How To Implement Sign in Word

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I spent about 20 years of my career in laptop computer design. Innumerable battery technologies were presented to me over my career and yet in that span only a few ever made it into a design; NiCD, NiMH, Li-Ion and LiPo. Why is that? Many others were promising but companies couldn’t produce cells that were #1 safe, #2 consistent (cell matching is a big problem), #3 capable of high volume production, #4 cost effective, #5 problem-free (no memory effect, consistent re-charge time, etc.) and #6 Long life (at least a 1000+ cycles with minimum degradation in capacity). And there are other factors too; shelf life, energy density, ability to be used in different shapes and sizes, ability to hold voltage throughout discharge, etc. I am not trying to discourage you or anyone from innovating but producing a working cell is just a tiny step in the process to commercialization. I cannot speak for Mr. Musk but I can say that I doubt he’d just say “give me a cell to test.” I’m sure he’d say give me a whole bunch of cells to test and prove to me that this is likely to be mass produced. Please note that creating a battery plant is a massive undertaking - hundreds of millions if not billions of dollars to get one up and running from scratch. The safety measures alone are astronomical. Remember a battery is basically a bomb. It’s a device with an extremely high potential energy designed to release that energy in a slow, controlled fashion. Design or manufacture it incorrectly so that the energy release speeds up and you have bomb.

When we first implemented time and attendance software about 25 years ago this issue surfaced right away. Initially everyone would sign in and out at a workstation. Within a few days of announcing that the backlash from managers (and other salaried staff) was so great we said OK, just as long as you sign in sometime during each day so the software doesn’t regard you as absent. But what about the fairly signNow numbers of staff who traveled, some to numerous other countries for lengthy periods? So, OK, then have your admin assistant sign in once during each day for you (and we’ll take their word for it that they somehow magically know you aren’t goofing off that day wherever you are).Get the picture? Dumb. Not sure where this ended up. And, of course today, with VPN sign-ins remotely… and people working strange hours? And do you want to make record that your “40-hour-a-week” senior staff are routinely working 60 hours a week? And how does that work with new federal overtime rules? And what about on-call people, do you track those with the system?The bottom line it that it may be to everyone’s advantage and convenience to have hourly staff who qualify for overtime sign in and out so you have an automated record that ensures they get paid properly, but anything but a straight forward situation is likely to create problems in my view, problems that can either cause trouble or make a joke of the system. So, I wouldn’t give a stock answer to this, but say it will vary depending on lots of factors.

Interesting question. 17 out of the 20 most traded currencies in the world has a strike in their symbol, the remaining 3 do not have a proper symbol. Even bitcoin has two partial strikes in their symbol. Look at these currency symbols and tell me if you can see anything in common, other than the stripped lines. Image source: Page on imgbuddy.com [ http://imgbuddy.com/world-money-symbols.asp ] They all are from Roman/English alphabet with one or two strikes in between. The Pound and Liras is letter 'L', while Indian Rupee is letter 'R' without the vertical line. English alphabet is generally preferred for symbols because of its wide international acceptance. Did you notice the symbol for the South African currency? It is just an 'R'. In an international context, this may lead to confusion with the English letter 'R'. For example, the image below is an old South African train ticket. Is R0,16 a seat number or the price of the ticket? Image source: KALKBAAI [ http://www.delcampe.net/page/item/id,298093257,var,KALKBAAIVISHOEKAFRIQUE-DU-SUDTICKET-DE-TRAINLOT-Z44,language,E.html ] Chinese Yuan The symbol for the Chinese currency was made by combining the first letter of its English phonetic translation and a portion of the mandarin word. Japanese currency Yen also have the same symbol. Both Yuan and Yen mean 'round object' in their respective languages. Pounds %3E This sign is simply a capital letter [ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/capital#capital__14 ] L, written in an old-fashioned handwriting style and with one or two crossbars to show that it is being used as a symbol or abbreviation. The L stands for the Latin word libra, the name of a Roman unit of weight, which also gave rise to the abbreviation lb for a pound as a measure of weight, and to the French word livre. Dollars Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_sign No one really knows the actual origin of the dollar sign. %3E The best documented explanation reveals that the sign evolved out of the Spanish and Spanish American scribal abbreviation [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation ] "pˢ" for pesos. A study of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century manuscripts shows that the s gradually came to be written over the p developing a close equivalent to the "$" mark. It is also plausible that the double stripped dollar sign may have originated from the superimposition of 'U' and 'S'. The American dollar symbol did not appear on currencies until the $1 coin that was issued in 2007. ¢ is the symbol for cent. Euro European commission held a context and chose € as the Euro symbol. According to them, the inspiration came from Greek epsilon (Є), it also is the first letter of the word 'Europe'. The two parallel lines represent the stability of the Euro. Indian Rupee Image source: Donner du sens aux mots [ http://truchement.blogspot.in/2011_11_01_archive.html ] Indian Rupee symbol was chosen in 2010 after a nationwide design contest. It is a combination of English letter from Roman Alphabet 'R' and Devanagari letter 'ra'. Here, the parallel lines represent the three colors of Indian flag. Other countries Many countries do not bother to design a special symbol for their currency and instead use abbreviations. For example, * 'Rs' was used as the symbol of Indian Rupees till 2010. It is still used in Pakistani and Nepali rupees. * 'руб' is used as the symbol for Russian ruble. In 2013, Russia approved a new better symbol. Image: New Russian ruble symbol. Some countries combine the first letter of their country's name with dollar symbol, For example, * A$ is symbol for Australian dollar * C$ is symbol for Canadian dollar. Some countries have currency symbols in their native language. * ﷼ is the Iranian rial's symbol. * ر.س is Saudi Riyal. * ج.م. is Egyptian Pound. * ؋ is Afghan afghani. * дин is Serbian dinar. * Bitcoin Bitcoin conducted a contest to find the perfect symbol for their currency. It is interesting to read the requirements of that contest. %3E A reference Bitcoin sign could/should/must be: * recognizable as a currency sign [ https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Currency_sign ] such as $ € ¥ £ ¢ (e.g. with one or two vertical or horizontal bars) * distinct from existing currency signs such as the Thai Baht, ฿ * built from recognizable existing characters found on most QWERTY keyboards [ https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Keyboard_layout#United_States ] such as bar |, minus -, hash # and/or capital B referring to currencies and Bitcoin * easy to use in handwriting * easy to compose with one or more compose sequences [ https://help.ubuntu.com/community/GtkComposeTable#The%20Gtk%20Compose%20Table ] that are still free and refer to the elements recognizable in the sign (for example the euro sign can be composed from = and C even though the = and C are not part of how it is pronounced) * possible to implement in serif and sans-serif [ https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Serif ] (Most of the Unicode reference implementations [ http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U20A0.pdf ] are made with serifs but sans-serif also exist in sans-serif fonts. So a reference implementation in serif to what is found in the PDF is preferred.) * possible to implement in regular, italic, bold and bold italic (for sans-serif the italic will simply be a slanted version) Source: Bitcoin symbol - Bitcoin Wiki [ https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_symbol#Currency_Sign ] Conclusion / TL;DR 1. Strikes make it easy to distinguish from other alphabets. 2. It has become a pseudo standard among currencies. 3. Strikes may have meanings/representations for some currencies. The currency symbol which particularly interests me is Kenyan shilling [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_shilling ], their symbol is 'Ksh' which matches the first three letters of my name. :p Sources What is the origin of the pound sign (£)? [ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-is-the-origin-of-the-pound-sign-ps ] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_sign India has a new symbol for the rupee. Where do other currency symbols, like the dollar sign, come from? [ http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/07/__.html?from=rss ] The Origins Of Common Currency Symbols [ http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0710/the-origins-of-common-currency-symbols.aspx ] On a lighter note:- Friend: What are you doing? Me: Researching why currency symbols are stripped? Friend: Why? *Awkward Silence*

Lovely question thanks for asking :))and thanks for sharing AnshulThis answer is Co written by Anshul and also edited by him so want to thank him immensely Dhanyavad AnshulFirst comes my favourite character Karna1 : KarnaDeath was never end for him it was beginning,born before marriage sacrificed then fostered by poor suta family His talent was unleashed. He was rejected by drona for learning archery then he went to parshuram where he learnt archery but paid a huge price , he got curse that he will forget all his knowledge at the most crucial moment when he will need it the most.He tells us that "Unnecessary of what your origins are you still can achieve success you can fight fate and be glorious even after death"Life isn't fair, but you got to face it even through the hard times.He also taught no matter how many rejections and curses come your way don't stop living fight them challenge fate and be victorious.Never switch your sides. Always be loyal. Karn was always loyal to Radheya and Suyodhan (Duryodhan)Never judge anyone by their caste,he always believed that everyone must have right to do everything and should not be discriminated by their caste.Never ever give up in your life In present world if anyone of us have faced so many rejections and curses,insults,unfair life.We would have killed ourselves rather than living with curses and every damn one addressing you suta putra low caste.A friend in need is a friend indeedBe proud of who are you (Though karna was addressed by Suta putra each time by pandavas and others. Karna never felt embarrassed of his caste he was proud of his parents )Be rooted to our origins.Always respect your parents.(Though Karn was born to kunti but he earned his name Daanveer radheya due to his foster mother radha due to her teachings but after knowing that his real mother is kunti,his respect towards his foster mother radhe increased.Art of giving (In today's world we badly need this thing. )Karna always said :Suto va sutputro vayo vakova(be i son of suta or son of anyone)Bhavyaham daiv yettem kule janm (the birth is in hand of deties and destiny)Madhyettem tu pourusham pourusham(but in my hands lies my victory)Even Krishna gave him offer to be the eldest pandava and rule the whole kingdomKrishna : Do you know that you are the eldest Kunti Putra. You deserve to be the king of Hastinapura. Come, join us. All the Pandavas will welcome you. Draupadi will become your queen, why are you fighting with Duryodhana?Karna: “They are not my brothers. And I have no wish to become the king. Thank you for telling me that I am the eldest Kunti Putra, I have been searching this answer all my life.Krishna : Now that you know who you are, why don’t you join the camp of Dharma?Karna:With all due respect to you, who are you to define what is my dharma?. I am aware of my dharma and I am doing it every single day.Krishna :And what is your dharma, may I know?Karna:My Dharma is to protect my friend when he needs me the most.Krishna :Even at the cost of siding with a force which is doing Adharma towards hundreds of thousands of men? Do you know that your presence in the Kaurava camp ensures that Dharma has to fight harder for victory?Karna:The force has its own reasons, I have my own reasons. Where were you when Drona denied me to teach lessons because I do not belong to a royal family? Where was Dharma when I was not allowed to compete in the Swayamvar of Draupadi and I was insulted of being a person from lowerly caste? Where was dharma when I had to answer every single person how a suta putra became the king? Dharma or righteousness for that matter has never been my friend. I have only one friend and only one dharma.Its called Duryodhana.Dhoop Surya ka saath chor sakti hai,upaj dharti ka saath chor sakti hai,disha vaan ka saath chor sakti hai,kintu yeh soot putra karna Duryodhana ka sath nahi chor saktaKunti pleaded to karnaKunti approached Karna and appealed to him to not kill any Pandavas. Karna agreed and said that he will not kill any pandava expect arjun and will not use the same weapon/astra on arjun and we all now karna kept his promises.Keep your promises vows no matter what conditions are (Karn till death even after getting enormously greedy offers from pandavasf side never left Duryodhan alone he lived and died for Duryodhan what a friend alas !)Donating Kavach KundalaNow imagine your enemy's father comes as a sage before you and asks to donate your biggest strength the armour and you give it even when you are forewarned by your father sunthat's incredible those earrings and armour were from birth and imagine when we get a paper cut or small blade cut we be like aaaaahhhHe donated his organ like Kavach kundalaSaying no to any offers, I will achieve it by my own strength and merit !On day 11 of war the day Karna joins war he was offered chariot of Surya Now suryas chariot was so full of heat and light that one can get blind by seeing it war would be over in one day but Karn declined he said father I want to kill that arjun not by any body's aid but by my own handsWhile arjun have astras of Indra,durga Kavach and Shree Krishna as his charioteer and Arjun doesn't know that Karn is his kin so of course he will fight with him intensely and will want to kill him no matter howKarn here already has three curses on him without kavacha kundal and his charioteer was that irritating and rude uncle of Nakula sahadev that is shalya and on top of that Karn knows Arjun is his uterine brother no matter how intense rivalry between them is but can one with full mind kill their own blood .On day 17the day that is day of karna's death he is offered a proposition by Ashwasen a snake that arjun has killed my mother in fire of Khandavprastha he killed all the snakes . I hold the same enmity towards arjun kindly shoot me at arjuns head I will kill him with my venom but Karna declines saying that he will not take anyone's help but kill arjun with aid of his other snaky weaponsKarna Parva: Section 90Such a valiant warrior he was ,Though there are thousand of qualities Karn possess but I named few that one can followI feel you don't need to know 10 things from 10 different characters when you have those 10 qualities embedded in one characterकर्म =राधेकरण2: Shree KrishnaHe is everything and everything is him,the one who understands him attain true serenity and never faces defeatHe is one well orator ,master strategist ,how to win a lost war he can do it allAll of his feats are beautifully presented in Bhagvat gita the real essence of life is in gita .I am not sure if I can describe Shree Krishna and his mystics but he was the most scientific and lovable character still isSome of my favourite quotes from Gita:"karmany evadhikaras tema phalesu kadachanama karma-phala-hetur bhurma te sango ’stv akarmani""Sri Krishna said: You have a right to perform your prescribed duty, but you are not entitled to the fruits of action. Never consider yourself the cause of the results of your activities, and never be attached to not doing your duty."So it is doing our job / duty in a proper manner that gives true happiness in life. So let’s do our job / duty properly without much caring for, how much money it shall generate.2: There are three gates to the self destructive hell: Lust, anger and greed .This quote gives us aftermath of charactersGreed of Kingdom destroyed DuryodhanLust killed Kichak and Dushasan (Kichak is brother in law of Virat king Virat is father of uttara uttara is wife of abhimanyu)Anger caused end of Ghatotkacha and insult of draupadi was also due to her own anger destruction of Kauravas was due to Uncontrolled Anger. Anger also caused Ashwathama to be cursed3: The offering of Wisdom is better than any material offering:)4 : Mind acts like a enemy for those who cannot control it5: Calmness Gentleness Silence and self Restraint and purity are disciplines of MindNote: I wanted to post all the Karma yog but as krishna said self restraint is necessary therefore I stop here :) hey you can always read gita one shlok every day :)3: Devavrata (Bhishma)Indecisiveness in action can hide your truthfulness and pious natureHe was a great aura he had all qualities Calmness Self restraint Gentleness purity and silenceHe took the vow of celibacy and followed it to death and he was the first one to recite Vishnu SahastranamaBut as krishna said He is a fool who follows truth without knowing difference between falsehood and truthI am not saying that Bhishma is not intelligent indeed he was . He strongly opposed Duryodhan for draupadi's insult but he remained indecisive that indecisiveness cause wrong actionsNo matter how pious the person is, but had he took the right action at right time things would have been differentBhishma was born in uttara ashadha nakshatra people generally born in this nakshatra are truthful but obstinate with their vowsObstinacy and indecision caused his failureHe adored and supported the Pandavas, however served Duryodhana as a duty dictated by the principles of Dharma. He failed to achieve anything positive. This ineffectiveness of his life is well captured by a Hindi poet Dinkar when he writes,“Pyar pandavo par manse,Kauravo ki seva tanse,Sadh payega kaun?kam iss bikhari hui lagan se”4 : AshwathamaUncontrolled anger can give you a cursed lifeAshwathama was one of the most underrated intriguing characters of mahabharata He was a lovely Son,great archer and a dedicated friendBut He had his rudra aspect to him,When anger of Ashwathama was invoked it destroyed everything .He killed Sons of pandavas but wasn't it invoked when pandavas killed Dronacharya by taking his name that ashwathama was deadBut Ashwathama was a loyal friend but he couldn't control his anger and aimed brahmastra at uttaras womb which later caused a curse given by Krishna that he will be surrounded with never healing wounds and blood oozing out of his body Krishna also took his gem which gave him protection from weapons and ailmentsAnger should be constructive not Destructive5: Suyodhan(Duryodhan)Sometimes Anger can engulf youDuryodhan was the perfect Son yes he loved his parents muchThe perfect Husband he loved his wife Bhanumati a lovely husband indeedA beautiful friend he never expected swore allegiance of Karn before giving him Angadesh. Duryodhan even never scolded Karn for giving his armour and in war when Karn was surrounded by satyaki and Bhim Duryodhan sent his brothers and Ashwathama to protect Karn that tells us how much he loved and cared for KarnaDuryodhan was a lovely father as well he married off his daughter Lakshmana to Sambha (son of Krishna) when Sambha abducted Her from her swayamwar .... though he never liked Krishna he still got lakshamana married of to SambhaBut he was a not a great cousin he had his personal ego and he hated if someone rejected or insulted him he couldn't just dissolve his anger quoting DuryodhanHe hated them who speak unpardonable words for himNow rewind draupadi not only insulted Duryodhans best friend Karan at her swayamwar but Said Andhaka putra andhaha blind man's son is blind which further intensified his angerDuryodhan was simple lived on once he hate someone he hates them forever once he loves someone he loves them foreverImagine when pandavas came to hastinapur Gandhari must have said thisDuryodhan they are your cousins share your toys done maaShare your palace. DoneShare your weapons .Umm OkayShare your teacher. DoneShare your Kingdom. What say that again?Duryodhan was good but this hatred towards cousin killed him his anger and ego intensified and he chose the path of self destruction with aid of shakuni and others6: DraupadiControl your anger sometimes your fun can hurt someone so much that they can destroy your existence ,Think before you insult. She rejected Karn then laughed upon Duryodhan She was a brave lady but thus egoistic7: Barbareek (Grandson of bhima)Barbarik was the son of Ghatotkach.He was blessed with the 3 arrows which had the power of destroying whole enemies in a single moment. His guru took a promise from him that he always will fight from weaker side.Whichever side he supports will only make the other side weaker due to his power. Nobody will be able to defeat him. Hence, he will be forced to support the other side that has become weaker .Thus he will keep oscillating between two sides, thereby destroying the entire army of both sides and eventually only he would remain. Subsequently, none of the sides would victorious as he would be the lone survivor. Hence, Krishna avoids his participation in the war by seeking his head in Charity.Maurvi(Barbareek mother) was terror personified. She raved and ranted Krishna"If this was how you wanted it to end then why did you begin it?" she screamed.Barbareek consoled Maurvi, "Mother, there is a purpose in all this. We have been chosen to convey a very important message to mankind. If absolute power is concentrated in one hand it can only lead to the destruction of the world. Either I have to go or the world has to go and there is really no choice. I just hope my sacrifice will not go in vain." Source:WikiBarbareek sacrifice is greater than anything he sacrificed his head for pandavas victory.In Jaipur , he is worshipped as Khatu shyam ji and is believed to have been sacrificed before the Mahabharata war to ensure the victory of his grandfathers.8: HidimbaHidimbi was the first wife of Bhima though abandoned.She aided pandavas and sacrificed her son Ghatotkacha and grandson Barbareek in war.Though a rakshasi but better than Devis whatever your habit is if on righteousness you shall attain your position now.She is goddess of manali due to her deeds and sacrifice.9: ViduraVidura was the half-brother of the dhrisrashtra and panduHe was skilled, intelligent and had no greed of Kingdom and said to be harsh spoken but always said truthVidura on the importance of controlling one’s speechTo control speech, O king, is said to be most difficult. It is not easy to hold a long conversation uttering words full of meaning and delightful to hearers. Well-spoken speech is productive of many beneficial results; and ill-spoken speech, O king, is the cause of evils. A forest pierced by arrows, or cut down by hatchets may again grow, but one’s heart wounded and censured by ill-spoken words never recovereth. Weapons, such as arrows, bullets, and bearded darts, can be easily extracted from the body, but a wordy dagger plunged deep into the heart is incapable of being taken out. Wordy arrows are shot from the mouth; smitten by them one grieveth day or night. A learned man should not discharge such arrows, for they do not touch the very vitals of others.(Mahabharata Udyoga Parva, Section 34)Vidura on KindnessAblution in all the holy places and kindness to all creatures – these two are equal. Perhaps, kindness to all creatures surpasseth the former.(Mahabharata Udyoga Parva, Section 35)Philosopher Jagadguru Rambhadracharya had composed poems on vidura and his wife sulabha named Kaka vidura10: Shikandhini (Amba)Revenge is best served cold. She waited for 2 lifetimes for taking revenge on Bhishma finally she did in a new avatar no matter what form you take but don't forget your revenge.11:ArjunaHe was a good listener ,he asked right questions, had great concentrationNo matter how just win forget everything else Never abandon your other wives and children don't destroy your personal life for professionalismSingle-minded focus can help us to achieve our goals.

Ages ago, when I was in college, there was a time when you couldn’t call long distance from your home phone. You had to go down to the street to a STD booth to make a long distance phone call. Don't laugh... they were literally called STD booths. Here’s photographic evidenceAnywho, I had to talk to my friend who was on a different area code, so I went down the street. The guy manning the booth overheard my conversation, and asked me“What are you learning in college?” “Programming” “What is programming?” “We learn how to make computers do what we want them to do” “So, you type into the computer?” “Yes. we type programs into the computer” “Data entry!” “No, not data entry. That’s different” “You type into the computer, means it’s data entry”.I was like, ‘Forget it, I do data entry. I am going to college commuting 3 hours everyday to learn how to do data entry.. fine!’Now, cut to the last year of college. I was looking for things to do to be productive. There is an institute called NIIT that provides technical training after college. You have to take an entrance exam to enter the institute. I took the entrance exam, and nailed it. However, I didn’t join NIIT because I balked at their fees.Next I heard that there is a company called Datamatics that is recruiting freshers, and they had Open Recruitment days. I went on one of the first of these open recruitment days. Datamatics screens out candidates by having them give an entrance test. I wanted to avoid taking the test, so instead, I went to the examiner and showed him my NIIT scores, and asked him if I can get out of the exam. He went and talked to someone, and then told me that I don’t have to take the exam. I can directly go to the next stage which is a verbal interview. I was like woohoo… short cut! The interviewer asked me some questions, and asked me when I can start. I told her I can join right after my exams. So, she told me to start on the first Monday of the month after my exams. She gave me an offer letter with the start date. SO, I went skipping home, happy that I had bagged a job before I passed my exams.Few months later, I gave my exams. First Monday after my exams, I showed up at Datamatics. They ask me “Who are you?” “I’m a new hire. I was told to start today” “Freshers start after they get their exam results. That’s 3 months from now”“3 months? But I left another job to join you. Here’s the offer letter.”So, they looked at the offer letter, and it indeed said that I was supposed to join them on that day. They came back and told me that there was a miscommunication, and I was the only person hired that day (because I took that excellent life hack of using my NIIT scores to skip the exam), I was given an incorrect offer date. I pleaded that I was a poor guy, and I can’t really afford to sit at home for 3 months. SO, they told me to not worry and wait for a while.After 15–20 minutes, a team lead came by and asked me some basic C++ questions to assess my technical skills. He said I could start working today, but because of the miscommunication, my computer is not setup. So, I will have to work in a temporary location. He explained to me what he wanted me to work on. He told me that they employ a lot of data entry operators, and they want to implement a keylogger that can capture the work done by the operator in a way that they can store it in a database. I guessed they probably want to do some analytics, or catch misuse. We went over the details of what I was going to do.So, then he led me to a room which was filled with rows and rows of computers. He told me to sit at one of the computers and start working. He gave me all the CDs to install the IDE and everything. He told me to not worry about what other people in the room would be doing. I need not follow the orders that they are given, and I can do what I want. I get to work. 15–20 minutes later, scores of guys came in and filled the room. They started typing really fast. I’m like WTF is this?DATA ENTRY OPERATORS!!!I was in a room full of data entry operators. Probably the same data entry operators that I was writing keylogger for. So, these guys are typing at breakneck speed.. and I’m typing like most programmers do.. in bursts. These guys get paid by the word. So, some of them near me looked like they were concerned that I wasn’t able to work. In fact, I got up to take smoke break, and one of them started signing me to sit down. I was like “Why? What?” I went to the foreman and told him I’m going for a smoke break. The guys were horrified! I came back and in a few hours, they got a break. As they were filing past, I overheard them mutter about how I wouldn’t last a day.So, apparently, I went to college for 4 years to become a really bad data entry operator.

There was no official antisemitism, or any other ethnic bigotry, prior to WWII. It was all class warfare then. No one cared which ethnicity you were.It all changed during and after the WWII, when ethnic identity became all the rage. At first, that affected several other ethnic group much worse than Jews; by Brezhnev’s time, it became primarily about Jews.Officially, the word “Jews” was rarely mentioned. It was a rude word and could offend some delicate spirits. There was however an official campaign in 1948–1953 against Rootless cosmopolitans and “murderers in white lab coats” (both euphemisms for Jews), most of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was tortured and shot in 1953 at the height of the anti-Jewish campaign, Jewish theater was closed (prompting a joke that “other than Moishe and myself, all the artists in our Roma theater are Jewish), and, all over the country, random Jews like my Grandfather were beaten on the streets by mobs, on the ground of being rootless cosmopolitans. Fortunately, Grandma was an ethnic Russian who was willing to fight the whole mob single-handedly and had a sharp tongue and probably saved his life.In 1953, there were rumors of trains ready to “evacuate” the rootless cosmopolitans into Siberia to save them from people’s anger, like it had already been done to several other ethnic groups before. Fortunately, the death of Stalin stopped that wave of abuse. I had always secretly hoped that maybe a Jewish “murderer in a white coat” helped him out of his misery in a self-fulfilling prophecy sort of a way, but no; apparently, it was a Georgian and a murderer arguably even worse than Stalin.After that, there were a few years when everybody, even Jews, sighed relief. Then again, it depended on a republic. As I wrote before, Ukraine, especially Western Ukraine, was fantastically antisemitic to its few surviving Jews, forcing them to try their luck in Russia and other republics. I don’t think the antisemites needed an official justification. Their newfound relative freedom during Chruschev’s time also meant the freedom to act on their nationalist beliefs. It did not need a justification. A person’s obviously Jewish name was pedaled as a justification, nudge nudge, wink wink. Everybody understood. That’s why I laugh when Ukrainians try to portray themselves as victims of Russian communists. If Russian and not Ukrainian communists ruled in Ukraine, my father would have been able to find a job there and I would not have been born.Then there was official expulsion of Jews from the branches of science that prepared the cadres for the defense and space industry, Physics being the most notable of them. I was told there was a secret instruction against “ethnicities whose nation states don’t have diplomatic relations with the USSR”. Another euphemism for Jews obviously. South Africa did not have diplomatic relations with the USSR, but how many (white) South Africans were applying to Russian universities?That’s why neither of my parents became physicists and instead acquired a similar, but not nearly as tightly regulated scientific speciality. Despite both being gold medalists, i.e. the “champions” of their schools.A diplomatic career was of course totally closed to Jews, but not many wanted it in the first place. Those people were elite. One mink-coated diplomatic wife once told my mother that her dog eats what her children have never tasted; as an explanation why that dog gets to poop on our playground. Of course we were not allowed there, that was understood. No decent people wanted to be in that swamp anyway. The limitations in scientific education really hurt though.When the STEM faculties of Moscow State University (the most prestigious university in Russia) stopped accepting Jews, the Jewish students instead applied to 2 or 3 other universities who were more accepting. I studied in one of those. We were lovingly dubbed “a synagogue”. Our “synagogue” major was known for two things: very low competition, and very high admission requirements. A seeming contradiction. The quality of education in those schools shot up sharply; not because we were the best, but because we would have normally attended a more reputable school. Coincidentally, the quality of education in the more reputable school (Moscow State University) decreased sharply at about the same time. We know because that school still had some Jewish professors left, even though it no longer had Jewish students, whose lectures we could sometimes attend, without getting any credits for it. We could see that the majority of the local students don’t understand the lecture.As for our “synagogue”, our rector was quoted as saying that “having too many Jewish students is scandalous (неприлично)”. But, to his credit, he went out of his way to institute anonymous entrance exams, thus making selection by ethnicity impossible, and selection by connections, nearly impossible. Which is how we became the synagogue we were in the first place.

Sure, plenty of us have seen a “cute” video of an elephant painting…Mate, that’s rubbish. (Credit: Philippe Huguen)If anyone thinks that elephant had a moment of creative inspiration and just had to get its masterpiece down on canvas, I have some bottled air I’d like to sell to you.Elephants don’t paint, unless someone trains them to paint (maybe someone who, I don’t know, gets money from selling the elephant’s artwork to tourists…?). This animal has been forced to recreate a certain pattern of brush strokes, probably reinforced in a none-too-pleasant way.It doesn’t know it’s painting an elephant. It knows it’s going to get fed, and (possibly) not hurt if it carries out this repetitive task over and over.It does say something for their intelligence that they can remember the right brush strokes, but it doesn’t mean they’re semi-human.As for gorillas and sign language, no one’s disputing that gorillas are intelligent as far as animals go but I’ve seen a translation for Koko the gorilla’s “conversation” and it was absolute gibberish.Moderator:How do you feel about Michael [a gorilla who has also been trained by Dr. Patterson]?KOKO:foot, foot, goodModerator:foot means male, right?KOKO:nippleDr Patterson:She's acting out a little here.Moderator:What about Ndume [a gorilla who is Koko's breeding partner]?KOKO:badModerator:Oh dearKOKO:toiletModerator:Uh oh! From the audience: Koko, do you feel love from the humans who have raised you and cared for you? Ely35150 asked that.KOKO:lips, apple give me(For anyone who’s interested here’s a transcript: The Flummery Digest)I’ve seen some responses from actual Deaf people, and they raise the point that it’s quite insulting to suggest a gorilla can master ASL.We don’t need to anthropomorphise animals to understand that they’re intelligent. Their type of intelligence is different from our own and making them do unnatural things doesn’t prove that they’re “like us.”Animal conservation and protection is extremely important. You don’t need to call them something they aren’t to implement this though. They’re animals, and animals should be protected. Even the ones whose “intelligence” is less obvious.Drawing arbitrary distinctions between various animals because some do “human” things is just going to confuse the issue.What the f*ck have you painted recently? Buck your ideas up or save yourself from poaching. (Credit: Getty)

I checked out leetcode a couple months after signing a job offer, and looking at the questions, many of them are used word for word in interviews for large software engineering firms.With that said, the big 4 software companies mostly ask medium difficulty questions with some easy and rarely, if ever, hard questions. The hard questions are in fact very hard and expecting someone to be able to implement a good solution to one of those problems in the allotted time while under the pressure of an interview setting and writing code on the whiteboard is quite unreasonable. I would only expect strong competitive programmers with a sophisticated background in algorithmic problem solving to be able to complete those problems.The only time I’ve encountered hard questions are at obscure startups with less than 100 engineers who are obsessed with hiring “the best” and are overly protective of their hiring bar. I’m not sure why they expect a software engineer to be able to write out a working optimal solution to something like the The Skyline Problem | LeetCode OJ, especially if the work mostly consists of non-algorithmic generic software development.Larger companies don’t have the luxury of using hard questions. They need to hire thousands of software engineers, and despite the propaganda they push out about all their engineers being geniuses, there’s no way a typical engineer at one of those companies can implement a solution to most hard problems on a whiteboard in a one hour interview.

So there are two ways this could go.Let’s imagine, for a minute, that Congress passed a law giving the FAA the authority to determine who was, and who was not, qualified to pilot a commercial aircraft. It does this under the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution, because commercial aircraft cross state boundaries, and also because the welfare of the public is endangered by unqualified pilots - both those who fly, and those like myself who unfortunately live under the flight paths of airports. If you’re a libertarian, you probably already object to this, but for the purpose of this answer your objections aren’t relevant. We’re going to assume the law has been passed and found to be Constitutional, and think about what happens next.What does the FAA do then? The problem is that Congress hasn’t specified how to determine who’s qualified. In fact, it really can’t, both because commercial aviation technology changes so fast that any such law would quickly become outdated, and also because Congress doesn’t actually know how - Congressmen aren’t aviation experts. That’s what they have the FAA for.So the FAA is legally required to fulfill this particular law - it has the force of law because it was written and passed by Congress and signed by the President. But the law isn’t specific enough to just blindly implement it, which puts the FAA in something of a bind.One thing the FAA could do is convene a panel of experts, who take a crack at figuring out the skills all commercial pilots should have and a testing procedure for evaluating pilots against those skills. It publishes all of this and lets the public comment. After the comments have been submitted, the FAA reconvenes the panel, modifies the proposed scheme, republishes it, gets more comments, and at some point decides it has done the best it can and declares the whole thing to be federal policy. At that point the President can order the FAA to change, and Congress can complain and threaten to withold funding, if either dislikes the result, but generally they don’t because the folks in the FAA are for the most part professionals who take their jobs seriously, plus they realize that their reputations, pensions, and/or future job prospects depend on their doing a decent job at this. Also, anyone inconvenienced seriously enough can sue the FAA, and can point to the written document the FAA has published in support of their position; if they win, the FAA has to go back and rewrite the document.This is generally the way we do it here in the First World.Or there’s the other way. The FAA could hire some pilot examiners, and let them just make stuff up as they go along. One could give commercial pilots licenses to people who pass his own personal exam, which is made up of stuff he thinks is a good idea, but which is actually pretty decent. A second could make up an exam as well, but it’s different from, and far easier than, the first one, and results in a lot of people receiving commercial pilot licenses who shouldn’t really be allowed to drive a go-kart. A third could base her exam on the one she took back in ‘68, before we had electronic cockpits or GPS. No officially established procedure ever gets written down, so it’s hard to prove that examiners two and three are violating the law. In fact they aren’t - the law isn’t specific enough. It’s just that their personal judgment is poor.Or, I suppose, there’s the third way, which is to make Congress become experts on commercial aviation, and then pass a new bill every year spelling out the commercial pilot exam, factoring in changes in technology, new aircraft, new findings about aviation safety from NASA and the major aviation companies, not neglecting changes in international treaties, norms, and standards, since our pilots have to be allowed to land at foreign airports and vice versa. I don’t hold out a lot of hope for Congress being able to manage that, myself, given how busy they are doing their due diligence while dealing with military appropriations and border security and immigration law and considering presidential appointees and all the other ten thousand things Congress has to do, even if we’re talking about a libertarian-style minimalistic federal government. The subject is just too technical, and it changes too fast. But YMMV, I suppose.Which do you think makes for better governance? When executive agencies are forced to write regulations down and submit them for public review, or when they get to make stuff up on the spot?