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[Music] by the end of the American Civil War corporations not plantation owners relied the most on slave labor southern railroads alone owned an estimated 20,000 slaves the Emancipation Proclamation effectively freed the slaves but did not eliminate the southern economy's need for forced black labor convict leasing was the white solution to the loss of slave labor black codes were enacted in many states to reinforce racial hierarchies and white rule blacks were arrested fined and assaulted for such trivial charges as vagrancy drunkenness and those were the lucky ones for those even suspected of violent crimes particularly the rape of white woman those were almost always lynched stabbed burned and/or mutilated lynchings and race riots where white mobs would descend upon the black section of town and kill beat or shoot any black they saw were common in post-civil war period in the Tulsa riot of 1921 White's burned down black Wall Street and almost succeeded in pushing blacks entirely out of town lynchings and race riots were violent means that both work towards the single goal the maintenance of racial hierarchy in American society prisons have worked in many ways as racialized institutions that were designed and still work as a system intent upon upholding racial caste hierarchies historically blacks have been the overwhelming majority of the prison population even though they commit relatively less crimes than whites today America locks up a quarter of the world's prisoners despite only having around 4 percent of the world's population these numbers have nothing to do with crime statistics and have everything to do with policing and policy laws that were enacted specifically to target minority urban male populations in this channel we will be discussing the growth of the prison industrial complex and the history of race and crime in American society today we will discuss partment farm miss Sippi now known as mississippi state penitentiary this special report will be the first one of our series and we hope there will be many more to come let's now discuss the history of parchment farm on December 17th 1903 on ledger reported on the new convict farm being established on a large tract of land formerly owned by the parchment family the Mississippi penitentiary Board of Control had purchased 13,000 acres of land in Fertile sunflower County along the Yazoo Delta railway the following year the state prisoners were moved to Parchman in order to prepare the area for farming james cave artemon elected governor in 1903 became known as the white chief of parchment vardaman was a populist and virulent racist and parchment fit neatly into his platform he opposed convict leasing because it benefitted big business operators and not the poor rural White's who had voted for him vardaman argued that convict leasing allowed corporations to replace free white laborers with convicts who were predominantly black free and forced black laborers were utilized as strike breakers and as cheap alternatives to unionize free white laborers convicts did not go on strike they could be worked to the brink of death and if indeed death did occur as it so often did another prisoner could easily be purchased slaves had value to their owner due to the fact that it was expensive to replace a slave especially a productive one convicts were cheap and they could easily be replaced in his 1905 governor's address vardaman stoked white hysteria about the criminal tendency of the negro he believed that penal reform was the best way to civilize blacks vara demands beliefs embodied the southern white supremacist myth of black inferiority and white benevolent masters var daemons belief in white supremacy was absolute and he saw parchment as the best way to eliminate convict leasing and to reinvent the southern paternal plantation system under the new guise of Pina reform I want the Negro protected in the enjoyment of life liberty and the product of his labor and the pursuit of his happiness Bardhaman said and the only way to do it is to enforce vigorously the law against the vagrants laws against vagrancy was a primary method of imprisoning unemployed blacks the vagrancy Act enforced harsh fines on any black who could not provide proof of employment to white authority figures any black who could not provide proof of employment would be fined and those who could not pay the fine would be sent to jail or had their fines paid for by some white landowner who then would be leasing the prisoner until he paid off the fee of the fine mosa or worked long past the time it took them to pay off their debts and many were worked to death mrs. Jane child's wrote begging for information on her son Walter she explains how he wrote to me that he would be out this time in May and he would come home but she had not heard from him since in 1915 convict leasing had been eliminated in all states with the exception of Alabama and Florida in Alabama convict leasing was synonymous with coal the number of prisoners rose and shrunk with the demands of the coal companies with the Tennessee coal and iron company being the largest purchaser of convict laborers companies like sloshed and Sheffield Pratt consolidated and red feather coal company all relied upon forced prison laborers as though schinsky describes when times were tight local police would sweep the streets for vagrants drunks and thieves many would be sentenced with misdemeanor crimes and sent off to the coal mines and in the case of Mississippi to parchment farm 97% of Alabama convicts were prior to 1950 black at Parchman farm 91 percent were black in 1905 corporations particularly those in the South relied upon forced black labor and in many ways so did American dualism blacks mine the coal worked the iron forges pick the cotton and built many southern railroads in Mississippi parchment with the ardent support of Vardhaman quickly became very profitable by the end of its second full year of operation the new penitentiary had earned a hundred eighty-five thousand dollars for the state roughly five million in today's dollars generated mainly by the many farm camps scattered across the plantation parchment was set up like the paternalist plantation system it sought so desperately to emulate blacks were worked from sunup to sundown these work days could run 15 hours long and a hundred degrees hot though the inmates suffered from exhaustion heat stroke illness and injury to prison kept running a leather whip known as black Annie was used liberally on inmates corporal punishment was administered by in according to the whims of the trustees those trustees were armed inmates drawn from the ranks of parchments most violent offenders empowered by prison officials to brutally maintain order in the decade that followed inmates groupies boats corn and potatoes they raised hogs and cattle they planted cotton picked cotton and gin cotton the women's camp stitched the cotton into clothes including those worn by inmates parchment today grows crops to feed the inmates and also for corporations like Idaho potatoes parchment would be one of the first prisons in which convicts were given conjugal visits and allowed to sleep with prostitutes many inmates argued that this greatly increased productivity which might have been a big reason for why it was acceptable prisoners were segregated by race and gender although there were a few white male prisoners here and they're all female prisoners were black many white women who committed crimes even murder did not go to jail only in extremely rare cases were white women sent to prison prior to the Second World War parchment took so much from so many and yet through all the pain and injustice its greatest contribution came in the form of culture the most famous example of the cultural innovations that came out of parchment was the parchment farm blues song by Bukka white and later parchment farm by Moysey Allison these songs were known as the Delta blues a musical tradition performed historically but southern black slaves Alan Lomax recorded the songs of prisoners working the fields of parchment these songs are meant to uplift the soul and provide some sense of unity and freedom bucha white while serving time at Parchman rarely if ever worked in the fields instead he performed for inmates and the prison staff the legacy of parchment will forever be embroidered within the Mississippi State Penitentiary that now sits on the very same site that parchment once stood many still refer to it as the fun [Music] don't sound down we know um if you wanna do good you first elbow my phone you