Fill and Sign the Discovery in a Paternity Action Form

- 1 - DIS C O VER Y I N A P A TER N IT Y A CTIO N I. Purp ose o f D is c o very i n a P ate rn ity A ctio n. A .M .S . § 2 57.6 2, s u bd. 6 , M .S . ? 2 57.6 3; a n d M .S . § 5 18.5 51 d ir e ct t h e p ra ctitio ner t o w ard th e e v id en tia ry b asis f o r d ete rm in in g p ate rn ity a n d c h ild s u pport i n M in neso ta . 1 . M.S . § 2 57.6 2, s u bd. 6 , p erm it e n tr y i n to e v id en ce o f c ertif ie d r e p orts o f pr o perly c o nducte d b lo od a n d g en etic t e sts .2 . M.S . § 2 57.6 3 s e ts o ut a l is t o f t h e t y pe o f e v id en ce t h at m ay b e e n te re d i n to the r e co rd r e la tin g t o t h e i s su e o f p ate rn ity .3. M.S . § 5 18.5 51 c o nta in s g uid elin es f o r e sta b lis h in g c h ild s u pport i n t h e S ta te of M in neso ta a n d M .S . § 5 18.5 51, s u bd. 5 (b ) d ir e cts t h e p artie s t o s e rv e a n d file d o cu m en ta tio n o f e arn in gs a n d i n co m e. B . Dis c o very p ro vid es a b asis f o r c o nductin g s e ttle m en t n eg otia tio ns. I n fo rm atio n gath ere d i n t h e d is c o very p ro cess a llo w s c o unse l t o d ev elo p a t h eo ry o f t h e c ase a n d po in t t o s tr a te g ie s f o r p urs u in g s e ttle m en t.C . Dis c o very i s a n e sse n tia l e le m en t o f t r ia l P re p ara tio n. T horo ugh d is c o very i s c ritic al in t h e p re p ara tio n o f a p ate rn ity c ase f o r t r ia l. I I. How C an Y ou G et T he I n fo rm atio n Y ou N eed ? A ll o f t h e d is c o very t o ols a v aila b le i n a n y civ il p ro ceed in g a re a v aila b le t o c o unse l i n a p ate rn ity a ctio n. T hese i n clu de b lo od a n d gen etic t e stin g, i n te rr o gato rie s, r e q uests f o r p ro d uctio n o f d ocu m en ts , r e q uests f o r ad m is sio ns a n d d ep ositio ns. A . Blo od a n d G en etic T estin g. M .S . § 2 57.6 2, s u bd. 1 , a llo w t h e C ourt t o o rd er t h e c h ild , m oth er o r a lle g ed f a th er t o s u bm it t o b lo od t e sts a n d u pon t h e r e q uest o f a n y party t o a n a c tio n, t h e C ourt i s r e q uir e d t o o rd er t e stin g. I f t h e a lle g ed f a th er i s d ead , th e C ourt m ay , a n d u pon r e q uest o f a p arty s h all, r e q uir e t h e d eced en t's p are n ts o r br o th ers a n d s is te rs , o r b oth , t o s u bm it t o b lo od t e sts u nle ss t h e C ourt m ak es a n - 2 - ex pre ss f in din g t h at o rd erin g r e la tiv es t o s u bm it t o s u ch t e sts p re se n ts a d an ger t o one o r m ore o f t h ese r e la tiv es t h at o utw eig hs t h e c h ild 's i n te re st i n h av in g t h e b lo od test p erf o rm ed . B . In te rro gato rie s. M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure , R ule 3 3, d efin es t h e p ro ced ure fo r t h e u se o f i n te rro gato rie s a n d t h eir s c o pe a n d u se a t t r ia l. 1 . In te rro gato rie s c an b e a c o st- e ffe ctiv e m eth od o f o bta in in g o r v erif y in g in fo rm atio n.2. Answ ers t o i n te rro gato rie s m ay l e ad t o o th er d is c o vera b le i n fo rm atio n.3. Answ ers t o i n te rro gato rie s c an b e v erif ie d b y u sin g o th er d is c o very tech n iq ues s u ch a s r e q uests f o r p ro ductio n o f d ocu m en ts o r d ep ositio ns.4 . In te rro gato rie s c an i n quir e i n to e v en ts s u rro undin g t h e c o ncep tio n o f t h e ch ild ; t h e c o urs e o f t h e p re g nan cy ; t h e b ir th o f t h e c h ild ; t h e m oth er's l iv in g arra n gem en ts a t t h e t im e o f c o ncep tio n, d urin g t h e p re g nan cy a n d a fte r t h e bir th o f t h e c h ild ; a s w ell a s i n co m e a n d o th er f in an cia l i n fo rm atio n a b out t h e pla in tif f.5 . In te rro gato rie s c an b e u se d t o i d en tif y t h e d efe n dan t; t o o bta in i n fo rm atio n ab out h is r e la tio nsh ip w ith t h e p la in tif f a n d, i n s o m e i n sta n ces, w ith t h e ch ild ; a s w ell a s t o o bta in i n fo rm atio n a b out t h e d efe n dan t's f in an cia l s ta tu s.6 . Min neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure 3 3.0 1(a ) i n dic ate t h at n o p arty m ay serv e m ore t h an a t o ta l o f 5 0 i n te rro gato rie s u pon a n y o th er p arty u nle ss pe rm itte d t o d o s o b y t h e C ourt u pon m otio n, n otic e a n d a s h ow in g o f g ood cau se . I n c o m putin g t h e t o ta l n um ber o f i n te rro gato rie s, e ach s u bdiv is io n o f se p ara te q uestio ns s h all b e c o unte d a s a n i n te rro gato ry . T his r u le s h ould b e ke p t i n m in d w hen d ra ftin g i n te rro gato rie s. W hile t h e o pposin g p arty , th ro u gh c o unse l, w ill u su ally r e sp ond t o m ore t h an 5 0 i n te rro gato rie s, t h at i s - 3 - no t a lw ay s t h e c ase a n d t h e g ood w ill o f t h e o th er s id e t o a n sw er y our dis c o very r e q uests s h ould n ot b e r e lie d u pon. 7. Rule 3 3.0 3 o f t h e M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure p ro vid es t h at a n an sw erin g p arty m ay s u bm it b usin ess r e co rd s i f s u ch r e co rd s a re s u ffic ie n t t o answ er t h e i n te rro gato ry .8. In te rro gato rie s m ay r e la te t o a n y m atte rs w hic h c an b e i n quir e d i n to p urs u an t to R ule 2 6.0 2 a n d t h e a n sw ers m ay b e u se d t o t h e e x te n t p erm itte d b y t h e Min neso ta R ule s o f E vid en ce. T hus, e v en w here a n a n sw er m ig ht n ot b e ad m is sib le i n to e v id en ce a t t r ia l, t h e i n quir y i s p erm itte d w hen t h e r e sp onse ma y b e e x pecte d t o l e ad t o o th er a d m is sib le e v id en ce. C . Req uests f o r P ro ductio n o f D ocu m en ts . R ule 3 4 o f t h e M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure , P ro ductio n o f D ocu m en ts a n d T hin gs a n d E ntr y U pon t h e L an d f o r In sp ectio n a n d O th er P urp ose s, s e ts o ut t h e s c o pe a n d p ro ced ure f o r o bta in in g do cu m en ts a s p art o f t h e d is c o very p ro ce ss. R eq uests f o r p ro ductio n o f d ocu m en ts ha v e s e v era l a d van ta g es. 1 . Req uest f o r p ro ductio n o f d ocu m en ts a re r e la tiv ely i n ex pen siv e.2 . There i s n o l im it o n t h e n um ber o f d ocu m en ts t h at m ay b e r e q ueste d .3. Docu m en ts i n clu de w ritin gs, d ra w in gs, g ra p hs, c h arts , p hoto gra p hs, p hono reco rd s, a n d o th er d ata . T hus, i n quir y i s n ot l im ite d t o w ritte n d ocu m en ts .4 . Docu m en ts o r o th er t h in gs s u ch a s d ra w in gs, g ra p hs, c h arts , p hoto gra p hs, et c ., c an b e c o pie d a n d i n sp ecte d . T he o rig in al n eed n ot b e p ro duced .5. Req uests f o r p ro ductio n o f d ocu m en ts c an b e s e rv ed u pon a p arty o r, b y u se of a s u bpoen a, t o o bta in d ocu m en ts i n t h e h an ds o f a t h ir d p arty . S ee R ule 34 .0 3 o f t h e M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure . - 4 - D. Auth oriz atio n s f o r R ele ase o f I n fo rm atio n. D ocu m en ts o r o th er t a n gib le s n ot r e ad ily av aila b le f ro m t h e o pposin g p arty c an o fte n b e o bta in ed w ith m in im um d ela y b y u se of a u th oriz atio ns f o r r e le ase o f i n fo rm atio n. E . Entr y U pon t h e L an d f o r I n sp ectio n a n d O th er P urp ose s. R ule 3 4.0 1 p erm its e n tr y u pon d esig n ate d l a n d o r o th er p ro perty i n t h e p osse ssio n o r c o ntr o l o f t h e p arty u pon wh om t h e r e q uest i s s e rv ed f o r t h e p urp o se o f i n sp ectio n a n d m easu rin g, s u rv ey in g, ph oto gra p hin g, t e stin g, o r s a m plin g t h e p ro perty o r a n y d esig nate d o bje ct o r op era tio n t h ere o n w ith in t h e s c o pe o f R ule 2 6.0 2. I f r e al e sta te o pera tio ns o r bu sin ess a sse ts a re b ro ught i n to c o ntr o vers y , t h e r ig ht t o e n te r u pon t h e l a n d m ay b e a u se fu l a n d n ecessa ry m ean s o f o bta in in g f in an cia l i n fo rm atio n t h at m ay g o t o t h e issu e o f c h ild s u pport a n d m ate rn ity e x pen se s. F . Req uests f o r A dm is sio ns. M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure , R ule 3 6.0 1 a n d R ule 3 6.0 2, s p ecif y t h e c ir c u m sta n ces u nder w hic h r e q uests f o r a d m is sio n c an b e u se d an d t h e e ffe c t o f a n a d m is sio n. T he r e q uest f o r a d m is sio ns h av e a n um ber o f ad van ta g es. 1 . They a re f a ir ly i n ex pen siv e.2 . They m ay b e u se d t o a sc erta in t h e t r u th o f a n y m atte rs d is c o vera b le w ith in the s c o pe o f R ule 2 6.0 2 r e la tin g t o s ta te m en ts , o pin io ns o f f a cts , o r t h e ap pli c atio n o f l a w t o f a ct, i n clu din g t h e g en uin en ess o f a n y d ocu m en ts de sc rib ed i n t h e r e q uest.3 . A r e q uest f o r a d m is sio ns m ay b e s e rv ed w ith out l e av e o f t h e C ourt a n y t im e afte r s e rv ic e o f t h e S um mons a n d P etitio n.4. Any m atte r f o r w hic h a n a d m is s io n i s r e q ueste d s h all b e d eem ed a d m itte d un le ss t h e p arty t o w hom t h e r e q uest i s d ir e cte d s e rv es u pon t h e r e q uestin g party a w ritte n a n sw er o r o bje ctio n a d dre sse d s p ecif ic ally t o t h e m atte r r a is e d - 5 - an d s ig ned b y t h e p arty o r t h e p arty 's a tto rn ey w ith in t h e t im e a llo w ed i n Rule 3 6.0 1 o f t h e M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure . 5 . Rule 3 6.0 1 s p ecif ie s t h at u nle ss t h e C ourt s h orte n s o r l e n gth en s t h e t im e f o r re sp o ndin g, a d m is sio ns m ust b e m ad e o r o bje cte d t o w ith in 3 0 d ay s a fte r se rv ic e o f t h e r e q uests . ( A d efe n d an t s h all n ot b e r e q uir e d t o s e rv e a n sw ers or o b je ctio ns b efo re t h e e x pir a tio n o f 4 5 d ay s a fte r s e rv ic e o f t h e s u m mons an d c o m pla in t u pon t h at d efe n dan t.) A n e x cep tio n t o t h e r u le t h at m atte rs are a d m itte d u nle ss s p ecif ic ally d en ie d o r o bje cte d t o w ith in t h e t im e s e t o ut fo r r e sp ondin g h as b een c arv ed o ut b y t h e M in neso ta S upre m e C ourt i n _____ ________ v . _ __________ __, _ ____________, w hic h h eld t h at a n u ntim ely r e sp onse t o a r e q uest w ill n ot b e d eem ed a n a d m is sio n w here t h e re q uests w ere f o r a n a d m is sio n c o ncern in g t h e u ltim ate i s su e i n t h e c ase . G . Dep ositio ns U pon O ra l E xam in atio n, R ule 3 0 o f t h e M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure . D ep ositio ns m ay b e r e co rd ed b y m ean s o f s im ulta n eo us a u dio a n d v is u al e le ctr o nic r e c o rd in g w ith out l e av e o f t h e C ourt o r s tip ula tio n o f t h e p artie s i f t h e de p ositio n i s t a k en i n a cco rd an ce w ith t h e p ro vis io n o f R ule 3 0 o f t h e M in neso ta Ru le s o f C iv il P ro ced ure . 1 . The o ra l d ep ositio n i s a p artic u la rly u se fu l d is c o very t e ch niq ue f o r f o llo w in g up o n a n sw ers t o i n te rro gato rie s a n d i n fo rm atio n o bta in ed t h ro ugh o th er dis c o very m ean s.2 . Dep ositio ns c an b e p artic u la rly u se fu l i n a llo w in g c o unse l a n o pportu nity t o mak e j u dgm en ts a b out t h e p ote n tia l d em ean or o f a p arty o r a w itn ess w ho may b e c alle d t o t e stif y a t t r ia l.3 . Dep ositio ns m ay a ls o s e rv e t h e p u rp ose o f a llo w in g c o unse l t o g et a n e arly "fix " o n t h e o th er p arty 's t h eo ry o f t h e c ase o r t h e i n itia l p ositio n o f t h e o th er - 6 - party o r a w itn ess. 4 . Ora l d ep ositio ns a ls o o ffe r t h e a d van ta g e o f a llo w in g c o unse l t o a sk f o llo w - up q uestio ns a n d m ove a l in e o f q uestio nin g i n d ir e ctio ns s u ggeste d b y t h e de p on en t's a n sw ers t o c o unse l's q uestio ns.5 . Rule 3 0.0 3 p ro vid es t h at e x am in atio n a n d c ro ss-e x am in atio n o f w itn esse s ma y p ro ceed a s p erm itte d a t t r ia l p urs u an t t o R ule 4 3.0 2. T hus, e v id en ce ob je c te d t o s h all b e t a k en s u bje ct t o t h e o bje ctio n.6. Rule 3 0.0 4 p ro vid es t h at a t a n y t im e d urin g t h e t a k in g o f t h e d ep ositio n, a pa rty o r d ep onen t, u pon a s h ow in g t h at t h e e x am in atio n i s b ein g c o nducte d in b ad f a ith o r i n a m an ner c alc u la te d t o a n noy, e m barra ss o r o ppre ss t h e de p on en t o r p arty , m ay m ove f o r a n o rd er t o t e rm in ate o r l im it t h e ex am in atio n. U pon d em an d o f t h e o bje ctin g p arty o r d ep onen t, t h e t a k in g o f th e d ep ositio n s h all b e s u sp en ded f o r t h e t im e n ecessa ry t o m ak e a m otio n for a n o rd er t o t e rm in ate o r l im it t h e d ep ositio n.7. Dep ositio ns a re p artic u la rly u se fu l i n t h at t h ey m ay b e u se d a t t r ia l f o r a n y pu rp o se s p urs u an t t o M in neso ta R ule s o f C iv il P ro ced ure 3 2.0 1(c ) i f t h e Co urt f in ds: (a ) That t h e w itn ess i s d ead , o r ( b ) That t h e w itn ess i s a t a g re ate r d is ta n ce t h an 1 00 m ile s f ro m t h e p la ce of t r ia l o r h earin g o r i s o ut o f t h e s ta te u nle ss i t a p pears t h at t h e ab se n ce o f t h e w itn ess w as p ro cu re d b y t h e p arty o ffe rin g t h e de p ositio n, o r ( c ) That t h e w itn ess i s u nab le t o a tte n d o r t e stif y b ecau se o f a g e, si c k ness, i n fir m ity o r i m pris o nm en t, o r ( d ) That t h e p arty o ffe rin g t h e d ep ositio n h as b een u nab le t o p ro cu re t h e - 7 - atte n dan ce o f t h e w itn ess b y s u bpoen a, o r ( e ) Upon a p plic atio n a n d n otic e t h at s u ch e x cep tio nal c ir c u m sta n ces ex is t a s t o m ak e i t d esir a b le , i n t h e i n te re st o f j u stic e a n d w ith d ue re g ard t o t h e i m porta n ce o f p re se n tin g t h e t e stim ony o f a w itn ess ora lly i n o pen c o urt, t o a llo w t h e d ep ositio n t o b e u se d . I II . Facts Y ou N eed a n d P ote n tia l S ourc es o f I n fo rm atio n. A . Com ple te a n d a ccu ra te i d en tif ic atio n o f t h e p artie s a n d t h e c h ild w hose p are n ta g e i s th e s u bje ct o f t h e a ctio n. T his i n fo rm ati o n c an b e o bta in ed f ro m : 1. You r c lie n t; 2 . The o pposin g p arty ; 3 . Tax r e tu rn s; 4 . Driv ers l ic en se ; 5 . Bir th c ertif ic ate s; 6 . Bap ti s m r e co rd s. B . The m arita l s ta tu s a n d l iv in g a rra n gem en ts o f t h e p artie s, i n clu din g p re se n t a d dre ss of e ach p arty . S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n i n clu de: 1 . You r c lie n t; 2 . The o pposin g p arty ; 3 . Tax r e tu rn s; 4 . Witn esse s. C . The h is to ry o f t h e r e la tio nsh ip b etw een t h e p artie s, i n clu din g s e x ual a ctiv ity a n d cla im ed u se o f c o ntr a cep tio n, d urin g t h e p erio d o f t im e i n w hic h c o ncep tio n occu rre d . S ou rc es o f i n fo rm atio n i n clu de: 1 . You r c lie n t; 2 . The o pposin g p arty ; 3 . Oth er w itn esse s, f rie n ds, r e la tiv es, a cq uain ta n ces w ho h av e k now le d ge o f t h e pa rti e s' r e la tio nsh ip . D . In fo rm atio n a b out m en o th er t h an t h e a ll e g ed f a th er w ho h ad a ccess t o t h e p la in tif f du rin g t h e p erio d o f t im e i n w hic h c o ncep tio n o ccu rre d . S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n may i n clu de: - 8 - 1. You r c lie n t; 2 . The o pposin g p arty ; 3 . Frie n ds o r a cq uain ta n ces w ho m ay h av e k now le d ge a b out t h e p la in tif f's re la tio nsh ip w ith o th er m en ;4. Court r e co rd s o f o th er m en w ho t h e p la in tif f h as a lle g ed t o b e t h e f a th er o f he r c h ild ; 5 . The c h ild 's b ir th c ertif ic ate ; 6 . The c h ild 's b ap tis m al r e co rd s. E . In fo rm atio n r e g ard in g t h e c h ild w hose p are n ta g e i s t h e s u bje ct o f t h is a ctio n. So urc es o f s u ch i n fo rm atio n w ill b e: 1 . The p la in tif f; 2 . Med ic al r e co rd s; 3 . Hosp ita l r e co rd s; 4 . Testi n g r e co rd s; 5 . Reco rd s o f r e g is tr a tio n w ith a n y r e lig io us g ro up, s u ch a s b ap tis m c ertif ic ate ;6 . Sta te D ep artm en t o f V ita l S ta tis tic s r e co rd s;7 . Physic ia n s' r e co rd s;8 . Mid w iv es' r e co rd s o r o th er m ed ic al o r p ara m ed ic al p ers o nnel w ho a tte n ded th e p la in tif f d urin g p re g nan cy o r w ho w ere p re se n t a t o r a tte n ded t h e de liv ery o f t h e c h ild . F . Pers o nal r e p ro ductiv e i n fo rm atio n a b ou t t h e p la in tif f. S ourc es f o r t h at i n fo rm atio n will i n clu de: 1 . The p la in tif f;2 . Her p hysic ia n ;3. Med ic al a n d h osp ita l r e co rd s. G . Id en tif ic atio n o f o th er i n div id uals w ho m ay h av e i n fo rm atio n b earin g o n t h e i s su es in t h is a ctio n. S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n: 1. You r c lie n t;2 . The p la in tif f;3 . Rela tiv es;4 . Frie n ds o r a sso cia te s o f e ith er p arty . H . The r e la tio nsh ip b etw een t h e d efe n dan t a n d t h e p la in tif f i f a n y, d urin g t h e p re g nan cy and s in ce t h e b ir th o f t h e c h ild . S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n w ill i n clu de: 1 . You r c lie n t;2 . The o pposin g p arty ;3. Rela tiv es, f rie n ds, a cq uain ta n ces. - 9 - I. The p la in tif f 's s o urc e o f f in an cia l s u ppo rt d urin g t h e p re g nan cy a n d s in ce t h e b ir th o f th e c h ild . S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n i n clu de: 1 . The p la in tif f;2 . Em plo ym en t r e co rd s;3 . Welf a re r e co rd s. J. In fo rm atio n a b out t h e i n co m e o f t h e d efe n dan t. S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n i n clu de: 1 . In co m e t a x r e tu rn s ( in clu din g a ll s c h ed ule s s u ch a s K -1 's );2 . Pay ch eck s tu bs f o r a p erio d o f n o l e ss t h an t h re e m onth s s h ow in g g ro ss in co m e, d ed uctio ns a n d n et p ay ;3. Em plo ym en t c o ntr a cts ;4 . Em plo yee h an dbooks;5 . Em plo yee b en efit b ro ch ure s;6 . Fin an cia l s ta te m en ts ;7 . Bala n ce s h eets ;8 . Ban kin g r e co rd s;9 . Tele p hone r e co rd s;1 0. 1099 f o rm s;1 1. W-2 f o rm s;1 2. Em plo yers ' v erif ic atio n o f e arn in g a n d e x pen se r e im burs e m en t;1 3. Busin ess s u pplie rs ;1 4. Subco ntr a cto rs ;1 5. Tru st o ffic ers ;1 6. Tru st a g re em en ts a n d a m en dm en ts ;1 7. Partn ers h ip a g re em en ts ;1 8. Partn ers h ip t a x r e tu rn s. K . Num ber o f m in or c h ild re n c la im ed a s d ep en den ts b y t h e d efe n dan t o th er t h an t h e ch ild w hose p ate rn ity i s t h e i s su e o f t h is c ase . S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n w ill i n clu de: 1 . The d efe n dan t;2 . Tax r e tu rn s;3 . Court o rd ers f o r c h ild s u pport. L . Accu ra te m ate rn ity e x pen se s a n d m onth ly l iv in g e x pen se s f o r t h e p la in tif f a n d t h e ch ild . S ourc es o f i n fo rm atio n i n clu de: 1 . The p la in tif f; 2 . Med ic al b ills ;3 . Hosp ita l b ills ;4 . Ban k r e co rd s. - 10 - The f o re g oin g l is ts a re m ere ly s u ggestiv e a n d c le arly n ot e x hau stiv e. - 11 -A PPE N DIX S A M PL E D IS C O VER Y T O OLS (A c av eat: D is c o very t o ols s e rv e b est w hen t h ey a re s tr u ctu re d t o s u it t h e n eed s o f a p artic u la r c ase . Fo rm i n te rro g ato rie s a n d o th er f o rm o r b oile rp la te d is c o very t o ols s e ld om o bta in o ptim um r e su lts . Th e t im e g ain ed b y s e n din g o ut f o rm d is c o very t o ols i s o fte n m ore t h an l o st l a te r w hen m ean in gle ss re sp onse s a re r e ceiv ed . T hus, t h e s a m ple s s e t o ut i n t h ese m ate ria ls a re n ot i n te n ded t o s e rv e e v ery sit u atio n i n e v ery c ase o r e v en a n y s itu atio n i n a n y c ase . T he s a m ple s m ay b e u se fu l t o t h e r e ad er a s a s ta rtin g p oin t f ro m w hic h d is c o very d ev ic es m ay b e f o rm ed t o m eet t h e n eed s o f a s p ecif ic pa te rn ity a ctio n.)