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ok today we're gonna move on from India and talk a little bit about Israel particularly how it came into existence and its conflicts with the Palestinians and its many Arab neighbors I want to start by saying that this is a very dense topic I'm going to be covering the entire diplomatic and military history of a country in roughly 15 slides so please bear with me please pay attention I certainly don't expect you to know every last little detail of this stuff but I definitely want you to know the major points of it all some of it will be covered again in a probably slightly more entertaining video I'm gonna have you watch on Tuesday but again please bear with me as we go through all of this it's very important but there is gonna be a lot of information thrown at you and I don't expect you to know every last little bit of it I'd like to start with a little bit of historical background on the region obviously many important events have occurred there throughout history and before we can talk about the modern State of Israel it's important that we run through those events real quick as I'm sure many of you know Jewish claims to the region go back over 3,000 years to the ancient Jewish kingdoms of Israel and Judea I'm obviously not going to get into the biblical narrative with King David and King Solomon and so on but suffice it to say there is irrefutable historical and archaeological evidence for the existence of these kingdoms the Jewish people definitely originated in that region of the world over 3,000 years ago it eventually obviously came under the control of the Romans and in 70 AD following a Jewish revolt they completely destroyed the city and I mean completely leveled it and rebuild it from scratch afterwards and as part of that destruction was part of the aftermath of that revolt they actually expelled all of the Jews from the region and that was the beginning of what's known as the Jewish Diaspora of the spreading out of the Jewish people throughout Europe and Beyond and into the rest of the world after that revolt and the destruction of Jerusalem and rebuilding the region has actually fallen into control of numerous groups you can see them there on the screen the Romans and the Islamic caliphates the Seljuk Turks who were ultimately defeated by the Crusaders who formed a Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem they were eventually after roughly two hundred years in control of all a part of the region overthrown by the IO bid and monk dynasties of Egypt who retook the region they eventually gave way to the Ottomans and ultimately the British Mandate for Palestine you don't need to know that long sequence of dynasties I just put it up there because it really highlights how that region of the world and the City of Jerusalem in particular is probably the most fought over city in all of history it's one of the oldest sites of human settlement known and in that long history some of the numbers that I found and I don't know if these are accurate but they certainly seem like it to me based on what I know I found that the city of Jerusalem has been attacked 52 times captured and/or recaptured 44 times besieged 22 times and completely destroyed at least twice obviously incredibly long history of people fighting over this region and part of the reason for all of that conflict is the status of Jerusalem as such a holy site as a holy city it is the holiest city in both Judaism and Christianity as the site of the Jewish temple and now the Western or Wailing Wall and for Christianity the Church of the Holy Sepulchre it's also the third holiest site in Islam the Dome of the rock on the Temple Mount on the site of the former Jewish temple is where the Prophet Mohammed allegedly went on his or at least I shouldn't say allegedly but is believed by Muslims is believed by Muslims to have taken a journey to heaven and met with God and a bunch of prophets and so on I'm not in Islam scholar I forget the exact details of it but it is an incredibly holy site in all three of the Abrahamic religions the Greeks and the Romans referred to that region of the world as Palestine it's been known by many other names throughout history but based off of that ancient name for the region the Arabs who live there refer to themselves as Palestinians and that's where that name comes from jumping ahead to modern ish times in 1896 a Hungarian Jewish man living in Austria at the time by the name of Theodor Herzl and that's him in the picture there on the right wrote a pamphlet titled the Jewish state and in that pamphlet he promoted the idea that the Jews are not just an ethnic / religious group but our own nationality and keeping in line with the emerging concept of nation-states he argued that the Jewish people should have their own state and this was the start of the modern Zionist movement Zionism being the belief that the Jewish people should have their own homeland in the historic land of Israel modern Zionism really emerged as a response to rising anti-semitism in Europe now obviously and unfortunately anti-semitism has always really been a problem in Europe for as long as the Jewish people have been in existence or for at least as long as the Jewish Diaspora has been occurring anti-semitism has also been occurring but this latest I guess you might call it round of anti-semitism really emerged in response to the Industrial Revolution as successful Jewish businessmen and intellectuals rose to prominence there was the all too predictable an unfortunate backlash in the form of anti-semitism prominent examples at the time include the Russian pogroms which were the systematic persecution of the Jewish people and Jewish communities living within the Russian Empire as well as the Dreyfus Affair in France which some of you may have heard of which was a situation in which a prominent Jewish army our sir was wrongly convicted of treason of passing secrets on to the Germans I do want to emphasize that Zionism was not a mass movement at least not early on this was not initially the mass migration of Jewish people to what is now Israel it was really just like this you'd call it a project of wealthy Jewish Zionists what they would do is they would buy land in Palestine and then pay for other Jews to move there and to set up small farming communities farming settlements again not really a mass movement early on didn't have a whole lot of support for example the pamphlet the Jewish state was originally titled and addressed to Lord Rothschild Lord Rothschild being the leader of the British to the Jewish community in Britain and he was not enthusiastic about it at the time which was one of the reasons why the pamphlet was retitled again not a overly popular movement initially and to highlight that who point out that in 1903 there was just twenty five thousand Jewish settlers in that region compared to over a million Arab Palestinians Zionism really took off following the Balfour Declaration during World War one which we talked about a few weeks ago in connection with the end of the Ottoman Empire the Arab revolt and the various promises that Britain made during that and if you recall the Declaration was actually a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild who again was the leader of Britain's Jewish community and in that letter he promised support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine following that declaration began the real mass immigration of Jews to Palestine and in between the two world wars over three hundred thousand of them would move to the region many settling in communal farming communities known as kibbutz a lot of that immigrated was driven as I'm sure you can imagine by rising unease over the increasing anti-semitism in Nazi Germany many Jews in Germany were rightly afraid of the Nazis and decided to immigrate to Palestine now after World War one the region was officially under British administration as what was known as the League of Nations mandate for Palestine Britain was basically given control of the region and tasked with maintaining stability there and it was really under British control for roughly three decades from the end of World War one up to the end of World War two okay so Arab reaction to all the Zionism and to the British Mandate over Palestine as you can imagine many Palestinians felt angered and pressured by this British rule over Palestine and by the increasing Zionist immigration they actually launched a revolt between 1936 and 1939 and during that revolt they frequently attacked and burned Jewish settlements and in the background of this slide you can actually see a picture of the fields around one of those Jewish settlements on fire and that frequently occurred during this revolt to protect themselves Jewish settlers and Jewish communities often organized militias which worked with and trained with the British and ultimately put down this Palestinian revolt however in response to the revolt the British then limited further Jewish emigration at least officially as well as further Jewish land purchases from the Palestinians that didn't stop many Jews from immigrating many of them continued to head to Palestine anyways if you look at the time period this was occurring it was obviously right around the start of World War Two there were quite a few Jews fleeing Nazi Germany and you know Nazi control of Europe so they continued to head to Palestine anyways but because the British were encouraging that immigration and working with with the Jewish communities many Zionist became increasingly radical and unwilling to further work with the British so you now had both the Palestinians who are angered by the initial British support for the Jewish settlers and now the Jewish settlers themselves are increasingly angry with the British because they're no longer supporting them I also would like to emphasize that over time all of these Jewish militias that have popped up became increasingly well-trained and well-armed and would ultimately form I guess the basis and the backbone of the future israeli defense force okay after World War two obviously that war left hundreds of thousands of displaced Jewish refugees many if not most Holocaust survivors had nothing left afterwards nothing to go back to all of their homes and their possessions had been taken destroyed and so on and further obviously for good reason many felt that they could no longer trust Europeans and who can blame them after such horrific events as a result many of these Jewish refugees immigrated to Palestine despite the British still not legally allowing them to do so eventually again in the aftermath of World War two Britain is obviously exhausted from that war as well and they can pretty much no longer deal with administrating and controlling Palestine so they gave control over the region to the newly formed United Nations the UN quickly realized they needed a plan for the region and in 1947 the UN General Assembly voted to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states if you take a look on the right you can see a map of what that division was supposed to look like everything in green would have been the new Jewish state and everything in orange would have been the new Arab Palestinian state in purple around Jerusalem was to be a special district that was to remain an international city under the control of the UN the UN smartly and rightly realized that because of the importance of the city as a holy site for both groups and its long history of being fought over it needed to remain outside of the control of either group and that was part of the original plan now this plan was supported by the majority of the region's Jewish population but was flat-out rejected by most of the Arabs one of the reasons for that is 56% of the land was to be given to the Jews despite the fact that they made up only 34 percent of the region's total population take a look at that map a lot of that region is in green the Palestinians who in the act the Palestinian Arabs who had been living there for quite a while felt that this was an unfair division and for that reason flat out rejected it following the terms of this UN partition plan on May 14th 1948 the Jewish leader and soon-to-be first Prime Minister of Israel David ben-gurion proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel now even before that following the UN vote and the announcement of the plan clashes between the Israelis and the Palestinians had already begun again the Palestinians straight-up rejected this plan we're very unhappy and fighting between the two groups had already begun things really escalated the day following this Proclamation establishing the State of Israel when armies from six neighboring Arab countries all invaded Israel you don't necessarily need to know who those countries were but just to run through them they were Syria Jordan Egypt Lebanon Iraq and Saudi Arabia pretty much every Arab country in the Middle East all invaded Israel Israel had great success against them however and within a few months all of the invasions of Jewish designated land had been repelled and this war is given different names in Israel it's referred to as the war of independence sometimes historians refer to it as the first arab-israeli war because it was the first of many as you'll see in a little bit okay one of the major results of the war in fact the major result of the war was that while the planned Jewish state of Israel came into existence the UN planned Palestinian state never actually came into being if you take a look at that map on the left there even though it's kind of tiny you can see the final territorial outcomes of the war the region in blue was the UN planned Jewish state the region in red was the planned Arab the plant Palestinian region that was taken over by Israel during this war green and purple were the regions taken over by Jordan and Egypt during the conflict in the end Israel ended up being roughly 1/5 larger than it was originally intended to be that included them taking control of West Jerusalem although Jordan remained in control of East Jerusalem and Jordan and Egypt as you can see held the territories in green there Egypt taking the Gaza Strip and Jordan the West Bank and again as a result the planned Palestinian state never came into being as I mentioned the Israeli war of independence was really just the first of several wars and conflicts that would be fought over the next couple decades I'm gonna run through them all real quick on this slide as I mentioned at the start I no this is a lot of information that I'm kind of throwing at you all at once the video I'm gonna have you watch on Tuesday will cover these wars in a little more detail so don't worry too much about the specifics just pay attention and get a kind of overview of them all the first I wanna talk about was the 1956 Suez Crisis Egyptian leader and Arab nationalist Kamal Abdel Nasser the president of Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal and that really worried and angered Britain and France who were reliant on the Suez Canal to shorten the trip between Europe and their colonies in Asia and as a result they developed a military plan to seize back control of the canal and Israel allied with those two countries and they invaded the Sinai Peninsula while Britain in France launched an invasion of the Canal Zone militarily this was a huge success Israel did take control of the Sinai Peninsula and Britain and France did seize control of the canal back but it ended up being an enormous diplomatic failure because both the US and the Soviet Union failed to support it and actually allowed a UN declaration against the conflict and as a result Britain and France were pretty much humiliated and forced to withdraw so again military victory but huge diplomatic failure the next was the 1967 six-day war so growing Arab nationalism and support from the Soviet Union led Egypt Syria and Jordan to start massing their armies on the border with Israel and they also issued a demand for all the UN peacekeepers to leave the region it seemed pretty clear that they were intending on attacking Israel again as a result Israel issued a warning to them telling them to back off but when that warning was ignored Israel launched a pre-emptive attack that was enormous ly successful and
ompletely destroyed the Arab armies and during that war a seized control of both Gaza the West Bank the Sinai Peninsula again and what's called the Golan Heights in north eastern Israel along the border but I think it's Syria up there um during this conflict because the Israelis took control of so much of that Arab designated land an estimated half a million Palestinian refugees actually fled Israel and went to neighboring Arab countries many of them to Jordan and this created a massive refugee crisis and that even continues to be an issue today there are still massive amounts of Palestinian refugees in Jordan and in Syria huge problem this war also increased anti-american sentiments among Arabs because Israel had support from the United States while these Arabs as I mentioned we're getting increased support from the Soviet Union another one of those kind of Cold War proxy battles proxy wars the next and the last we're gonna talk about on this slide was the Yom Kippur War in 1973 that war started with a surprise Egyptian and Syrian attack on Israel on Yom Kippur the Day of Atonement which is the holiest day of the year in Judaism they caught the Israelis completely by surprise again most of the Jewish people were praying we're spending time with their families at the time being such a holy day caught them by surprise the Arabs achieved huge success initially but after three weeks Israel with the support of the United States counter attacked and drove them back while Israel won the war the Arab countries responded by putting in place in oil embargo against the US and other nations that supported Israel and that actually ended up sparking a gas crisis we're not gonna talk about it now but if you look at you know the forward in the Jimmy Carter years there was a huge gas shortage at the time prices skyrocket skyrocketed at the time and that was largely a result of this embargo put in place after the Yom Kippur War okay so while all these neighboring Arab countries were attacking Israel and the Palestinians were also starting to organize internal resistance to the Israelis and one of the resistance organizations that sprung up was the Palestinian Liberation Organization or the PLO and the PLO was founded in 1964 by Palestinians who were growing increasingly unhappy with the lack of recognition and progress towards an independent Palestinian state it's most notable leader was Yasser Arafat you can see a picture of him there on left and under his leadership it became the dominant organization in the Palestinians to struggle against Israel it certainly wasn't the only Palestinian resistance organization but it was again the most prominent and pretty much had connections to all of the others and its major tactic was terrorist attacks not its only tactic but certainly it's major tactic and it carried out those terrorist attacks against Israel and Israeli supporting countries throughout the 1970s and 1980s it may have had ties it most likely had ties to the group Black September which carried out the infamous attack on the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich in Germany in which 11 Israeli Olympians were taken hostage um I think if I recall it were demands for the release of some Palestinian terrorists / hijackers who had been arrested in the end botched rescue attempt ultimately led to the death of all the Israeli Olympians very infamous and very prominent tragedy and terrorist attack that occurred during all of this one of the central issues for the PLO was both then and today the continued expansion of Jewish settlements in the Palestinian designated lands in both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip after the Yom Kippur War Israel the Israeli government increasingly came under the control of more and more right-wing parties and those parties increasingly allowed settlement in these areas and that only further angered the Palestinians and this Palestinian Liberation Organization so all of this struggle and conflict was going on there were some attempts and some signs of progress towards peace the first of those were the Camp David Accords the Camp David Accords was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel that was signed on September 17 1978 by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and US President Jimmy Carter and it followed 12 days of incredibly intense and secret negotiations at the presidential retreat of Camp David which is located in Maryland and in this peace treaty Egypt became the very first arab country to recognize and accept the legitimacy of the State of Israel and in return Israel gave control of the Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt again very momentous and important event the first time that Israel had been recognized by an Arab country and this peace between Egypt and Israel has actually continued more or less to the present day actually quite a remarkable thing it was not however very popular in the Arab world it was actually incredibly unpopular and president Sadat of Egypt was actually assassinated a few years later in 1981 by Islamic militants whose primary motivation was anger regarding this peace treaty with Israel the Palestinians were also still very unhappy with the progress being made towards a Palestinian state and towards a peaceful solution and in 1987 they began a campaign of attacks and civil disobedience civil disobedience in this case including protests and violent riots against the Israeli administration and occupation forces in both the West Bank and Gaza and it was called the First Intifada Intifada meaning uprising and it lasted until 1993 and it was primarily caused again by frustration over this lack of progress towards a Palestinian state as well as Israeli policies particularly policies with its occupation forces which were knocking down Palestinian homes and clearing areas for Jewish settlement during this first Intifada over a thousand Palestinians were killed and many thousands more were wounded on both sides and again it continued for six years until 1993 and ultimately led to an increasing amount of pressure for some sort of formal negotiation between Palestinians and Israelis over the future of the Palestinian people this really got people thinking and realizing that this situation could not continue those formal negotiations did eventually happen secretly at first and held in the Norwegian capital city of Oslo but they did culminate in September 1993 with the signing of the Oslo peace accords the mean terms of those Peace Accords set up the Palestinian Authority which is the government in charge of the civilian and security concerns in the Palestinian areas of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip it's essentially the government of the quasi Palestinian state is a representative government that is determined by free elections or at least was intended to be determined by free elections these Peace Accords were also intended to create increased economic cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians that would hopefully help bridge the gap between the two sides also in perhaps most importantly these Peace Accords were intended to lead within five years to permanent decisions on the future of Jerusalem which both sides claim as their capital the official borders of the two different states and the status of the Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip unfortunately those permanent decisions never happened the Israeli prime minister who signed the Oslo peace accords yet sakura bean was assassinated in 1995 by an Israeli extremists who was against any move towards peace with the Palestinians and Robyn's ultimate successor was the far more conservative Benjamin Netanyahu who's actually the Prime Minister of Israel today as some of you may have known he hasn't been Prime Minister since this time he was out of power for a little while and in recent years regained the prime ministership but again being much more conservative he failed to follow through on many of the terms of these Peace Accords particularly regards to any of those permanent decisions that were supposed to be made regarding the future of the Palestinian state anger over the lack of any real progress after the Oslo peace accords ultimately led to what is referred to as the Second Intifada the second uprising that really kicked off on September 28th 2000 when the Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon and an Israeli political delegation visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem surrounded by several hundred Israeli riot police this was seen as an incredibly provocative move by the Palestinians it had also been preceded by another round of failed peace negotiations that are taking place at Camp Jade that can't be the previous July and all of this anger over this visit ultimately led to riots breaking out the next day and that violence quickly spread throughout Israel on the palestinian controlled territories israel tried to crack down on these riots but their harsh crackdown led to a series of suicide bombings and terrorist attacks against Israeli settlements and military targets and again this Second Intifada began and lasted until 2005 and resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians and military personnel on both sides in the I do wanna mention at least that in the aftermath of the Second Intifada Ariel Sharon actually did take steps to pull back from settlements in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank it looked like he was trying to take some serious steps towards peace or at least to appeasing some of the concerns that the Palestinians had and he was expected to be reelected as Israeli prime minister as the head of the new centrist Kadima party but he suffered a stroke that left him in a coma in 2006 and his unpopular successor eventually lost to Benjamin Netanyahu who as I already mentioned is a fairly conservative politician and Netanyahu was actually greatly expanded the rate of Israeli settlement in the West Bank and that continues to be in enormous cause of conflict and tension between the Israelis and the Palestinians and is one of the major things standing in the way of any sort of lasting peace I would like to wrap up by just real quickly I guess going over the current state of what I'll refer to as the Palestinian cause in 2004 Yasser Arafat died and was succeeded as president of the Palestinian Authority by a boss I will just quickly mention that Arafat's death is considered suspicious by some he wasn't in the best of health but he did die rather suddenly and unexpectedly and there are some conspiracy theories that he was poisoned not true he almost certainly died of natural causes all investigations have suggested that but nevertheless there are some suggestions that his death was somewhat suspicious so Abbas became president of Palestinian Authority and although we won that election his party Fatah lost the subsequent legislative election to the farm or extremely militant radical group Hamas Hamas is considered to be a terrorist organization by both Israel and its allies particularly by the u.s. because it's carried out numerous terrorist attacks over the years again it's far far more radical than Fatah or any of the other Palestinian groups and as a result of this extremism and its status as a terrorist group the u.s. Israel all of the Allied countries there refuse to recognize Hamas as the legitimate leaders of the Palestinian people and in the political maneuvering that occurred afterwards a conflict developed between the Abbas LED Fatah and Hamas and that ultimately led to Hamas forcefully taking control of the Gaza Strip in 2007 as a result you have had a division I guess in the Palestinian government Gaza is now under the control of a Hamas government whereas the West Bank at least the Palestinian region's the West Bank are under the control of Fatah and the Palestinian Authority but as a result of Hamas taking control of the Gaza Strip Israel has since completely blocked hated it it can begin that blockade continues to this day conditions in the Gaza Strip are frankly awful it's probably one of the worst places to live on earth right now there the infrastructure is crumbling there are very few supplies getting in what does getting is usually smuggled through tunnels from Egypt really terrible terrible conditions there as a result of the Israeli blockade and as I mentioned before Fatah remains in control of the West Bank but this I guess which I call it a did split between Palestinian groups has continued to this day no real signs of that ending anytime soon and while that Palestinian split has been going on I just as a very last thing I just want you to have a quick look at that those those maps I have on the left there this shows the loss of Palestinian lands between 1947 and the present as you can see on the far left those were the original Jewish settlements and Palestinian controlled land in 1947 when control the region was given to the UN the next map is the UN Partition Plan between what was supposed to be a Palestinian state in Israel the third map the second from the right is the guest there were really Jordanian and Egyptian controlled Palestinian regions and Israel following the Israeli War of Independence and the six-day war and lastly the map furthest on the right is the present state where the little bit of land in green is what remains of Palestinian land and everything in white is Israel or Israeli occupied land as you can see there has been since then an enormous loss of Palestinian land um and unfortunately there's no real signs that this terrible conflict is going to reach a peaceful resolution anytime soon people continue to make attempts but recent attempts have basically been starters so I hope we see a resolution within our lifetime but I'm not hopeful that anything will occur in the coming years so that concludes our presentation on Israel again on Tuesday we'll look at it a little more with a video that will recap some of this in more detail all right have a happy Friday and a good weekend everybody
