was released with a certificate of 18 after cuts.The board has imposed a 20-year continuous embargo on the written records.Correspondence with notorious films such as Natural Born Killers or Reservoir Dogs remains closed, but the file revealed so far shows an ever-changing attitude towards the things that have been of most concern to us in the last 100 years.

Oh my, yes. While trying to stand out from the crowd, I accidentally (and erroneously) convinced an entire department that I was a conservative racist.A bit of context:In my senior year of college, I was facing the prospect of impending unemployment after graduation. I’d been rejected by all the grad programs to which I’d applied, and didn't have any job leads lined up since I’d been so sure I’d get into MIT. As the Spring wound down and Summer loomed large, I started casting around for a position — any position — that would pay the bills.Then, serendipitously, I saw that my alma mater was ...

I can only speak for the places I've worked, where there were a couple of possible reasons that incorrect grammar might make it to print:The most obvious possibility is that no one notices it. It's certainly possible, especially on pieces with large amounts of copy or with customers who didn't employ proofreaders on their end, for a mistake to go unnoticed by either the client or anyone at the shop.Why don't printers read the copy more closely? As Claire J. Vannette mentions, print shops are wary of offering proofreading services since it opens them up to liability if a mistake does get through. It's safer economically for printers to issue disclaimers making customers aware that they are responsible for the content of their artwork. All of the proofs we sent to customers for their approval included a big warning telling them to check the proof for spelling, grammar and punctuation.Usually, however, mistakes in the copy provided by the client were noticed by the printing staff. When we found a problem in a customer's provided copy, we would usually bring it to their attention and ask what they'd like us to do about it. One of the trickiest parts of my job was finding ways to phrase these questions that didn't insult the customer's intelligence. Sometimes they'd realize they had made a mistake and have us correct it, sometimes they'd just trust us to do what we said was best, sometimes they'd act confused or offended and tell us to leave things as they were provided. In all cases, customers had to sign off on a proof of the exact copy to be printed, so there were no surprises when the piece was finished, and so that we couldn't be held accountable when the customer's buddy asked him why his sign read, "Free Apple's."I definitely printed a lot of signs with what I knew was misused punctuation that the customer had been made aware of and had told us to print anyway.

When I went to pre-school, I had the nicest teacher ever. She was brand new at teaching, but she was so kind and our class loved her. I cried when I had to move onto kindergarten, but I knew that I would never forget her smile, her smell, or her pretty face.Around the middle of the year of kindergarten, I heard that she began to go after a new career, the military. She left her class and job when I ended kindergarten, and went to training. It felt strange in first grade, when I would skip past the office and not see her in there, filling her coffee mug. But eventually her absence became unnoticeable, and I continued to learn.5th grade, same school. Our principal announces on the announcements that she has written a letter to our school. She admits that she does miss her old job, but feels that it is a great honor to be protecting America and us. I missed her so much while listening to he announcements, and later all the students who have had her got to sign a card for her. I wrote her as much as I could, that I miss her, that I am proud to know that she is protecting us, and I urged her to hurry back because I missed her.Flash forward. High school, the 9th grade. About a month ago, I was out with my friends at the mall. We were going to the parking lot to meet up with our other friends when I see a veteran standing at a stop sign, holding up a sign. Something about the veteran was familiar… you guessed it, it was my most favorite teacher.I rushed up to her and said hello. She turned around and started to cry.“Please, don’t look at me.” She told me. I started to cry and I hugged her.“ I don’t care what state you are in, you are my most favorite teacher, and a veteran. You should be treated with respect.”I ditched my friends and took her to the nearest McDonald's. There, she filled me with her past. She came home a year ago to her husband with stage 3 lung and colon cancer. He died in a month, leaving her without a job, and lots of medical bills. 2 months later, she was kicked out of her home, and for almost 8 months she has been struggling to find a job. She was to ashamed to go back to our school because of her appearance. I cried for most of the time.I gave her all the money I had (only $50) and we went our separate ways. I wish that I had more money to give her, more things to offer. But all I had was $50. I haven’t seen her since. I don’t know how she is surviving there. I pray to God everyday that she will find a job, and I even started carrying around more money just in case I see her again.But knowing the fact that she still might be out there puts me to shame. I want to do more, not just for homeless veterans, but for all homeless people out there. I suggest that we stop making the latest iPhone and start solving the poverty. People are our first priority, not phones.Please spread the word, and do more for the people who serve our country. One dollar will not do much, but giving them a job will do so much more. :)Edit: Thank you, thank you for the upvotes and comments. A special thanks to Bruce Downing, because he said “ I keep going by those “sign people” without stopping. Because of your story; I promise I will stop sometimes.” and it really warmed my heart.I know I am a kid, only 15, but I have talked with some of my friends and family. We gathered some clothing and food to a homeless shelter, and already I feel that I have made a step to helping homeless people. A week later, I saw her again, at the same McDonald’s we were at all that time ago. She is now a janitor there. I am extremely happy for her. She let me know that she is still living on the streets, but she is slowly making enough money to rent a apartment. I am happy for her, and I told her about telling her story on Quora. Thankfully she wasn’t mad at me for sharing personal stuff, and she was glad that I wanted to make homeless veterans’ voices heard. She still wants to remain anonymous, and since she is my hero, I will respect her wish.Thanks again to all of you. Let’s get these people off the streets and back to a good life.Edit 2: A very happy day today! It’s almost school time, and I was going past my old school when I see her! My favorite teacher! She waved me over, and told me that she is going to start teaching again! I cannot express how happy I am for her! She also told me that she now has an apartment, and is starting to pay for the medical bills. Apparently someone started a GoFundMe page for her, and with the help of friends and family and anonymous people, she has enough money to live in her apartment!School starts on August 30th, and she says she feels a bit overwhelmed by all the changes, but she is super grateful for the help from people.If it was one of you who made the GoFundMe page for her, thank you so so so so so so so so much!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I can’t express how happy I am, and I can’t even imagine how happy my favorite teacher is!Edit 3: Thanks for all those upvotes (7.4k :O!!!) Today I was picking up my siblings from school, and I peeked into the classrooms. And I was happy to see that my favorite teacher was there! I said a quick hi to her, and asked her how life is. She said she has never been this grateful in her whole life, and that all the other teachers welcomed her back with open arms. She is now happily teaching Kindergarten, and on some days teaches preschool.I feel happy for her, not just because she overcame a hard moment in her life, but also that she had the strength to go back to teaching, even though she was probably so ashamed of her past.I am also happy that our school took her back like the prodigal son, with arms open wide, signNowing out to her and welcoming her back.And finally, I am grateful for all the people of Quora. Thanks for spreading the word about homeless veterans and people just like you and me out on the street, and thank you for taking time to read what I wrote.

There are some chess words that make it into my vocabulary. I don't know if these specific words are universal, but I suspect a few chess words make it into many longtime players’ vocabularies as well.For me, I often describe a decision that's foolish or short sighted as “one ply.” As in: “He snubbed his notoriously vain and petty boss? One ply move.”Similarly, using the word “blunder” to describe a serious (or not so serious) mistake is another tip that you're dealing with a chess player.Edit: okay okay commenters, I get it, blunder literally means mistake. Three things: First, my observation might apply more in the US. Most people know what the word means, but few (at least in the US) use it commonly. Second, we're talking about matters of degree. Chess players are likely to say “I blundered and picked up the wrong sandwich,” which is a less serious use of the word than the general meaning. Finally, I'm claiming that use of the word “blunder” is merely suggestive of indicating a chess player. Chess players do not have a monopoly on that word. Back to the answer…Using “variation” to describe a series of events. As in: “what if the car dealer counteroffers with so and so?” “I considered that variation, and I'll reject that and tell them such and such.”Using “forced” or “forced variation” to describe a scenario with no alternatives. “Hey, I didn't see you at the concert last night.” “Yeah, my in-laws are in town, so dinner with them was forced [or was a forced variation].”Yet another, using “compensation” to describe a silver lining to an otherwise bad situation. “Sorry about your tonsillitis, but at least you have ice cream compensation.”Finally, here's a true story:I was talking to a friend who is a strong chess player, and has virtually dedicated his entire adult life to chess. He's in his mid 30s at the time of this story.He was describing the online dating scene. He mentioned Tinder, which I had heard of, and Bumble, which I had not. I asked what Bumble was. “It's Tinder, except the women are white.”This took me by surprise. I didn't consider him to be racist or even racially sensitive. His last girlfriend wasn't white. (I figured maybe he was looking for a change…)It finally came up like ten minutes later that “the women are white” means that women make the first move; i. e., they initiate contact with the men.I laughed when I realized this, and even pointed out to him that his phrasing might have been misunderstood. He seemed to think he was perfectly clear.So that's a sign you're dealing with a chess player, albeit an extreme sign.

Following are the rarest photographs of historical figures at random events.1.Indian Police motorcycle with a mounted sidecar machine gun. New York City, May 16 1918.2. Spanish Civil War, Republican militia near Aragon front, September 1936. (Colourised)3. Troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900. Left to right: Britain, United States, Australia,India, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Japan.4. India-Soviet Friendship Poster (Soviet Union, date unknown)5. The original Ronald McDonald, 1963.6. Statue of Liberty towering over Paris just before it was disassembled and shipped to New York. (1884).7. Japanese Boy Scouts being trained with rifles, 1916.8. One year old Emperor of Japan Hirohito in 1902, He ruled Japan from 25 December 1926 to 7 January 1989.9. Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier 'Akagi' April, 1942 during the Indian Ocean Raid as seen from an aircraft that has just taken off from her deck.10. Indian soldiers with Italian civilians, World War II, 1945.11. Seven foot tall German soldier, Jacob Naken, speaking with the Canadian soldier who captured him at Calais, France, September 29, 1944. (Colorized)12. Warriors of the Dayak headhunter tribe. Borneo 1940s .13. Child labor at the Loray Mills Gastonia North Carolina in 1912.14. Jewish women before their execution in Skede, Latvia, December 15-17, 1941.15. The interior of 1936 Imperial Airlines airplane.16. Leader of the American Nazi Party clashes with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.17. Princess Diana sitting on the fender of Charles's vintage Aston Martin, 1987.18. Portrait of a Union soldier in Missouri, 1863.19. 15 year old German soldier Hans Georg Henke cries after being captured by the US 9th Army in Rechtenbach, Hesse, Germany, Tuesday, 3 April 194520. Two Armenian counter militias fighting the Armenian genocide perpetrated by the Turkish Ottomans 1915.21. The Tōya Maru (洞爺丸) was a Japanese train ferry which sank in a Typhoon on 26 September 1954 and 1154 people died.22. Ruine of a Temple in India which was destroyed by Mughal emperor ,(Photo taken 1869)23. Mushroom cloud from the atomic explosion over Nagasaki at 11:02 a.m., August 9, 1945.24. Indian Army's officers of 4 Sikh Regiment had captured a Police Station in Lahore, Pakistan(2nd largest city of Pakistan) in 1965 during indo Pak war.25. The first flight of an airplane, the Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903.26. A British couple sleeps inside a "Morrison shelter” used as protection from collapsing homes during the WWII 'Blitz' bombing raids... March 194127. Abraham Lincoln and George McClellan after the Battle of Antietam in 1862.28. It's the first big oil well in Iran and it sets off a wave of exploration, extraction and exploitation that will change the region's and the world's history, 1908.29. Albert Einstein posing for a portrait painting.30. Adolf Hitler with Helga Goebbels, 1936. She was 12 years old when her parents killed her with a cyanide capsule.31. Australian former POWs (Prisoners of War) after their release from captivity in Singapore, 1945. Photograph by Z. Oliver via AWM.32. Mulberry Street, New York City, 1900.33. Smart Phone. Circa 1880, this early switchboard operator hardware weighed 6 pounds.34. Jeremy Corbyn arrested after protesting against Apartheid regime (Racial segregation of white minorities). out side the South African Embassy in 1984.35. A German soldier treats a wounded Russian civilian. ca. 1941.36. Soviet And Nazi Soldiers Talking After The Successful Invasion Of Poland, September 1939.37. “Smokey” Buchanan from the West Palm Beach police force, measuring the bathing suit of Betty Fringle on Palm Beach, to ensure that it conforms with regulations introduced by the beach censors in 1925.38. Che Guevara, at the battle of Santa Clara, 1958.39. Mahatma Gandhi (right) with his eldest brother Laxmidas in 1886.40. “A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood in traditional garb, Simla”, ca.1868.Adding few more!41. The Great White Hurricane - New York. 1888, one of the worst blizzards in American history strikes the Northeast, killing more than 400 people and dumping as much as 55 inches of snow in some areas.42. Argentine soldiers buy postcards at a souvenir shop in Port Stanley, on Falkland Islands, on April 13, 1982, shortly before the British respond to their invasion.43. The first mobile phone: Bell Labs two way radio telephone, 1924.44. First ever ride on the subway... London, 1863.45. African girl in a human zoo, Belgium 1958.46. “Group of Sioux Indians”, 1875.47. Women protesting forced Hijab days after the revolution, Iran, 1979.48. Women firefighters direct a hose after the Japanese attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor (1941).49. The Golden Gate Bridge on its opening day in San Francisco, May 27th, 1937.50. A Japanese American unfurled this banner the day after the Pearl Harbor attack. (Dec 1941)Thanks for the scrolls!Source: Random Telegram Channels

I asked the question, but the delight I experienced reading the other answers made me realize that I had my own example to share.Do you know what this is?If you said an M16 or an AR-15, you are wrong. That right there is the M4 Carbine, which is a shorter-barreled tactical assault rifle that is a very popular choice in modern military equipment. If you know much about guns, you are likely already aware that Carbine is a word that refers to a rifle with a short barrel, often a shorter version of a rifle that also exists as a longer model.And this:is a scarab, also known as a dung beetle.Believe it or not, the term for a short-barreled rifle may come from a burrowing beetle that lives on the excrement of large animals. The admittedly hypothesized etymological pathway that the word took is a fascinating one, but I think that it makes sense when you know the whole story. So here it is.Scarab beetles live underground. When they have collected their balls of dung, they roll them in the manner seen above until they signNow their holes, and bury them underground. Because of this practice, they came to be used in Old French as a metaphor for the men who dug graves with the term escarrabin, meaning “gravedigger.”As military technology changed and firearms replaced bows and swords as the primary tools of combat, military tactics had to change as well. For centuries, the bulk of these modern armies still took the form of large regiments that would stand and fire as a group across the battlefield, especially since their muskets lacked the accuracy to be particularly useful except when fired en masse. It was also clear, however, that the musket was extremely useful as a weapon against enemy morale as well, as the boom and smoke that they produced were enough to quicken the hearts of even the most valiant soldier when they came unexpected. European armies began to supplement their infantry musket regiments with small groups of musketeers mounted on horseback. While the battle lines were being drawn, these fast, light troops could outflank the enemy positions, and while their shots were unlikely to cause more than a few deaths, the disarray that would be caused by their attacks would be more than worth the effort.These light mounted musketeers would often travel independently of the main body of the army, acting a scouts as well as guerillas, and as such, if one of them fell in combat, it would be the duty of the few other members of his unit to quickly dig him a grave before riding on. Because of this, they came to be known as carabin, which later became carabine, which then became carabiniers, with variations in different languages, but all derived from that Old French word for grave digger. At least, that is one of the theories.(A carabinier from the Napoleonic Wars, dated 1810, image from wikimedia commons)As you might expect, it made little sense for these fast mounted troops to carry full-length muskets (which were extremely heavy), especially when their primary role was more to disrupt than to cause major damage, so they carried a shorter version of the muskets or rifles used by the rest of the army, and the shorter version came to bear their name as a result.For a bit of added fun, anyone who has spent time in Italy is likely familiar with the often-fancifully-dressed gendarmerie known as the Carabinieri. These began as that very type of light soldiers and still bear their name today.I admit that I am more than a little entertained by the idea that both an Italian police force and a massively-popular tactical assault rifle (not to mention a whole host of other things) may all have taken their names from an insect that eats excrement.And that’s how it happened, boys and girls.I hope you enjoyed.

Adrenal fatigue.Some call it ‘hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction’ instead. Heck of a name - sounds fancy.There is no unanimous consensus on what is really causing this condition, nor what it should be labelled as. It’s actually considered a ‘fake disease’ by some.Basically it’s when the body gives out - a burnout of unthinkable proportions.Now let me tell you I used to be an energizer bunny. I loved my active life. I loved being able to express myself through movement. A huge part of my life revolved around dancing and sports. I couldn’t imagine my life any other way.Then one day it was all gone.At first you just don’t know what hit you. You suddenly wake up one day, lying half dead in bed, completely baffled and confused (there were many days like that). It almost feels like some sort of severe flu, except it is not.Then, like any curious mortal, you start asking around. And you’re in for a treat, because apparently ‘it’s all in your head’. The amount of skepticism and insensitivity I encountered is even more baffling than the condition itself.Let me also tell you that I am not someone to sit around and wait for miracles. I am a problem solver, and generally have a positive approach in life. This whole thing was absolutely not in my head.I became so vulnerable physically that it literally felt like I was skinless. I developed increased sensitivity to light, sounds, touch, etc. Obviously the physical turmoil leads to psychological repercussions as well.Excruciating journey, to say the least. Healing seems to take forever, no matter what you do. I have made considerable progress so far (2yrs), even though I am still working through the inevitable side effects.Why was/is this a blessing then? The saying “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger’ couldn’t ring more true.This chronic condition allowed me to better understand my nature and reinvent myself.I realized that I really wasn’t leading a lifestyle that was in tune with my inner core.I am finally learning to channel everything properly. To pace myself.I finally realized why and how I was different: I am one of those highly intuitive and sensitive people who are undervalued in a frantic modern society. But as I always say, different does not mean wrong. I prefer to leverage these traits as strengths, not weaknesses.I gained tremendous emotional insight into the human psyche.I revisited my entire lifestyle, diet, etc. Back to the basics. Back to the roots. The list could go on, but really, the whole experience was and is extremely eye-opening.

In my last year of residency, on call, I met (Ed - not the patient’s real name). Ed had been shot 4 or 5 times in the abdomen and chest on a late Friday night… almost early Saturday morning maybe. Ed was still conscious (meaning all the bullets missed anything truly vital) and was screaming about whom he was going to kill when he got back on the street!Ed, as a patient, also holds the record for the closest time-consumption of food prior to emergency surgery ever in my career. He and his street friends stopped at a hamburger joint on the way to the hospital, a drive thru he told us on the w...