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Industry sign banking maryland memorandum of understanding myself

julie thank you for that very uh kind and warm introduction i'm always happy to be with you folks in minnesota i wish it wasn't by zoom this time uh it would have been nice to be back with you physically but uh maybe that will happen in the future only the lord knows so do you have a date with carbon 14 let's take a look here is the outline of the talk we'll go through these points uh one by one we'll start with the very basics i call it the particle play pin uh how many times did i say it harold how many times make sure that bomb shelter's got a can opener ain't much good without a can opener i said well we're going to open the can of the atom and take a look and see what's inside and then use that and to explain how carbon-14 dating actually works so here's a representation of the atom that most of you folks are familiar with but you may not remember the details from school so it's the smallest unit of chemical element consisting of a nucleus and electrons electrons have a negative charge and they have negligible weight or mass and they are outside the nucleus we picture them as orbits often like the solar system but it's not the way it works they actually exist in areas that they call clouds uh orbit tolls are they actually a technical word um where they are most likely to be found but representations with um solar system type depictions makes it much easier to keep track of what happens when chemical reactions occur in the nucleus are the neutrons which have a neutral charge neutron neutral charge no charge and it has mass by definition it's one atomic mass unit and then protons have almost exactly the same mass as the neutron but they have a positive charge so the nucleus consists of the neutrons and the protons um which is where the weight or mass of the atom is occurred and so the definition of the atomic mass is the total sum of the weight of the atom the sum of the weight of the neutrons and the protons and that sum is the atomic weight of that particular type of atom the atomic number on the other hand is the number of protons and that's what determines which element an atom is the number of protons that's the key remember that for sure so an isotope uh the word comes from combining iso meaning same and taupe meaning place the same place so isotropes refer to the variants of the state kind of element that have different numbers of neutrons remember for it to be the type of element it is the protons determine that so isotopes have to have the same number of protons but they have different numbers of neutrons so some are stable and some are not stable looking at carbon carbon 12 the most common form of carbon is stable carbon 13 the next most common is also stable it's carbon 14 that is not stable and we'll talk more about that molecules then are combinations of atoms and the one everybody is familiar with most is uh water and it looks like mickey mouse here in this depiction with the two hydrogens uh sharing electrons with the oxygen atom it's the electrons that form the bonds that hold the individual atoms together to form the molecules so here's the student he said i thought you said the chemical composition of water was h2o so here you see the periodic table and spike a white box around carbon to highlight that it is atom with six protons therefore it is element number six and the isotropes all have six protons so here you see showing carbon 12 13 and 14. they all have six protons but they have different numbers of neutrons meaning six seven and eight neutrons so the atomic mass six neutrons plus six protons would be twelve seven neutrons and six protons thirteen eight neutrons and six protons carbon fourteen and that's the one that is not stable it is unstable it is radioactive meaning unstable notice the percentages of the makeup so carbon 12 is nearly 99 not quite carbon 13 is almost all of the remainder and then carbon 14 is an extremely minuscule amount one in in 10 to the 12th meaning trillion one in one trillion carbon atoms is a carbon-14 atom that's a very very tiny tiny number but that's the one we're going to be focusing on well what there are three different types of radiation uh relating to the decay of carbon-14 an alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons so it has an atomic mass of four and i'm going to show you a representation of a small part of the uranium nucleus so the the number on top there 238 refers to the sum total of the number of protons plus neutrons to make the total number for the atomic mass or atomic weight 92 refers to the number of protons and that's what determines the fact that this particular atom is uranium so uranium undergoes decay in 16 stages but we're just going to talk about one step and that's alpha decay which occurs eight times and so you see they're highlighted in this oval two protons and two neutrons so they kick out of the nucleus and that is now an independent alpha particle so that's alpha decay that's one of the main means of decay of the nucleus of an atom well since it's lost to protons its atomic number is now 90 instead of 92 so it's no longer uranium it's now thorium okay so that's how an element changes what it is it's by the changing the number of protons so there you see a portion of the periodic table so that atom of uranium upon decay has become thorium as it lost the alpha particle two protons and two neutrons well these alpha particles just don't sit there on their lonesome they pick up stray electrons and become helium so helium is a byproduct of the decay of uranium so when one uranium atom decays all the way down to lead in the process it gives off eight alpha particles and therefore they become eight atoms of helium there's a reason why i'm introducing this while talking about carbon we'll get back to that later on the second type of radiation is called a beta particle and it is basically an electron which means it has almost no mass but has energy in beta decay a neutron highlighted by the circle there decomposes decays into a proton and a beta particle which is basically an electron so what you see that was circled was a blue neutron is now a new red proton so that also changes what the element is by altering the number of protons so it changed from having 90 protons to 91 upon the decay of that neutron so the beta particle kicks out it has that negative charge and almost no mass and that neutron has become a proton so now that is protactinium so there you see there where thorium became protactinium this is beta decay julie are you with me all right very good the third type of radiation is purely energy gamma radiation and this is the type that kills this is what's so dangerous when chernobyl occurs or the fukushima plant in japan or getting too much radiation in a medical setting such as the x-ray suite so i'm representing this with this very very short wave high energy a representation of an energy wave pure wave and that is what gamma rays consist of so as we look at the electromagnetic spectrum on the right hand side are extremely large long waves of low energy and the slowest there radio waves it goes through as you get up to faster and faster wavelength shorter wavelength goes through microwaves which we use for our ovens to heat up our food or infrared to track things at night there's visible light very tiny amount of the spectrum ultraviolet uh which we use to kill bacteria for example to sterilize things medically for surgical suites that can't be heated such as rubber tubing then x-rays we used to take for you know looking at egg for bones in other parts of the body and then gamma rays the highest energy of all so these are the things that that are are the most dangerous and are produced um upon decay of atoms so looking at all of them together we have for alpha decay it has the positive charge two protons beta decay has the electron one electron negative charge and gamma has no charge it's pure energy the speed of light or fraction thereof for an alpha particle it's 80 percent of the speed of light uh the beta is 99 of the speed of light and gamma is light it's a photon it's the speed of light it's energy so this is uh showing how we can identify them relate them to the alpha particle being the nucleus of an of a helium atom excuse me the beta and electron and gamma a light photon now how to protect ourselves the alpha particle can be stopped with a few inches of air it's not dangerous the beta particle a few sheets of paper or thin metal foil like aluminum foil but it's the gamma rays those take inches or feet of lead so that's the puppy that is bad news excuse me so now let's take a look at this concept of nuclear half-life in other words how long does it take for the half of the number of atoms that are of a particular radioactive type to decay to fall apart how long does it take half of them to fall apart well using methods of measuring this and being able to extrapolate things because obviously we can't watch something for 5730 years to determine but using certain equations they're able to in a shorter period of time figure out how long it takes for half of the material so i'm using a pie as a way to illustrate this that for carbon 14 specifically after 5730 years half of the original amount of the number of atoms of carbon-14 will have decayed in that next 5730 years half of the half will have decayed so that only a quarter of the original amount is left and so as we keep slicing the pie every 5 730 years goes down to 8 to a 16 to the 32nd 64th and then it becomes so small that it's no longer measurable now understand that there's this asterisk at the word no longer measurable i i at the risk of repeating myself too many times i'm just going to put the to avoid that risk i'm putting the asterisks there to say all of these numbers are using the evolutionary assumptions of uniformitarianism and long ages so understand that it's that context for these numbers of years and we'll talk a lot more about that but just every time you see me or hear me talking about these huge numbers understand that this is all out of the evolutionary uniformitarian time frame interpretation of things so don't think i'm talking about actual number of years hey everything equations do you enjoy enjoy your job as a cartoonist here kazoo all right so let's focus let's talk about how carbon 14 is formed and decays so here you see a representation of the earth and it's a magnetic field shielding it and solar radiation strikes the atmosphere and produces carbon 14. now folks who have medical background know that the atmosphere is 78 nitrogen 21 oxygen so that's why when we talk about keep the patient on room air we're talking about 21 oxygen as opposed to supplementing with higher amounts from oxygen source so the solar wind uh referring to this radiation that's coming at us from the sun uh is uh to a good degree shielded by this magnetic field so what happens in the upper reaches of the atmosphere the stratosphere is that these nitrogen atoms comprising 78 of the air are struck by these very high energy waves coming for ions coming from the sun and here it's just showing you that 99.63 of nitrogen is nitrogen 14 as opposed to a different isotope and as i already showed you carbon 12 is 98.89 of all carbon so here's what happens for the formation of carbon 14 the neutrons are being kicked around and those very high energy um situations up there high in the stratosphere and the neutron collides with a nitrogen atom and so think of like a billiards table where you break break the formation with the cue ball and it sticks to the group of uh pool balls billiard balls and but some of them break out so this is what happens here so the neutron strikes the nitrogen nucleus it sticks and a proton is kicked out by the forks of the neutron striking the nucleus so that is how nitrogen is converted into carbon 14. so the total mass is the same the nitrogen has seven neutrons and seven protons but the carbon has eight neutrons and six protons so that's how nitrogen 14 becomes carbon 14. are we good all right so here we're showing then the nitrogen becoming carbon same total mass but a difference in the number of protons so again this is one in a trillion carbon atoms of all carbon so in the atmosphere this is occurring carbon 14 is formed combines with oxygen in the atmosphere forms carbon dioxide that contains carbon 14 rather than carbon 12. so plants take in the carbon 14 becomes part of the structure of the plant animals eat the plant we eat the plants we eat the animals that eat the plants so that's how we get carbon 14 into our bodies as long as we're alive well photosynthesis is the miracle that makes it so inside the leaves inside the cells there are these very tiny special structures called chloroplasts and chloro by the way means green chlorophyll means green leaf that's the name of the molecule that takes the energy from the sun and converts it into electr energy stored in electrons that can be used then to make sugars so the plant takes in water from the ground takes in the carbon dioxide with carbon 14 from the air and most everybody had to learn this formula when they were in school so six molecules of carbon dioxide plus six of water are converted into six of uh oxygen at a molecules and one molecule of sugar which now contains carbon 14. so that's how we end up with carbon 14 in our bodies so during life there's equilibrium with the atmosphere with the plants the animals and people that we all have the same ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 14 in our organisms while we're still alive but once an organism dies there is no further acquisition of carbon-14 but there is loss by the decay of the carbon 14 back to nitrogen so it's this loss which is used to make an attempt to determine how long something has been dead so here is how the carbon-14 decay occurs so here's the carbon-14 atom with its six protons and the eight blue neutrons that neutron decays as i showed you before beta decay and there you see it turning red and green to represent what's going to be the new proton and the new electron or beta particle excuse me and then proof it occurs and so now what was the neutron is now the new proton the beta particle slash electron has been kicked out and so that was formerly carbon 14 is now nitrogen 14 the carbon has decayed back to nitrogen so this is what happens it happens even while we're alive but we're in equilibrium because while we're alive we still get new carbon 14 that is the same ratio as what we lose okay so the carbon has reverted back to nitrogen so how is this measured now folks don't generally talk about this too much there's two main methods the original method was actually counting the decay of the carbon-14 atoms the beta decay as it occurred using a geiger counter like device so this will be done for a period of a couple days and then using the mathematical formulas an age an age would be determined a ratio would be determined and then an age would be determined so this is more cumbersome takes longer and is not quite as accurate not as accurate as the other method i'm going to show you so the limit to how old something can be dated again the asterisk means using the evolutionary assumptions the uniformitarian assumptions would be about 50 000 years after that the amount of carbon 14 remaining in the specimen would be so small that it would not be measurable so here just showing you using the pie again that after 60 000 years no longer measurable it's there but very very tiny amount the other newer method it's been around for decades but it's the newer method is using an accelerator mass spectrometer so here's this huge device uh the one in the lab at the university university of arizona in tucson and this uses a tremendously powerful electromagnetic field that's three mega electron volts as in million it takes a huge amount of power well excuse me first the sample has to be prepared so before it gets put into the device for measure for measuring so there's the use of like a pair of forceps here to physically pick out foreign objects because for example we have to remember the flood was a giant watching machine and everything got mixed together and things happened since then so for example when i was on the dinosaur digging montana seven years ago uh e cavating a triceratops horn and the cervical condyle the ball at the top of the neck roots were growing growing into the horn there are pieces of uh tortoiseshell right there there are bacteria mold all these things have to be dealt with um the products of freezing in the winter and then roasting in the summer all this kind of stuff has to be dealt with so objects that are large enough to be seen with the visible eye naked eye are removed with forceps and then use a scapula to scrape things off the surface and then if it's for example a bone specimen then a dental drill is used to erode away the very top part of the surface so that chemical and other physical contaminants are removed so that we're getting pure specimen so these are things that have to be done to the specimen so if it's charcoal wood peat and tex most peat types of peat and textiles the chemical preparation after the physical preparation is hot hydrochloric acid followed by a base sodium hydroxide and then repeat with the hydrochloric acid that's at normal room temperature so those are the steps for preparing these types of specimens for bone it's cold hydrochloric acid then the sodium hydroxide the base and then a repeat with uh and then the collagen is exposed so that that is really what is being used because remember that bone is a double matrix it's a protein matrix and collagen is the main protein but it's also a mineral matrix of what's called hydroxyapatite calcium and phosphate and oxygen so um the collagen is therefore then exposed and then that is what is uh measured for carbon in the bone specimens and then for shelves coral and other carbonate materials uh it's the acid itself and that's all that's needed so the sample now is further prepared by um using a laser source to put intense energy to carbonize the specimen so that the carbon atoms then form sheets planar sheets which we call graphite which you see here on the bottom of the slide these parallel sheets where the carbon atoms are are bonded covalently bonded by electrons in the plane but other very weaker forces very weak forces are what hold the sheets together this is why when you use a pencil which we still mistakenly call a lead pencil it's actually graphite when you write and strike your pencil against the paper you're rubbing off these sheets of graphite these planar molecular sheets so this is the preparation so that this is the condition the carbon will be in when it's inserted into the accelerator mass spectrometer so luke use the mass times the acceleration okay other words that's the formula for force mass times acceleration is force use the force luke so this accelerator mass spectrometer as i said has this huge 3 million electron volts of power to generate this incredibly strong electromagnetic field so the specimen is carbonized and then turned into graphite specimen is put into the place where it's loaded and it's bombarded with ions from cesium which is a heavier element number 55 and i showed this in relationship to xenon this shows it has one more proton one more electron in xenon and you may remember that the xenon being a one of the noble gases noble elements uh their electron orbits are full they're happy they're satisfied they don't normally interact with other atoms and that's put under extremely abnormal conditions which are not natural so cesium in that position has this extra electron it's very happy to donate that's the point of that and so the cesium atoms then are used to bombard electrons onto the specimen the carbonized graphite specimen in this very strong electromagnetic field the carbon 12 13 and 14 atoms are sorted out because of their different weight the different mass having that extra neutron or two extra neutrons makes all the difference in the world in this device so that the heavier ones carbon 14 go the furthest carbon 13 and middle and then carbon 12 is the first one you see where it says carbon 12 cup carbon 13 cup and carbon 14 cup well this bombardment by the electrons from the cesium causes all these various different forms of carbon atoms uh to occur as a result of the bombardment and then they fly through this field and are sorted out now you would think that the heavier one would be the first one to leave well the way it works is it's because of the attraction by the magnetic force electromagnetic force is what causes the heaviest one to go the furthest so these these species of carbon atoms go through what's called an electron stripper so they only have a positive charge and carbon 14 having the greatest uh positive charge goes the furthest what are the advantages of the accelerator mass spectrometer and a much much much smaller sample size is needed tremendously smaller sample size which is important because sometimes samples are not readily available especially if it's something like a blood spatter for forensics or um a nut a single nut like an almond or a few small tiny seeds it's very fast only a few hours are needed instead of taking days and it's more precise so these are three great advantages for the accelerator mass spectrometer spectrophotometer and theoretically you could date things up to 95 000 years again with the asterisk talking about uniformitarian assumptions however in practice the limit is still about 60 000 years the great disadvantage is higher cost and the second disadvantage is a greater risk of contamination so the technicians have to be very very careful not to allow contamination to occur i thought i would throw in what does it cost to do this just for the fun of it because i didn't know myself and you can see that uh for the person who's not part of the university itself a commercial submission it's 460 dollars at the max for the charcoal the solid stuff for something dissolved it's even more expensive and then for the non-profits academics museums it's a medium price in there well what are the underlying assumptions this is very important to understand because if you understand these underlying assumptions you'll see how this system cannot be relied upon to give good accurate meaningful things so there are three basic uniformitarian evolutionary assumptions i use the u word meaning uniformitarianism and that refers to the doctrine of evolution that all physical processes have always been occurring at the same rate at which we observe them today in the past without change unvarying that assumption is necessary for this method of dating so that the ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12 has always been the same in the past and we're going to show that that's not the case an example here is uh in siberia fortunately in an unpopulated area 122 years ago meteor exploded in the lower atmosphere wiping out hundreds of square miles of forest this picture was taken 20 years after no 12 years after the event showing that the forex was turned into matchsticks well wood samples obtained from that location and then comparing them to wood samples from other locations around the world and using the ability to date tree rings by counting the rings shows that the amount of carbon 14 in the atmosphere was greatly altered for the next uh two to three years uh worldwide so this shows that indeed the ratio of carbon coil to carbon 14 is not constant and has not been constant this is one example another category of examples is volcanic eruptions they shoot tremendous amount of stuff into the atmosphere and alter the ratio of carbon 12 and carbon for carbon 14. well there's something else that can change the ratio as well so remember that we talked about where carbon 14 is formed that it's high in the atmosphere and the stratosphere well the magnetic field of the planet has been decaying since the planet was created a little over 6000 years ago and the weakening of that magnetic field alters the rate of carbon-14 formation so here's a diagram uh showing uh the uh approximation of the history of weakening of the magnetic field of the planet that during the flood there were tremendous changes and reversals but that the overall curve is an exponential curve and without exception all magnetic field decay events have always been shown to occur in an exponential fashion never never never linear so every time someone unplugs an electric motor the magnetic field decay generated by that motor decays in an exponential curve just like this so therefore it's reasonable and accurate to extrapolate the magnetic [Music] decay curve backwards uh in time from the data that we have since 1830 to the present well another factor this rate of formation of carbon 14 the atmosphere can change um is an event that was occurring in 774 775 a.d much higher amounts of carbon 14 and that is uh speculated to have been either a supernova in relatively close proximity to the planet or a solar event a coronal ejection event um altering the amount of carbon-14 formed so we know there are several different examples several different methods by which um the ratio of carbon-carbon-14 is altered in the atmosphere and it is not constant so this first assumption is not a valid assumption well there are other things as well and the verse i'm putting up here out of genesis chapter 6 refers to god becoming so unhappy with the level of wickedness and evil that was occurring at that time that he judged the earth and flooded it so water certainly can wash things in and out of specimens and alter the ratio of carbon 12 and 14 and a specimen as well so the flood is certainly a major factor that of course the secular scientists do not allow for or taken to account and i'm taking a moment here to plug in my computer because i forgot to do so i don't want it to come out on me while we do this okay so god said i will wipe man off the face of the earth and indeed he did only the survivors on the ark so we have to take into account that this would alter things as well and just for a tidbit of information this painting is by the russian painter yvonne ivazovsky who specialized in seascape so i thought this is a great way to visualize the severity of the flood wiping out people and as i said already the not only the secular evolutionists but the theistic evolutionists also deny a global genesis flood this is another aspect of uniformitarianism of course the purpose of the flood was to judge the phenomenal level of sin at the time but the one of the results then was carbon being taken out of circulation so um it's thought that the great majority of the planet's surface was land rather than water maybe the reverse of what it is today and that the huge amount of biomass was fantastically greater than today and we know this simply because of all of the products of burial from the flood that were produced taking all of that carbon out of circulation and so an inventory was done showing these uh categories of where carbon is located whether it be in the atmosphere soil and plant products or animal products that are in the soil wood vegetation but of great interest are the layers of the ocean and then precipitates referring to things such as carbon carbonates in rock such as limestone for example but also petroleum natural gas these types of things now these numbers here you see are units one unit is a billion tons of carbon so where it says carbonate precipitates and you see that number there of 20 million that's 20 million times 9 times of a billion tons tons unbelievable amounts of carbon taken out and put into rock or oil or gas so we see these various forms of carbon that were once part of living organisms marble being limestone that was uh trans metamorphosed by pressure and heat graphite which we've already talked about calcite as well as oil and gas and things like methane and carbon dioxide that are in trapped in the crust as well as coal and diamonds so this event tremendously had to alter the ratio of carbon 12 and carbon-14 very different than than now the second assumption is that the original amount of the parent element was 100 in the specimen and the original amount of the daughter element was zero percent of the specimen that's the second assumption of the carbon 14 dating process or any radioactive dating process whether it be uranium to let or whatever but no one can know this what was the original ratio in the specimen when it was formed for as god said in job 38 4 were you there when i laid down the foundations of the earth tell me if you have understanding so the obvious answer is no we were not so there's no way to know this this assumption has no basis as in early chemists describing the first dirt molecule here the third assumption that this is the dating system is based upon the rate of radioactive decay has always been the same unchanging as what we measure today the rate of radioactive decay so here is a way of picturing this using the hourglass analogy with the rate being determined by the neck of the hourglass so that the radioactive parent atoms in this case carbon 14 go through the decay half every 5 730 years at today's measured rate and then the daughter atoms being nitrogen 14. um i have to talk a little bit about what was done in the rate project radioactivity and age of the earth done by icr and the creation research society published almost 20 years ago and they did very elegant experiments with zero assumptions only experimental data empirical data no assumptions and so they took these specimens that were in zircon crystals that had uranium atoms and in that particular crystal setup it was possible due to chemical and electrical properties to determine that all of the uranium in those specimens were indeed there at the formation of the crystals and that subsequent uranium could not enter the crystals once formed and same with lead that all of the lead there was as a result only of decay and not entering later so in that particular very special situation they were able to measure the amount of uranium measure the amount of lead measure the amount of decay and come up with the actual rate of decay and since i mentioned earlier that helium is the byproduct of the decay of uranium fill lead they were able to measure also the amount of helium and the rate at which helium leaks out of these crystals to give you the short version of this they were able to demonstrate that the actual age of these specimens was about six thousand years plus or minus two thousand years so maximum age eight thousand minimum age four thousand but yet one and a half billion years worth of decay occurred of the uk of the uranium so what this means is this huge amount of decay occurred in a very short period of time huge amount of decay little amount of time so this means that the assumption of a constant rate of decay is totally false and that the rate of decay had to have been greatly greatly accelerated in the past so billions of years worth of decay in only six thousand years so this and in this case you can use the word proof often we cannot but in this case you can use the word that has been proven that the rate of decay in the past has not been constant and has been greatly accelerated in the past and this would apply to all elements to all forms of radioactivity whether it be uranium carbon potassium strontium whatever thorium plutonium and so just to reinforce that this is the case helium is still in those zircon crystals because there's not been enough time for it to diffuse out to leak out so billions of years worth of decay in only a short period of time and billions of years worth of helium is not found in the atmosphere so acceleration of nuclear decay of all types so you're doing cave drawings with carbon sticks a thousand years from now archaeologists will go eight trying to date these suckers okay cold diamonds carbon dioxide and methane now most everybody talks about coal and diamonds i only came across one person who talked about carbon dioxide and methane and we'll go over that so the types of samples we talked about earlier in terms of the preparation so we'll focus on these four coal diamonds carbon dioxide methane well the evolutionary story is that coal formation happens with very slow accumulation of organic material as trees fall over in a swamp and they're in the water they take thousands of years to decay and then they take zillions and millions of billions of years to get covered and then be ompressed into coal that's the story we've been fed over the years there are many problems with this and one of the most outstanding to make a pun here are these trees that are standing out in vertical positions extending through rock layers that are supposedly thousands of years of age and so you have to ask the question how did that tree stand there dead waiting thousands of years to be buried without decomposing without being eaten by termites or microbes organisms and the answer is that's not possible these trees had to be buried catastrophically compressing these thousands of years into one event so the supposed time frame for the formation of coal according to the uniformitarian folks the secular folks is around three billion to 3.6 billion years ago that's what they publish well that's a long time that certainly is a lot more than 60 000 years so should there be any carbon-14 in coal today according to the evolutionists and the answer is a big no a really big fat no well the folks in the rate project uh went to the u.s federal coal bank at penn state university where the specimens from different coal mines from around the country are stored in an argonne atmosphere so there's no oxygen so the oxygen won't oxidize and interact with the coal remember he said that the noble gases are inner they don't react with other elements under normal conditions so these were great specimens to be able to um examine and see if there's any real carbon 14. so this was done by the rape project and indeed measurable amounts of carbon 14 were found in all of the specimens no matter what their supposed conventional age or location and this is not supposed to be because these things are supposed to be 3 billion or greater uh years of age or tens of millions of years of age well okay so the evolutionists say all right well coal is soft so maybe something leeched stuff in and out and caused the change in the ratio so therefore we don't consider this valid so it's okay fine let's do diamonds the heart is no natural substance to man and diamond formation how did it happen well in the crust of the earth which is about 30 miles thick or so so there's the gray representing the crust and we have these zones here with these crustal plates moving around today about an inch roughly an inch a year but we know that it was much faster in the past during the flood process well as a result of these joints between the cross there are these places that we have tremendous volcanic and earthquake activity the ring of fire around the pacific ocean for example but there are places elsewhere where material was shot up rather quickly they estimate at 20 to 30 kilometers per hour you know roughly 15 to 20 or so miles per hour that's fast for rock to move and the diamonds formed in the depths and then were shot up towards the surface how long ago well according to the evolutionists a billion to 3.3 billion you know i misspoke earlier when i was talking about the cold formation i should have said million 300 350 million years i said billion by mistake um so here a billion to 3.3 billion years ago for coal for diamond formation is how they see it well i'll just point out just a reminder that this huge span of time was compressed into one year by the flood just to give you that we're not buying into the evolutionary time frame that indeed the earth is really only a little over six thousand years old and in yellow you see the countries where diamonds are found to me it's interesting that there are two bands north or south of the equator i don't know why but i just note that so these very beautiful precious expensive gemstone quality diamonds were not used for the experiment instead these industrial grade diamonds you can see here small and cheap uh were used so should there be any carbon 14 and diamond accordingly according to uh evolution and again if they're supposed to be billions of years old the answer again is a big fat no well measurements show indeed and all the specimens from different locations that indeed every specimen has measurable amounts of carbon-14 they again cannot be these long ages these old ages they have to be less than using evolutionary assumptions less than 60 000 years well i'd like to talk about the work of john dowdy of new mexico who is no longer with us he's with the lord now but the arizona origin science association had him come and speak to us several years ago and his own work on carbon dioxide and methane from wells gas wells or from coal beds um so these various locations you see here the red and blue markers indicate the coal mines or the gas wells from which he obtained his specimens and he had them submitted to the university of arizona lab the one i showed you there and the results of these specimens here it's showing the conventional ages of tens or hundreds of millions of years for these supposed ages for these specimen locations and the first slide here is for carbon dioxide and this inside is for his methane samples obtained from the coal beds and showing uh what was uh again what was found with the coal and diamonds uh by the work of icr and crs uh translating to somewhere between forty four thousand fifty seven thousand years again uniformitarian assumptions here is the result of john dowdy's work for the methane and the carbon dioxide again significant measured amounts of carbon 14 and their ages translating into between 27 000 and almost 50 000 years based on several uniformitarian assumptions so whether it be coal diamonds methane or carbon dioxide all of them have carbon 14. none of them should if they were as old as the evolutionists tillers this is a test for 30 seconds this station will conduct a test of the emergency broadcast system well there will be a test on what i've told you as well and here's where it becomes very interesting is to apply and talk about effective decay of carbon-14 in living organisms we can bring this down to how does this relate to us personally well um they're finding out more and more as they actually open their eyes and look at stuff that the percentage of fossils whether it be dinosaur or other critters and the percentage of the specimens is very highly organic material soft tissue non-mineralized amazing especially if you assume it's millions and billions of years old okay this is very hard to read but this is a listing i just want to make the point this is a listing of the significant number of dinosaur specimens that have been submitted and indeed have carbon 14 measured in them and the ages range roughly between 20 and 37 000 years which is again totally breaking the evolutionary time frame even though it's older than what the biblical time frame is but again even those ages are still using those evolutionary assumptions well um here is the paper so i'm going to blow up the title and blow up uh some of the actual numbers so you can easily read it so the title is a comparison of delta 13 carbon 13 and percent modern carbon values for tin cretaceous jurassic dinosaur bones from texas to alaska usa china and europe so i took part of the text here and blew it up and so here's the quote here which translates to apparent ages of 22 000 years for calcium carbonate in the acidic asaurus which means parrot lizard as it has a parrot parrot-shaped head from the gobi desert in china to 39 000 years for calcium carbonate and triceratops from montana so these just absolutely destroy the evolutionary time frame well what about amber i had the university librarian scour the literature and we can find very very few articles relating to carbon 14 and amber in fact you could only find uh two articles that really said much at all and one of them had this data that uh the quote calibrated calendar age and we'll talk about calibration showed this one specimen dates uh to 775 to 472 in that range uh before christ and then the other specs when they had were able to measure um somewhere around 1400 a.d and then they said the other specimen for that they had and would contain a measurable carbon-14 they didn't speculate on why whether the specimen size or things happening to it or actual age of course if it has none measurable then that means it's supposed to be uh older than 60 000 years well other living organisms uh shells from snails were dated uh kill the animal submit the shell and it's 27 000 years old even though it's only a couple days old and i gave the the citation for that from sorry it's amazing thing this is published in science a very evolutionary oriented journal how about italian and seal and measuring it it's uh 1300 years old now i put here this attempt to explain this away by this evolution website this is the well-known reservoir effect that occurs with animals that live in water it happens when quote old carbon is introduced into the water old carbon is present from a deep ocean water and doesn't have any measurable carbon 14. okay that's what they're saying and so um of course that explanation doesn't really to make a bad pun hold water all right um something that's rarely talked about is plants preferences plants have preferences as to which carbon they prefer 12 13 or 14. okay most of you may recognize this cartoon character calvin well i put that there because the calvin cycle is the means by which plants incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide in the air into sugar molecules that they manufacture and there's three different mechanisms three different systems for doing this one is called c3 because it deals with three carbon molecules molecules that contain three carbon atoms so without going through the gory details that's the point is this type this type of plant called carbon uh c3 plants incorporating these three carbon molecules to make the six carbon glucose sugar molecule these are examples of c3 plants wheat rice cotton and sunflowers there's another called c4 metabolism in which a four carbon molecule is used and two carbon atoms are added to it to make the six carbon atom a molecule of glucose and this type of plant grows in hotter and drier climates instead of all of the work of synthesis being done in one type of cell it's the work is split into two types of cells so that the carbon dioxide is concentrated in one cell and in the work of photosynthesis the calvin cycle is done in the other kind of cell these are c4 plants and this just shows the anatomy of the leaf uh where you see the vertical green cells long cells those are the palisade cells and those are the cells where the work of photosynthesis takes place so these types of plants c4 plants are corn uh sorghum uh sugarcane and it's a type of plant i think called our menthum the third type is are called cam cam cam plants and acid metabolism and these are plants that are in extreme hot dry climates such as the central valleys of arizona the deserts and their pores in their leaves through which carbon dioxide is taken need to stay closed in the daytime so the plant doesn't dry out and die but yet photosynthesis needs to take place during the daytime so these plants separate the acquisition of carbon dioxide uh from the work of photosynthesis in time in the c4 plants they were separated in space two different kinds of cells in these cam plants are separated in time so the co2 is taken in at night and then photosynthesis is taken in by day they use this mechanism to store the co2 in the plant until photosynthesis occurs so these are the pores that you see they're called stoma pleural stomata that's where the oxygen is given out and the co2 is taken in so those that keep closed during the daytime to preserve lots of water prevent lots of water what amazes me is how people know this stuff in great detail the botanists and yet they somehow still think this evolved it just killed me so here are some of the plants pineapple uh many types of cactus agave which are not cactus they're a type of succulent cactus have wooden skeletons succulents do not and orchids these are all pam plants so here's the comparison the point of all this is these three different types of plant systems have different preferences for carbon 14. now how significant this is in terms of affecting the dating of a plant specimen from the past not agreed upon uh some of the folks think it's more significant some think it's less significant but it's just another factor that people never hear about i thought would be interesting so here is a very different but very big question here you have carbon 14 and nitrogen 14. what happens to that carbon-14 in your dna when it decays because this happens over a lifetime around 50 billion decay events occur in your dna aren't you thrilled to know that exciting yes yes exciting but maybe not in a positive way well here's a reminder of the structure of dna and just to show you that all of those places where you don't see an o or an n or a p it's carbon plus the places where you see a p see the letter c it's also carbon so when one of those carbon atoms is carbon 14 and it becomes nitrogen let's just say it's not a good thing it can cause the molecules to fall apart you can get breaks in your chromosomes you get mutations it's all bad news okay we have being of the strands occurring in the in the backbone on the sides you have mutations of the bases on the inside bad news bad news bad news well here's another thing that is interesting so we're talking about organic molecules other than dna now some of you may actually be taking nicotinic acid you know it probably more by the name niacin which is vitamin b3 which is used to help reduce cholesterol levels so here are the two forms this comes in one form this form has a an amine group substituting for the hydroxyl group the mean group in yellow and it is part of the structure of this much larger molecule called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide well that big long name means it has a big important job this molecule is what carries electrons from the breakdown of sugar molecules to the part of the cell where those the energy from those electrons is used to make your atp the fuel for all of the biomedical uh biochemical reactions in your bodies not all but most of them atp that's the coin of energy well a very interesting thing that came across was this article done in 1966 in the soviet union so this is a report done on the effect of the decay of nicotine with carbon 14 in it nicotine nicotinamide the nad molecule and it has a bad effect on the ability for the molecule to do its job of carrying those electrons so the atp can be made so that you can fuel the reactions to make your proteins aren't you happy to know this so there are real reasons to have concern about carbon 14 in our bodies well what about carbon-14 during the flood as we showed earlier that sometime in the past the amount of radio decay was phenomenally greater than measured today and many creationists think that this occurred during the flood year that's the subject of intense investigation and that's a whole nother talk that we'll leave that alone but it's very reasonable to think that tremendous amount of decay was occurring during the flood and i bring this up because this is most likely the reason why the decrease in the age spans of the patriarchs now there's a lot of other factors that may or may not have contributed to this decrease such as changes in oxygen content in the atmosphere uh increased uh radiation uh other various i mean um weakening of the uh magnetic field of the planet and other factors but it seems that the greatest single most significant factor is genetic decay and so this business of decay of carbon 14 may very well be the mechanism for that genetic decay as well as the fact that the flood created a tremendous the world's most outstanding example of a genetic bottleneck from maybe many millions maybe even a few billion people prior to the flood to eight people so genetics are really the the main mechanism here and the decay of carbon-14 may very well be a significant factor in that because as you see here noah actually outlived two of his like six times great and eight times great grandsons so tremendous decrease in longevity and the blue line marks the flood [Music] other considerations okay i mentioned earlier calibration well the evolutionists recognize that there are these problems with the assumptions of co stant ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12 and they try to compensate for them so that's what they mean by calibration and so since carbon 13 is stable not radioactive uh they use this as a means of trying to compensate for some of these things that make their assumptions um not uh not reliable so they use different things to try to set up these standards uh for calibration to allow for the variance in differences with the ratios so wood is what they selected as a standard material and they're this shows how there is very age even in what are considered as remote as possible locations so mount monoloa being a very very tall peak in uh hawaii so in terms of atmosphere it's way way up there and it's in the middle of the pacific ocean so greatly isolated not totally but greatly isolated from the effects of what's going on on the mainland uh showing these changes here in the uh distribution of the carbon 13 and also it's the same thing that's going on in various oceans with a corals and other aquatic organisms in the oceans as well as in atmospheric co2 they're seeing decrease in carbon 13 as well so they're showing that indeed these ratios um are not constant so they they talk about here about this flux this exchange of carbon cools with atmosphere with the different levels of the ocean including the very deep levels and stuff watching in to the oceans from the land through the rivers uh so there's all these variations of things that that make things not constant and again volcanoes as we mentioned before having very big upsets and ratios so another um thing is regarding the beta detection method as opposed to the accelerator mass spectrophotometer is trying to develop its standard for that now they use 1950 as a standard year and so when they talk about calendar years they're talking from 1950 for their ages but what i don't really understand is is they selected wood from 1890 and the reason i don't understand that is they say to eliminate the effect of fossil fuels you know burning coal and oil and things for industrial activity my question is why 1890 because the onset of the industrial revolution was in the around 1760 and the industrial revolution was pretty much complete by 1830 and that's why i put this picture of the railroad here because the railroads made their debuts in 1830 why they didn't pick an earlier year for the wood i don't know for the accelerator mass spectrometer uh they used a batch of oxalic acid made in 1955 and then they had to adjust it and the reason is the nuclear testing in the atmosphere that was going on in the in the 1950s altering rachel's once again so in 1977 they made a second standard uh which is now in wide use from french beats to try and compensate for trying to calibrate to compensate for these problems that cause the inconsistency and falsity of those assumptions we talked about so here it's showing the effect of the atomic bomb testing in the atmosphere with a tremendous change with [Music] the carbon radials well they also say that they can distinguish biosynthesized meaning natural materials from man-made materials that contain carbon but it goes back to their assumptions so here showing examples of plants and animals being the biogenic biosynthesized materials meaning remains of plants or animals versus things made from fossils and here you see their assumption that the fossil fuels have carbon 14 decaying below detectable limits other words non-detectable but remember what we showed you with the work of the rape project that indeed fossil fuels have measurable carbon-14 so this is a very false statement and so this ability to distinguish biosynthesized from man-made materials is not true it's it's it's not legitimate and this is this these sentences here are quotes from wikipedia there's another thing called the seuss effect and this deals again with this assumption that the fossil fuels including carbon dioxide from the gas wells contain no measurable carbon-14 but i showed you the work of john that is not true this is false information well okay so one of the things they try to say well okay it's contamination it's contamination in your specimens well not true so here's the quiz i told you that was coming so i i can't hear your answers so you're just going to have to shout to the walls okay so after how many years using the evolutionary substance should there be no measurable carbon-14 and i maybe i could read julie's lips i don't know okay i think she said eighty thousand sixty thousand we'll take that range being generous being very generous rocks and fossils posed to be older than the sage should be carbon-14 julie free or dead okay but i need to see the lips move okay but carbon 14 is found everywhere she says indeed this is true so initially this was attributed to [Applause] contamination she says and that we now know with more aggressive investigation that the carbon-14 is inherent it's real it belongs it's actual not contamination so i have a last very big question for you remember that we said that carbon 14 is formed in the atmosphere high up in the stratosphere diamonds are formed very been crushed and thrust upward so how in the world did that carbon 14 get into those diamonds ah well i think you have to invoke the flood and the burial of tremendous amounts of organic material plant material and the conversion with heat and pressure to diamonds i don't think there's any other way to explain carbon 14 in diamonds okay the last item spiritual decay and renewal out of exodus for in six days the lord made the heavens and the earth the sea and all it is in them and rested on the seventh day we're talking six normal 24-hour type days not any long ages and the lord god formed man of the dust of the ground and breathes into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living being and this was from the beginning no long time no uh evolution from some pre-existing animal directly from the elements from the dirt that's why adam is named adam it means earth so when one woman saw a tree was good for food and it was pleasant to the eyes and a tree desirable to make one wise she took of the fruit and ate she also gave to her husband with her and he ate so we really can't blame eve we have to blame adam because he is responsible god is the one who gave him the instruction not to eat of the fruit and he just stood by while she did it okay so adam is responsible and i can't really jump on him because i'm sure i would have made the same mistake first corinthians for since by man came death by man also came the resurrection of the dead for as in adam all die so even in christ all shall be made alive so thanks to god's plan laid down before the foundation of the earth christ was designated to be that perfect sinless sacrifice on the cross to pay for my sins and everybody else's so that we could be saved if we have the faith and act upon it the holy spirit so cast your burdens on the lord and he shall sustain you you shall never permit the righteous to be moved so in this very interesting time that we live in with this uh virus business a lot of people i think are being terribly terribly [Music] messed up jobs being lost businesses being lost you know people dying people losing hope so this is a great time for us to take advantage of the stillness the enforced quietness to talk with folks to give them the truth of the lord and we are to do this uh as we are not taken captive through hollow and defec philosophy which depends on human tradition and the basic principles of this world rather than christ that is the perfect definition of evolution it couldn't be better said use our god-given brains be renewed in our mind i have a question with the rape program it's been some 20 years almost what uh what are the evolutionists saying about that rape program well at first they tried to say it was contamination and that was killed and they tried to say that the um helium was trapped in the uh biotite surrounding the zircons and then the work was shown that the rate of diffusion out of the biotite was 20 times or 200 times faster than out of the zircon crystals themselves so that didn't hold water so then they turned to what they do with every other subject is that they um get mad call you names say bad things or ignore you or change the subject okay so we see where they're really at then very frustrated very frustrated with the results yeah you know i have to tell you of a experience i had last summer when my wife and i were in uh iceland after my teaching time in ukraine we went through a lava tube cave a very large one very extensive and long one and our guide was an english geology graduate student uh sharp gal and so and i asked various questions during the tour it says oh are you a geologist by the quality of the questions asked i said oh no definitely not but i know some stuff so after the tour she was gracious enough to give me the time to talk with her as an individual and was able to bring up the business of uh what we talked about today in terms of using these things to date rocks for example not carbon but uranium and other things same process and i explained that to her in condensed form and she was so excited i've never heard this before this is great i said listen to me carefully when you go back at the end of the summer to your graduate school you're gonna have to be extremely cautious who you talk about this with or else they will kick you out of the program and you will not get your degree and she said but it's all about the truth i said no it's not i said it's about protecting the paradigm about protecting the evolutionary model so that people can continue to be steered away from god and i'm happy to say that we've had further um communication since then and she gets it great yeah so um you have to be on guard when you're in those settings yes you do does anybody have any questions at all i have a question can you hear me yes again gene yeah um i understand the idea of half-life is expressed in years and those are more years than we believe the world has uh existed right the idea being how quickly uh uh um uh things decay how can it only decay half amount i mean wouldn't the decay rate be the same throughout its entire decay rate existence why does it only decay half half the amount okay i think i get your question um i think it's actually two questions okay the one one part of the question answer is excuse me is the accelerated amount of uh speed of the decay rate of decay caused billions of years of worth of decay at today's rates to occur in extremely short periods of time maybe even just the year of the flood now the other part of the question why does half only do it at a time it's not that half of it does it at a time is it is that they pick half of the amount decaying to be a measurable time interval oh the decay is occurring throughout the time but the different molec atoms do it at different times so they pick the time at which half of it happens to be a way to be able to compare and measure everything oh does that make sense yeah thank you okay very good good question great question anybody else have any more questions hey gene hodel do you have any question i got a quick one julie can you hear me yes um as far as carbon dating did they do a lot of that for on dinosaur bones i'm not sure well um in general in general the evolutionists don't because they don't believe it's young enough to have measurable carbon 14. right but it has been done uh matter of fact there were some secular scientists who did it and had a paper written and prepared to speak present this at a conference in southeastern asia some years ago and the initial submission of the abstract was accepted and printed in the program but once they read actually read the more detail the people organizing it uh did not permit them to present at the conference wow wow and nobody else has done it since then well you know this is expensive stuff right right and uh well i showed that one slide which you couldn't read that there were some 20 specimens that had been submitted and they all have measurable carbon 14. okay anybody else have a question i had just a comment sure um could it be that the uh rate of decay didn't speed up during the flood but at the time of creation the rate of decay the resonance of atoms the speed of light was near infinite and that that has been decreasing uh by the square not linearly linearly since the time of creation that's a matter of debate there's not agreement about that and i can't really speak to that because that's way beyond me um but not not all the creationists agree about that that's all i can say about that something else for more research yeah exactly i do have a question you don't mind go ahead gary um with the production of carbon 14 in the upper atmosphere uh the the um creation model that you gave for that was a neutron hitting a nitrogen 14. uh that's not a creation model that's everyone agrees that's how it happens the secular model okay sorry i used the wrong term on that um but with the uh change in the earth's magnetic field does that change the rate of production of carbon-14 yes that's a point i was trying to make yes okay well here's my confusion on that and my confusion is that um neutrons are not affected by magnetic fields i could be wrong on that but that's um it's well okay it's not it you're right but it's not just it's the it's the deflection of the incoming energy that's the point it's the deflection of the incoming energy and it's that incoming energy which is what causes the neutrons to bounce around you