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FAQs
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Was Donald Trump, Jr. set up?
I think there are two ways to answer this question — what’s likely, and what’s possible.I think what is likely, is that Don Jr. was not set up for anything except failure — meaning that there was no malicious plan to screw him over, he just did it to himself by lacking competence in what he was trying to do.But that’s not the only possibility.There is an argument that can be made that Jared Kushner set him up. Bear with me for a minute while I present it.It basically goes like this — Jared Kushner and Don Jr. were both present at the meeting with the Russians, thus having first-hand knowledge of its content and participants.[1] They also both knew about the intent of the meeting (collusion with the Russian government to support Trump and undermine Clinton) because it’s explicitly stated in the emails they both received. [2]Kushner failed to disclose that meeting — or literally any other foreign contact — on his SF-86 form (this is the form that federal government employees submit for their security clearances). [3] He later amended his SF-86 form two times to disclose that meeting and over 100 foreign contacts.[4]His explanation for why he initially omitted these meetings — from a document that includes a sworn statement under penalty of felony criminal charges that the information within is complete to the best of your knowledge — is that a member of his staff “prematurely” submitted the form in error. [5] As I can personally verify, having gone through the SF-86 process for my own clearance, that’s not really a possibility unless you accidentally clicked the wrong button 28 times in a row, accidentally e-signed it, and accidentally gave your legal medical release as well. (It’s a VERY long form, with a lot of confirmations).[6] So as anyone whose ever gotten a security clearance can tell you, that explanation is bogus. Now, if you forget to disclose a meeting or two on that form, or you got a date or name wrong — not unusual for very experienced applicants, or people in senior positions in certain fields — you can amend the form to include the names you missed. It’s unusual to do that more than once, or as widely as Kushner did.Now, here’s where it gets really interesting. Look at the timeline —June 9, 2016, is the meeting with the Russians.January 18, 2017: Kushner files his initial SF-86 which fails to disclose the foreign contacts. Kushner allegedly notifies the FBI “the next day” that he would fill in the missing information later. [7]April 6, 2017: New York Times reports that Kushner failed to disclose numerous meetings, including with Russian Amb. Sergei Kisylak. [8]May 11, 2017: Kushner files a first revision to his SF-86, and receives what is believed to be standard questioning from the FBI some time in mid-May.[9]“Third week of June, 2017” (exact date unknown) Marc Kasowitz, Trump’s personal attorney; and Alan Garten, chief legal officer for the Trump Organization, are informed of the existence of the emails, by Kushner’s attorneys (who had “discovered” the emails). [10]June 21, 2017: Kushner files his second revision to the SF-86. This discloses the Russian meeting to the FBI. [11]June 23, 2017: The FBI questions Kushner again over the second revision.[12] This is NOT standard.July 9–11: NY Times breaks the story of the Russian meeting, and the emails. After being contacted by the Times, Don Jr. chooses to release the emails via his twitter, before the Times can publish their story. During this time Don Jr.’s characterization of the meeting is first that it was about adoptions; then that it was about opposition research but they didn’t get any so it ended up being about adoptions; and finally admitting (with the release of the emails) that it was about the damaging information provided from the Russians, as explained clearly in the emails. At least one of these statements was drafted with the consultation of the White House legal team, and was “signed off” on by Trump himself. [13]July 12: Trump says “I only heard of it two or three days ago” (referring to the meeting). [14] In order for that to be true, it would require that two of Trump’s children, his campaign manager, his personal lawyer, the lawyers for his children, and the chief legal officer intentionally kept that information from Trump for at least two to three weeks (or in the case of Kushner/Jr./Manafort, for over a year.)So it begs the question — since Kushner knew of the meetings, had already disclosed them to the FBI (quietly, through the second SF-86 amendment, without trying to draw attention to it), and knew how damaging the information would be to their credibility on the Russia collusion question— why was Don Jr. allowed to make statements that Kushner and others knew weeks in advance were false?The answer is of course up to interpretation, but “what is possible” is that Kushner and Trump, knowing that the contents of the Russian meeting email would be going public sooner rather than later (since the media already had learned of the meeting), are attempting to set up Don Jr. to take the fall. By directing the media’s attention to Jr., who can be laughed off as an incompetent idiot who didn’t know what he was doing, Kushner buys more time for himself, taking some of the heat away from himself and his father-in-law, during the critical days ahead of the Trumpcare healthcare vote. Incidentally, Don Jr. makes for a great fall-guy, because even though he unofficially “advises” his father, he’s technically still an uncleared, private civilian who is subject to far fewer rules on disclosure, transparency, and honesty as Kushner is. And we know that the Trump organization places a high premium on protecting Kushner, who (along with Ivanka) is probably the single most influential person on Trump inside or outside the entire administration. [15]It’s also been speculated that the source of the leaks may not actually be Kushner, but could be Steve Bannon — who dislikes Kushner intensely and has been in a political power struggle with him since the transition.[16] If that’s true, then Jr. isn’t so much being “set up” so much as he’s “collateral damage.”Again, I think the most likely explanation is that Don Jr. is simply an incompetent idiot. But we know Jared Kushner, while he may not be “competent” in the traditional Washington sense, is not an idiot. He’s the one to keep an eye on here, not Don Jr.Footnotes[1] Trump Tower Russia meeting: At least eight people in the room[2] Kushner Omitted Meeting With Russians on Security Clearance Forms[3] Details revealed about Jared Kushner's security clearance forms[4] Details revealed about Jared Kushner's security clearance forms[5] Kushner’s lawyers say he mistakenly left meetings with the Russians off his security forms twice[6] https://nbib.opm.gov/record-prov...[7] People aren't buying Kushner's lawyers' explanation for security clearance form omissions[8] Kushner Omitted Meeting With Russians on Security Clearance Forms[9] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[10] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[11] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[12] Sources: Trump lawyers knew of Russia emails three weeks ago[13] Rancor at White House as Russia Story Refuses to Let the Page Turn[14] Trump says he learned ‘couple of days ago’ of son’s meeting with Russian lawyer[15] Did Jared leak the Donald Trump Jr meeting emails?[16] The Inside Story of the Kushner-Bannon Civil War
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What is the Gorkhaland issue?
Many people across India are curious about the Gorkhaland issue, but most of them do not know about the issue very well and are of the false impression that Gorkhaland is a demand by the Gorkhas for separation from India.Hence, the following paragraphs below would help those, who are not familiar with the Gorkhaland issue. As one will read the story, they can view that the demand for Gorkhaland is a just and moral demand for the creation of the state of Gorkhaland within the geographical and constitutional contours of India.To make it for an easy read, I have made a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), which has been answered, thus acting as a guide to Gorkhaland issue.Q. Who are Gorkhas in the Indian context?A.The 'Gorkhas' in the Indian context are Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity, who live across the length and breadth of India. The term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is used to differentiate the Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity from the citizens of Nepal, who prefer to be called 'Nepalese.'Many a time, people mistake the Indian 'Gorkhas' with Nepalese 'Gorkhali'. It is to be noted that in terms of Nepal, 'Gorkhali' refers to the people from the 'Gorkha' region. However, the use of the term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is very different than in Nepal's context. Therefore, the term 'Gorkha' refers to different groups of people depending on the country they are being used in reference to.Q. Did the Gorkhas immigrate to India?A. Majority of the people who identify themselves as 'Gorkhas' in India are sons and daughters of the soil, and their forefathers 'came with the land.' They did not immigrate to India. However, it is well recognized that there are many immigrants from Nepal, who have also settled in India, post-independence.Q. What do you mean by 'came with the land'?A.The Nepali kingdom in the 17th and 18th Century was spread all over the Himalayas. In the year 1777, Nepal had appropriated the Kingdom of Sikkim (that included most of the present day Darjeeling district) in the east and had also successfully invaded and conquered the Kingdoms of Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra in the west. The Nepali Kingdom was spread from the east of rivers Teesta to the west of river Sutlej.However, following the Anglo-Nepal war of 1814-1816, Nepal agreed to cede most of the Terai region, the lands of Sikkim, Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra to the British through the Treaty of Sugauli (Sugauli Sandhi), which was signed on 4 March 1816. After the Anglo-British war of 1865, the British appropriated the lands that are today known as Kalimpong and Dooars. Therefore, all the people of Nepali, Sikkimese and Bhutanese origin, who were living in these tracts automatically came under the British and subsequently under India (after the British left), hence the term – 'came with the land.'Q. Were there Gorkhas in Darjeeling region prior to the British coming to India?A.Recorded history shows that the region was inhabited as early as the 9th century. When Guru Padmasambhava had passed through this region in the 9th century, he had established Buddhism in the region – which indicates the presence of people living in the area way, before the British ever landed in Asia.In the Indian context, the word 'Gorkha' is an umbrella term used to identify a varied group of people, as one unified entity, in terms of Darjeeling, communities such as the Róng – Lepchas, the Tsong – Limbus, the Kirat – Rai, the Dukpas and the Magars are the aboriginal/ethnic/native people of the region, who constitute a large chunk of the 'Gorkha' people living in the Darjeeling region. Hence, it can be safely said that the majority of the 'Gorkhas,' who belong to these communities and are living in Darjeeling, ethnic to the region.In addition, other groups of people such as the Gurungs, Thapas, Chettris, Newars, Sunwars, Bahuns, Kamis, Damais, Sarkis, Bhutias, Thamis etc., came to the region following subsequent wars. For instance, the establishment of the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1642 brought in a large Bhutia population from Tibet and Bhutan into the region. Similarly, the Nepali incursions starting from as early as 1700s brought many present day Nepalis to the region. Hence, it can be safely concurred that the 'Gorkha' presence far supersedes the British arrival in the region.Q. What historical claims does West Bengal have over the Darjeeling-Dooars region?A.Ironically None! There is no shared history between the Darjeeling-Dooars region, and the rest of West Bengal till the year 1935. The only common thread that connects Darjeeling and the rest of Bengal prior to 1935 is that they shared a common Governor (for administrative ease).It is interesting to note that following the partition of Bengal in 1905, the administration of Darjeeling was handed over to the Bhagalpur Division in Bihar Presidency between 1905-1907, following which a demand for a separate administrative unit for the Darjeeling-Dooars region (a la Separate State in today's term) was first raised by the Hillmen's Association in 1907, making the demand for a separate state constituting the hills, Terai and Dooars region the oldest demand for statehood in India.The only reason as to why such a demand was not entertained by the British Government, is because the Darjeeling and Dooars region were already declared a "non-regulated area", which meant that the rules and laws developed for the rest of India would not be automatically applicable to the region.Q. Why is Darjeeling a part of West Bengal?A.The Darjeeling region only became a part of West Bengal Presidency in the year 1935, when it was required to send an elected member to the Bengal Legislative Assembly. It was done purely for the then administrative ease, as the British could control the Darjeeling region better from Bengal than from Bhagalpur in Bihar.Q. Why are people in Darjeeling demanding Gorkhaland?A.The demand for a separate administrative unit (separate state in today's term) for the Darjeeling region had started as early as 1907. However, the influx of Bangladeshi refugees starting in 1965 and later state sponsored illegal immigrants from Bangladesh post-1971 for vote bank by subsequent West Bengal governments led to marginalization of the ethnic Gorkha, Kamtapuri and the Rajbanshi communities of the region. The demand for Gorkhaland is a demand to protect the identity, culture, history, traditions and the rich bond of people from Darjeeling region, which they share with their land.Furthermore, the Gorkhas from the Darjeeling region have continued to be labeled by the fascist and state sponsored Bengali organizations such as Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Samity, Amra Bangali, Jan Jagaran Morcha, Jan Chetna Morcha as illegal immigrants and the demand for Gorkhaland illegal. They have rendered the ethnic Gorkha people as an intruder in his/her own ancestral lands. This has caused widespread socio-economic and political marginalization of the Gorkhas. All these factors have resulted in the Gorkhas being under-represented, stereotyped and communally discriminated in almost all sectors.Moreover, Bengal has always been colonial in its approach to this region. The large revenues collected from Darjeeling region have been used to develop other parts of Bengal, while neglecting even the basic infrastructure in the region.Case in point: the National Highway 55, which used to be the artery connecting the hills of Darjeeling to the rest of India, has been closed due to land slide since 2009 and the West Bengal government has done nothing to rebuild it. Last year alone, there were over 20 malnutrition related death (death due to starvation) reported from the Dooars region and yet the West Bengal government did nothing to alleviate the sufferings of the people in the region.Q. Is the proposed Gorkhaland region economically viable?A.The proposed Gorkhaland region is rich in bio-diversity, scenic views, hydro potentials, tourism, NTFP, Tea and numerous other resources. Darjeeling Tea has been accorded the Geographical Indicator status recently by the WTO, which has caused the price of Darjeeling Tea to double in the world market. The demand for tea from the Dooars region is also at an all time high. Even the most conservative estimates put the revenue potential from tea, tourism and hydro from the proposed Gorkhaland area at over 1600 Crores per annum. It is estimated that the revenues from Tea and Tourism alone will make the proposed Gorkhaland region a revenue surplus state. The revenues collected from hydro development, NTFP, cross-border trades and other resources will make the proposed state of Gorkhaland as one of the most economically vibrant states in India.Q. Is the demand for Gorkhaland illegal?A. No, to demand for a separate state is the democratic right of every Indian citizen, and the formation of new states is enshrined in our constitution.Article 3 of the Indian constitution specifically deals with the issues regarding the formation of new states:Article 3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States—Parliament may by law—(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;(b) increase the area of any State;(c) diminish the area of any State;(d) alter the boundaries of any State;(e) alter the name of any State:Hence, the demand for Gorkhaland is a legitimate demand.Q. Why is West Bengal opposed to the formation of Gorkhaland?A. The state of West Bengal is one of the most economically backward states in India. Even though, it is the 5th largest in terms of its size, but due to the high debt burden of over Rs. 2.5 lakh Crores, West Bengal is practically bankrupt and is highly dependent on the Central Government and the revenues generated from the proposed Gorkhaland region for its sustenance and economic survival. A conservative estimate indicated that if the proposed Gorkhaland state is formed, West Bengal is expected to lose over 40% of its revenue stream.So despite all the rhetoric stating, "Darjeeling is Bengal's Abhinno Aanga," Bengal is scared of loosing its hen, which is currently laying the golden eggs. It is scared of losing the cash cow that has continued to discount the development of Bengal's other regions over and over since independence.Further, Bengal has always held a parochial, colonial and discriminatory attitude towards the proposed Gorkhaland region and continues to do so. Late. Subash Chakraborty a Minister in the CPI(M) Government had said to the Gorkhas "khetey diyechi, sutey chai?" [Meaning: "we have given you food to eat, now you want a space to sleep?"] Hinting that the Bengalis have been benevolent towards the Gorkhas in allowing the Gorkhas to live in Bengal, while ungraciously ignoring the fact that the Gorkhas are ethnic to the land. Similarly, many Bengali scholars [such as Sumanta Sen of The Telegraph] and politicians [such as Dr. Mukund Majumdar and Mr. Ashok Bhattacharjee] continue to call the ethnic Gorkhas foreigners and intruders, which gives a sense of insecurity amongst the ethnic Gorkhas – thus, the demand for Gorkhaland.Compiled by Upendra Mani Pradhan, Meri News
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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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Why didn't anti-Brahmin Dravidian movement signNow Kerala even though priestly tyranny signNowed its peak there?
Anti Brahminism movements in Tamil Nadu which sparked off Dravidian politics in the 1900s was actually a political movement more than a religious movement.We need to understand, though Brahmins were always the upper caste community almost everywhere in India, they weren’t a dominant political class in many parts of the country. They may have used their caste respect to dominate the political class or influence them. But hardly they ever ruled the land.The best example we can take is Chanakya -Chandragupta Maurya. The entire episode of dethroning Dhananandhas and crowning a commoner like Chandragupta Maurya was orchestrated by a Brahmin- Chanakya. Had he wished, he could have easily become the King with Chandragupta as his commander. Yet he didn’t. The social customs prevailing in India since then were not so good for Brahmins to become the political leaders, though they often meddled in politics as spiritual advisers or thro’ proxy rules etc.However, things were bit different in Tamil Nadu. During the era of Tamil Empires like Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas, Pallavas, Brahmin community were mostly worked as spiritual advisors, priests etc rather actively involved in hardcore politics. However, with the collapse of the Pandya Dynasty, there was a long period of Power vacuum, leading to several outsiders like Vijayanagara Nayaks, Delhi Sultanate forces, Marathas fighting for political dominance in Tamil speaking land. There were extreme cases of political fragmentation in this period. Towards the 17th century, Marathas started dominating the political space of Tamil Nadu, particularly Thanjavur area. It’s in this time period that the Brahmins in the area started gaining a lot of political authority as Maratha rulers patronized Brahmins in political spaces. They were well versed in Vedas, highly shrewd which was something adored by Marathas in a big way. The political acumen combined with the ability to adapt to any surroundings much faster, slowly pushed Tamil Brahmin (Tambram) community to be a dominant political force.When English took over, the Tamil Brahmins were first to accept them, learn English and act as an intermediary. The fast learning cult and intelligence slowly helped Tamil Brahmins to occupy the highest levels of positions that any Indian could achieve in the British Era. There was absolute political domination by Tamil Brahmin, which actually led politically conscious educated Tamilians to spark off Anti Brahmanism concept with the rise of Dravidian politics in the early 1900s. That's simply because even educated Tamilians in the 1900s were not able to compete with highly intelligent/shrewd TamBrahms, thus losing many opportunities. It must be noted, the entire Madras Presidency unit of Indian National Congress was mostly dominated by Tamil Brahmins. This could be the main reason that drew many Youngsters to rising Dravidian Movement that pushed the concept that Tambrams were Aryans and outsiders to Tamil Nadu and Tamil Land must be for its original inhabitants- the Dravidians.Typical Tamil Iyer family of 1940s who held higher positions in the societyTam Brahms also practised a strict racial purity, by which they rarely married outside their caste and constantly maintained the genetics without mixing with other castes. This often led to underlying many pseudo-Racial concepts prevailing in that era, when much fairer TamBrahms got superior positions than black Dravidians (Tamilians), especially when Britishers believed in such concepts and TamBrahms being their colleagues or partners.Now contrary to Tamil Nadu, in Kerala, the local Brahmin community was called Nampoothiris and they rarely got involved in political administration. Their focus was completely maintaining the sanctity and continuity of priestly tantric rites, Vedic rites etc in temples. Secondly, unlike Tamil Brahmins, Nampoothiris of Kerala were more laid back and less shrewd. In majority cases, they were often mocked for their naivety and stupidity leading to the development of a branch of humour called Namboothiri Phalithangal much like Sardarji Jokes cult.Nampoothiris were noted for their priestly duties, particularly for their strict observations of Vedic era sacrifices and yajnasThere was a reason for this. Nampoothiris were mostly landlord community and earned a lot from the huge land-banks they held. So they weren’t much ambitious to be into politics as such.Another crucial factor was the Nampoothiris were very few in number. The land conservancy and prevention of partition of resources within family lead Nampoothiris to practise Sambabdam culture with Matrilineal communities like Nairs, Kshatriyas etc. This means in a very large Nampoothiri Joint family, only the eldest male had the right to marry a Nampoothiri woman and produce Nampoothiri off-springs. Rest every single male of the family had only LIVE-IN RELATIONSHIPs (Sambandam) with Nairs or Kshatriyas, which means, the children born to such relationship weren’t seen as Nampoothiris (Brahmins), rather they inherit their mother’s caste in accordance to Matrilineal law. So Nampoothiris as such were too small in number to actually dominate a political theatre, unlike Tamil Brahmins.Secondly, this sort of matrilineal relationship made Nampoothiris always piggyback on the Nair community. Nampoothiris always maintain a symbiotic relationship with Nairs/Kshatriya or similar communities. This relationship gave Nairs a sense of upper caste superiority (as many among them believed they had Brahmin blood) in Brahminical order. So in the Kerala context, Nairs started dominating every sphere of political order while Nampoothiris being just influencer. This means, unlike Tambrams who were seen as flagbearers of Brahminical culture in TN, in Kerala, its Nairs/Ambalavasis/Kshatriyas who were seen as forerunners of this Brahminical culture rather Nampoothiris themselves.The relationship worked like this. Nampoothiris who believed they owned the entire land (remember the Parasurama Myth) gave ritualistic authority to rule the land to Nairs/Kshatriyas who in-return gave protection and preservation of Nampoothiri properties and resources apart from personal sexual pleasures.So Nampoothiris never interfered into politics or public affairs. They restricted themselves to temple rituals and sacred sacrifices. Nampoothiris never scaled themselves to any profession lower to their social dignity in past. There weren’t any Nampoothiris clerks or peons or assistants even in Royal palaces, while Tambrams worked even as peons/assistants/cooks (in brahmin hotels) etc in TN. So in Madras Presidency, TamBrams were omnipresent in every sphere of life, even though they were a minority. They always tried to restrict others from entering into the sector and tried to monopolize the sector into their sphere of influence.One best example visibly seen is Carnatic Music sector. In TN, traditional music was fully dominated by TamBrams and few limited temple musician castes. Others were denied to learn this art. This even exists today in many subtle ways in TN, which were often highlighted in many documentaries. A recent Tamil Movie - Sarvam Thaala Mayam has its key storyline based on this attitudeFor Brahmins, by Brahmins: How (and why) Carnatic music became such an elite preoccupationRevisiting Caste Through Karnatic Music | NewsClickCasteism & Dominance Of Brahmins In The Tamil Music IndustryThe trailer of Sarvam Thala Mayam which have scenes how protagonist being a Christian being mocked and excluded from learning Carnatic Music by Brahmin communityOn the contrary, in Kerala, Nampoothiris or Brahmins never monopolized this sector. Carnatic Music in Kerala was learnt and performed by many castes including Non-Hindus. Remember, Kerala’s most celebrated musician- Yesudas who is hailed as Ganagandharvan (celestial musician) is a Christian. His father Augustine Bhagavatar was an empanelled Royal Musician in the court of Kochi Maharajas and regularly performed in various temples etc.So if you don’t dominate and monopolize a sector, why should there be anger against you?Essentially there was anger against Brahminical casteist order in Kerala in the 1900s. It led to Kerala Renaissance and collapse of feudal order in the state. But essentially it wasn’t targetted at any specific Hindu caste/community group, thanks to the unique community history of Kerala.However, specific to this question, there was indeed an Anti-Brahmin Dravidian Movement in Kerala since 1870s. But it was against Tamil Brahmins of Kerala, not against Kerala’s native Brahmins- Nampoothiris.If we look, Tamil Brahmins do dominate every sector they been to. They were expectational quick learners and over generations of doing various trades ranging from cooking to management, their later generations have genetically inherited those traits.If we look today, a majority of Chartered Accountants or Company secretaries or many key management professionals especially in TN are Tamil Brahmins. Why so? For generations, they have been handling accounts, managing stately matters, politics etc, so such traits got so ingrained into their community psyche. Hardly you see Nampoothiri Chartered Accountants or similar Management experts which if so will be minuscule.Since 12th century, Tamil Brahmins did migrate to border areas of Kerala, particularly Palakkad and Trivandrum and quickly settled across Kerala. Due to their faster assimilation skills, they effectively became Malayalee Iyers (who identify themselves as Keralites, though speak Tamil). As they were superbly skilled, they soon found themselves in various administrative services of the state. However, untill 18th century, rarely they rose to key positions of the kingdom, as much were under Nair control. Ofcourse exceptions like Ramayya Dalawa who helped King Marthanda Varma in consolidating and expanding Travancore Kingdom etc do exist.However in general Tamil Brahmins weren’t in key positions. But the failed revolt of 1809 against British by Velu Thampi Dalawa of Travancore and Paliath Achan of Cochin (both being Nair Prime Ministers of respective states) changed the concept completely. Englishers didn’t want Nairs or Malayalees to be key positions of Travancore-Cochin Kingdoms and abolished the post of Dalawa (Prime Minister) which were replaced by Diwanship. Majority of Diwans were English nominated Tamil Brahmins, primarily because they can speak English better and have a direct loyalty to Englishers more than to respective sovereign monarchs of these kingdoms.Ever since that, it was mostly Tamil Brahmins or Kannadiga Brahmins who became Diwans of Travancore and Kochi. The rise of Tambrams into the key administrative position of the state led to the typical monopolization of Tambrams into state administrative services. Most of the Peshkars (Secretaries of the State), senior court officials, as well as Judicial services in both Kingdoms, were held by Tambrams and rarely Malayalees got into state administrative services. Even so, they will be sidelined often and will remain to junior echelons. Other than few hereditary positions, the royal court of Travancore and Kochi were mostly filled with Tamil Brahmins and Kannadiga Brahmins.This led to the rise of an Anti-Brahmin movement in Kerala in the 1880s, though it wasn’t as widespread as in TN. This movement was restricted within educated youngsters of upper castes like Nairs, Christians, Muslims etc who decided to protest against the upper hand of Tambrams in Administrative services of Travancore. This lead to the submission of Malayalee Memorial of 1891, the first mass petition signed by 10028 Malayalee professionals to the Maharaja of Travancore seeking equal and fair employment to Malayalees of all caste and creed and restricting the direct appointments made to Tamil Brahmins. This was soon followed by Ezhava Memorial of 1896 seeking the appointment of Ezhavas (lower castes) into Travancore Administrative services based on merit.Though no solid action was taken against these petitions, the Royal family and the King got aware of the problem and felt the need to address the issue slowly.This lead to the expansion of Travancore Legislature (Niyamasabha) in a big way. From a small consultative body formed in 1888 (India’s first Native Legislature), Niyamasabha was expanded to an elected body in 1905. This means, there was a wider consultative body comprising of Malayalees who formulate draft laws and pass resolutions to advise the King, thus reducing the absolute clout of Tambrams in the Royal Durbar.So as since 1936, Travancore established a Royal Public Service Commission (which became Kerala Public Service Commission of today) for public recruitments to state services without any caste or creed or religion. This means, more and more Malayalees entered into Travancore Administrative Services (TAS), thus slowly reducing the Tambram clout.Another key fact was the public anger against Tambram clout in Travancore slowly converted into anger against Diwan C. P. Ramaswami Iyer. Sir CP carried a perfect image of autocratic-shrewd Tamil brahmin who doesn’t mind taking power in his hand fully disrespecting other branches of government. He was the personified form of typical TamBram power domination and autocracy for the majority in Kerala. So the inherent anti-TamBram movement in Kerala among Malayalees effectively became an anti-Diwan movement. And guess what, the only key supporters of Diwan Sir CP in Kerala was Tambrams. So it justifies the conversion of a movement against a community into opposition against a personality.Diwan Sir CPAnd that worked. Much of Malayalees were deeply opposed to Diwan Sir CP and it fuelled for the rise of Communism in Travancore which led to a failed assassination attempt against Diwan and his flee from the state that resulted in Travancore’s accession into India. And it must be noted, Diwan Sir CP was the last Tamil Brahmin who ruled the state. The departure of Sir CP almost demolished the monopoly of Tamil Brahmins in State services and today they are just one among many communities. As I said before, Tambrams have exceptional skills to adjust to the local context, also shed their dominating tendencies after the collapse of Tamil Diwanship in Kerala.So that anger element completely subdued in Kerala and today we consider Tambrams just like any other community. They are indeed exceptionally skilled, but not over-dominating as they used to be in past.\The conversion of anti-Tambram attitudes more into opposition to personality cult and the rise of Kerala renaissance has effectively negated the evolution of any political parties based on hatrance against any community.It must be noted, in TN, even after Independence, the state was initially ruled by powerful Tamil Brahmins of Indian National Congress which helped to create a Dravidian Narrative in TN Politics. It must be noted, even Jayalalitha who ruled TN untill recently was a Tambram.Such a situation didn’t rise in Kerala at all. In the last 72 years of history, we had just one Brahmin who became the CM of Kerala-E. M. S. Namboodiripad. Of course EMS came to power in his identity as Marxist Guru and veteran leader of CPM, not as Nampoothiri. So effectively Kerala never had a Brahmin domination as such that make people to oppose.The caste tyranny of feudalistic order wasn’t just limited to Brahmins, rather to entire upper caste society where Nairs/Kshatriyas have faced more opposition. But as Kerala renaissance came to reform every single caste, it became a collective reformation, rather blaming everything against one particular caste for all the ills of society.
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What were the reasons of the formation of Telangana?
Before going to answer this question let me clear where am I from.i am from rayalaseema.there are so many reasons for forming of new Telangana state if we need clear we need to go when Telangana merged into Andhra Pradesh even go before when it is a independent state for clear cut.but I don't want to talk about history due lack of information on my mind but one thing I can say that the people of tengalana not happy with Andhra leaders as they interest in develop Andhra and not giving importance to telagana region and so many reasons like lack of job opportunities to telagana region people. this is fact I think so they thought we need to take off from Andhra Pradesh state but they don't have a projecting leader until kcr establish the trs party in the year of 2001. establishment of trs party is just a Spark for formation of new telagana state. At the time of 2004 elections people of Telangana voted for trs .thus congress consolidating with trs formed government but YSR at the time of cm have some other plans and completely vanished tsr party with help of operation akarsha.when it comes to 2009 elections people accepted YSR regime by seeing his welfare schemes (everybody knows I think so) and gave 156 assembly seats(combined Andhra Pradesh) and settled at top notch where trs ended with 10assembly seats (only telagana region)with alliance of cbn by forming maha kutami.ysr tried to kill telagana movement kept it underneath of earth and succeeded on it. even people of Telangana are with YSR . YSR death was starting point of Telangana state formation .few months after death of YSR kcr took a chance and did hunger strike against to central government for seperate state of Telangana .people of Telangana came out of the house and stands kcr due to face the problems and struggles from decades and thought this is the right for protest for telagana.congress government don't have capability to control people of telangana.this protest lasted more than 4 years and untill telagana form . before 2014 elections congress government thought it is impossible to win in telagana region so they gave seperate Telangana state for winning atleast in Telangana.Thus the thing how telagana was formedMain reasons for Telangana formation:1) sudden death of ysr who had massive following with irrespective of region2) kcr nice step after death of ysr3) people of Telangana eagerly want to seperate state as they struggled from decades4)over smartness of congress government:All these things made possible to telagana formation.this is a prototype answer this text is enough for the person who want to know just briefly about telagana state formation.If you want to know about the depth of Telangana state study the documentary on Telangana struggle if you don't have a much more time for study it is better to have a friend from Osmania University who played a major role in telagana formation they can explain each every point.Note: blaming all the people of Andhra is not fair for what andhra leaders did there might be fault of Telangana leaders also.whether the person is good or bad is decided by character not region
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Why has the demand for Gorkhaland erupted all of a sudden after remaining dormant for long? Is it a ploy to discredit Mamta prio
This answer was a forward from a friend of mine and even though I could not verify about Col Sarabjit Singh, the content of the article is an eye opener to the issue of Gorkhaland.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Who are Gorkhas and why Gorkhaland? Excellent article written by a non Gorkha Col Sarbjit Singh. Please share it with your non Gorkha friends to let them know about our history and about the Gorkhaland movement.Gorkhas are Very Much Indians like you and me. They are backbone of Indian Army from Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times . Do not be misguided by politicians, issue needs to be resolved before it takes ugly turn .Many people across India are curious about the Gorkhaland issue, but most of them do not know about the issue very well and are of the false impression that Gorkhaland is a demand by the Gorkhas for separation from India. Hence, the following paragraphs below would help those, who are not familiar with the Gorkhaland issue.As one will read the story, they can view that the demand for Gorkhaland is a just and moral demand for the creation of the state of Gorkhaland within the geographical and constitutional contours of India.To make it for an easy read , someone has made a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), which has been answered, thus acting as a guide to Gorkhaland issue.Q. Who are Gorkhas in the Indian context?A. The 'Gorkhas' in the Indian context are Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity, who live across the length and breadth of India. The term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is used to differentiate the Indian citizens of Nepali ethnicity from the citizens of Nepal, who prefer to be called 'Nepalese.'Many a time, people mistake the Indian 'Gorkhas' with Nepalese 'Gorkhali'. It is to be noted that in terms of Nepal, 'Gorkhali' refers to the people from the 'Gorkha' region. However, the use of the term 'Gorkha' in the Indian context is very different than in Nepal's context. Therefore, the term 'Gorkha' refers to different groups of people depending on the country they are being used in reference to.Q. Did the Gorkhas immigrate to India?A. Majority of the people who identify themselves as 'Gorkhas' in India are sons and daughters of the soil, and their forefathers 'came with the land.' They did not immigrate to India. However, it is well recognized that there are many immigrants from Nepal, who have also settled in India, post-independence.Q. What do you mean by 'came with the land'?A.The Nepali kingdom in the 17th and 18th Century was spread all over the Himalayas. In the year 1777, Nepal had appropriated the Kingdom of Sikkim (that included most of the present day Darjeeling district) in the east and had also successfully invaded and conquered the Kingdoms of Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra in the west. The Nepali Kingdom was spread from the east of rivers Teesta to the west of river Sutlej.However, following the Anglo-Nepal war of 1814-1816, Nepal agreed to cede most of the Terai region, the lands of Sikkim, Kumaon, Garhwal and Kangra to the British through the Treaty of Sugauli (Sugauli Sandhi), which was signed on 4 March 1816. After the Anglo-British war of 1865, the British appropriated the lands that are today known as Kalimpong and Dooars. Therefore, all the people of Nepali, Sikkimese and Bhutanese origin, who were living in these tracts automatically came under the British and subsequently under India (after the British left), hence the term – 'came with the land.'Q. Were there Gorkhas in Darjeeling region prior to the British coming to India?A.Recorded history shows that the region was inhabited as early as the 9th century. When Guru Padmasambhava had passed through this region in the 9th century, he had established Buddhism in the region – which indicates the presence of people living in the area way, before the British ever landed in Asia.In the Indian context, the word 'Gorkha' is an umbrella term used to identify a varied group of people, as one unified entity, in terms of Darjeeling, communities such as the Róng – Lepchas, the Tsong – Limbus, the Kirat – Rai, the Dukpas and the Magars are the aboriginal/ethnic/native people of the region, who constitute a large chunk of the 'Gorkha' people living in the Darjeeling region. Hence, it can be safely said that the majority of the 'Gorkhas,' who belong to these communities and are living in Darjeeling, ethnic to the region.In addition, other groups of people such as the Gurungs, Thapas, Chettris, Newars, Sunwars, Bahuns, Kamis, Damais, Sarkis, Bhutias, Thamis etc., came to the region following subsequent wars. For instance, the establishment of the Kingdom of Sikkim in 1642 brought in a large Bhutia population from Tibet and Bhutan into the region. Similarly, the Nepali incursions starting from as early as 1700s brought many present day Nepalis to the region. Hence, it can be safely concurred that the 'Gorkha' presence far supersedes the British arrival in the region.Q. What historical claims does West Bengal have over the Darjeeling-Dooars region?A.Ironically None! There is no shared history between the Darjeeling-Dooars region, and the rest of West Bengal till the year 1935. The only common thread that connects Darjeeling and the rest of Bengal prior to 1935 is that they shared a common Governor (for administrative ease).It is interesting to note that following the partition of Bengal in 1905, the administration of Darjeeling was handed over to the Bhagalpur Division in Bihar Presidency between 1905-1907, following which a demand for a separate administrative unit for the Darjeeling-Dooars region (a la Separate State in today's term) was first raised by the Hillmen's Association in 1907, making the demand for a separate state constituting the hills, Terai and Dooars region the oldest demand for statehood in India.The only reason as to why such a demand was not entertained by the British Government, is because the Darjeeling and Dooars region were already declared a "non-regulated area", which meant that the rules and laws developed for the rest of India would not be automatically applicable to the region.Q. Why is Darjeeling a part of West Bengal?A.The Darjeeling region only became a part of West Bengal Presidency in the year 1935, when it was required to send an elected member to the Bengal Legislative Assembly. It was done purely for the then administrative ease, as the British could control the Darjeeling region better from Bengal than from Bhagalpur in Bihar.Q. Why are people in Darjeeling demanding Gorkhaland?A.The demand for a separate administrative unit (separate state in today's term) for the Darjeeling region had started as early as 1907. However, the influx of Bangladeshi refugees starting in 1965 and later state sponsored illegal immigrants from Bangladesh post-1971 for vote bank by subsequent West Bengal governments led to marginalization of the ethnic Gorkha, Kamtapuri and the Rajbanshi communities of the region. The demand for Gorkhaland is a demand to protect the identity, culture, history, traditions and the rich bond of people from Darjeeling region, which they share with their land.Furthermore, the Gorkhas from the Darjeeling region have continued to be labeled by the fascist and state sponsored Bengali organizations such as Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Samity, Amra Bangali, Jan Jagaran Morcha, Jan Chetna Morcha as illegal immigrants and the demand for Gorkhaland illegal. They have rendered the ethnic Gorkha people as an intruder in his/her own ancestral lands. This has caused widespread socio-economic and political marginalization of the Gorkhas. All these factors have resulted in the Gorkhas being under-represented, stereotyped and communally discriminated in almost all sectors.Moreover, Bengal has always been colonial in its approach to this region. The large revenues collected from Darjeeling region have been used to develop other parts of Bengal, while neglecting even the basic infrastructure in the region.Q. Is the proposed Gorkhaland region economically viable?A.The proposed Gorkhaland region is rich in bio-diversity, scenic views, hydro potentials, tourism, NTFP, Tea and numerous other resources. Darjeeling Tea has been accorded the Geographical Indicator status recently by the WTO, which has caused the price of Darjeeling Tea to double in the world market. The demand for tea from the Dooars region is also at an all time high. Even the most conservative estimates put the revenue potential from tea, tourism and hydro from the proposed Gorkhaland area at over 1600 Crores per annum. It is estimated that the revenues from Tea and Tourism alone will make the proposed Gorkhaland region a revenue surplus state. The revenues collected from hydro development, NTFP, cross-border trades and other resources will make the proposed state of Gorkhaland as one of the most economically vibrant states in India.Q. Is the demand for Gorkhaland illegal?A. No, to demand for a separate state is the democratic right of every Indian citizen, and the formation of new states is enshrined in our constitution.Article 3 of the Indian constitution specifically deals with the issues regarding the formation of new states:Article 3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States—Parliament may by law—(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;(b) increase the area of any State;(c) diminish the area of any State;(d) alter the boundaries of any State;(e) alter the name of any State:Hence, the demand for Gorkhaland is a legitimate demand.Q. Why is West Bengal opposed to the formation of Gorkhaland?A. The state of West Bengal is one of the most economically backward states in India. Even though, it is the 5th largest in terms of its size, but due to the high debt burden of over Rs. 2.5 lakh Crores, West Bengal is practically bankrupt and is highly dependent on the Central Government and the revenues generated from the proposed Gorkhaland region for its sustenance and economic survival. A conservative estimate indicated that if the proposed Gorkhaland state is formed, West Bengal is expected to lose over 40% of its revenue stream.So despite all the rhetoric stating, "Darjeeling is Bengal's Abhinno Aanga," Bengal is scared of loosing its hen, which is currently laying the golden eggs. It is scared of losing the cash cow that has continued to discount the development of Bengal's other regions over and over since independence.Further, Bengal has always held a parochial, colonial and discriminatory attitude towards the proposed Gorkhaland region and continues to do so. Late. Subash Chakraborty a Minister in the CPI(M) Government had said to the Gorkhas "khetey diyechi, sutey chai?" [Meaning: "we have given you food to eat, now you want a space to sleep?"] Hinting that the Bengalis have been benevolent towards the Gorkhas in allowing the Gorkhas to live in Bengal, while ungraciously ignoring the fact that the Gorkhas are ethnic to the land. Similarly, many Bengali scholars [such as Sumanta Sen of The Telegraph] and politicians [such as Dr. Mukund Majumdar and Mr. Ashok Bhattacharjee] continue to call the ethnic Gorkhas foreigners and intruders, which gives a sense of insecurity amongst the ethnic Gorkhas – thus, the demand for Gorkhaland.
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At the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (IITR), given the choice, which is the better place to join, IMG or SDSLabs? Why?
Disclaimer: I am a member of SDSLabs. This answer reflects my personal views and are not the views of SDSLabs as a whole. SDSLabs as a whole chose to ignore this but I think otherwise.Let's start off with some stats. I'm in 3rd year and have been part of SDSLabs' recruitment process in 2nd and 3rd year. So for these two years, here are the most relevant stats for this question:2013: 5 out of 6 candidates who were selected in both chose SDSLabs over IMG2014: 5 out of 5 candidates who were selected in both chose SDSLabs over IMGYou don't see stats here because no one from SDSLabs answered, IMG definitely wasn't going to quote these numbers and the anonymous guys won't know these numbers.I cannot be sure of why the people who chose SDSLabs chose so but I can talk about myself. I did not appear for IMG test. Why? Simple. IMG projects are all institute projects. I don't want to be dictated on what I should work on when I'm in college. I love my freedom. Plus, when I was in my first year, I had attended the open lectures conducted by SDSLabs on topics like HTML, CSS, PHP, JS etc. Even when I was not part of SDSLabs, I already knew about them and the quality of work they were doing. I could see their enthusiasm and interest towards technology through these lectures and outsignNow programs. IMG, on the other hand, was like a closed garden.Also, I think this is relevant too, IMG rejected people likeCapt Nemo (Abhay Rana), who is without doubt one of the best developer in IIT RoorkeeHarshil Mathur, one of best hackers that IITR has seenChetty Arun, one of the best designer in IITRAbhishek Das, this guy has GSOC, Google student ambassador for IITR and OWASP internship under his belt.This says volumes about their recruitment process.One answer here mentionsI see channeli coming up with a whole new design with many more apps almost every month (yaadein, thinktank, the mcm form and lots more and yeah maybe they should do something about the iitr website).Yaadein is not a new app. They make it online at the end of every academic calendar.Thinktank is also an old app.MCM form is not an app. If it is one then all submission forms in the world are apps.Also, the new channeli design was under development for 3 years before its launch.The same answer saysIn my experience I have seen far more changes in the channeli as compared to sdslabs ( where the only changes I have seen is the addition of a bunch of questions on code-village that too I have heard is done by PAG).Here's SDSLabs' timeline of stuff done in the year 2013:January 2013: Developed Cognizance 2013 Main WebsiteFebruary 14 2013: Launched Campus CupidFebruary 2013: Codematics, SrishtiMarch 2013: Conducted Backdoor, IITR's first CTF competition, and this had international participationMarch 2013: Conducted Insomnia and this had international participation too.April 2013: Won Deloitte Collegiate Cyber Security Competition for 2 years in a row.Summers: Released IIT JEE Rank ListAugust-October 2013: Lectures on HTML, CSS, JS, Ubuntu Meetup, Linux Installation partySeptember 4 2013: Conducted Codeblitz 4October 17 2013: Launched ErdosOctober 17 2013: Launched new CodebotOctober 19 2013: Conducted Syntax Error, IITR's first hackathonOctober 24 2013: Launched StudyportalOctober 24 2013: Launched EchoOh and before I forget, added a few problems on Code Village with the help of PAG some time in the year I guess we did not promote our activities well enough. I apologise for that and promise that we'll do better. In the meanwhile you should follow us on FB: SDSLabs SDSLabs not only develops apps, they also promote technology and software in the campus of IITR. If I were to face the question ever, I wouldn't need more than a split second to settle upon SDSLabs.PS: I had seen this question before but did not answer because I wanted to post it with the stats for 2014.EDIT: Shaumik Daityari's edit clarifies on tasks done by IMG. Let's not get lost in description of work because if I added one for each of the points in timeline that I have listed, this answer would become too long to read. The stats remain the main part of my answer.
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Why did the US just withdraw from the UN Human Rights Council? How will this affect US diplomacy around the world?
The US withdrawal? “Disappointing if not really surprising”.US ambassador Nikki R. Haley cited “a cesspool of political bias against Israel” and “members of the Commission who themselves violated human rights.” This has been a consistent source of friction with the US, especially since 2009.RT @USUN: With members like China, Cuba, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Venezuela the Human Rights Council is not worth its name. pic.twitter.com/eEETxFvw19— Nikki Haley (@nikkihaley) June 19, 2018 The United Nations replaced the Commission on Human Rights with the Human Rights Council (HRC) in 2006, established by a UN vote of 170–4. UN members who strongly opposed the Council were the United States, Israel, Marshall Islands and Palau. Three nations abstained—Venezuela, Iran and Belarus.Forty-seven members of the HRC are elected by a majority of ninety-six votes of the General Assembly. Council members may be suspended by a two-thirds majority vote of the UN. [1]The HRC’s draft resolution aimed “to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language or religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.” [2]Timeline of US interaction with the HRC:2006: US ambassador John Bolton (now US National Security Advisor) vigorously opposed the formation of the HRC and the Bush admin boycotted the body.2009: The US relented and joined the HRC.“It’s an imperfect body but it has a decent track record. It could get better, but it stands a worse chance of doing so if the U.S. takes its ball and goes home and allows it to become a playground for strongmen.” —Stephen Pomper, president Barack Obama’s National Security Council.2013: Controversy raged as Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Vietnam joined the org.2016: In his election campaign, Donald Trump pledged to quit the body.June 6, 2017: Nikki Haley announced the US would not continue to participate in the HRC, “the UN must act to keep the worst human rights abusers from obtaining seats on the Council,” … “we must change the elections so countries are forced to make the case for membership based on their records, not on their promises.” [3]Sept 19, 2017: President Donald J. Trump addressed the UN assembly, "It is a massive source of embarrassment to the United Nations that some governments with egregious human rights records sit on the UN Human Rights Council."Sept 21, 2017: Ambassador Nikki Haley warned the US would pull out of the council if bias against Israel continued. [4]Oct 20, 2017: After pledges to promotion of human rights, Angola and Afghanistan were elected to the HRC and Qatar was re-elected. The Democratic Republic of the Congo was elected without making a pledge.June 4, 2018: Special Rapporteur Philip G. Alston presented his annual report on “Extreme Poverty and Human Rights”. [5] He pointed out that based on health, schooling and living conditions, the rate of youth poverty in the US was the highest in the OECD—40m Americans subsist in poverty, 18.5m in extreme poverty (defined by the UN as living on less than US$2 per day) and 5m in third world absolute poverty. [6] The report further stated the top 1% of the US population owns 38% of the nation’s total wealth.June 18, 2018: The UN’s high commissioner for human rights, Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein called the US policy of separating children from parents crossing the border “unconscionable.”June 19, 2018: Secretary of State Mike Pompeo praised the US ambassador’s work—Nikki Haley then announced the US withdrawal from the HRC. In unfortunate timing for advocates of human rights, the move was made on “Juneteenth”—the 153rd anniversary of the abolition of slavery, celebrated by 45 of 50 American states. [7]"Disappointing, if not really surprising, news. Given the state of #HumanRights in today's world, the US should be stepping up, not stepping back" -- UN Human Rights Chief #Zeid following USA decision to withdraw from U.N. Human Rights Council.#StandUp4HumanRights— UN Human Rights (@UNHumanRights) June 19, 2018 July 2, 2018: The council meets again on the issue of Israel and Palestine. [8]The UN, The US, Israel and PalestineSince the UN’s Resolution 181 for the partition of Palestine in 1947, the UN Security Council has made 225 resolutions concerning Israel and Palestine, most recently calling for an end to Israeli settlements. [9]– Safety– Dignity– Human rights & fundamental freedoms for ALL migrants – children, women & men – at ALL times@UNmigration info: https://t.co/K9ZNxSYgZA pic.twitter.com/RcTfNfDQix— United Nations (@UN) May 26, 2018 The UN General Assembly has condemned Israel in 45 resolutions over six decades, many times citing the strategic relationship with the US as “encouraging Israeli aggression and expansion”.In 2002, US ambassador John Negroponte articulated the cornerstone of US doctrine—a condemnation of terrorism, a commitment to a political settlement and a requirement for an improvement in “safety and security” before any withdrawal by Israel to territories held at the time of the Second Intifada—the Palestinian uprising in September, 2000.The UN sees the Israeli occupation since 1967 of Palestine as a violation of the principle of jus ad bellum and international law. [10]In practice, the withdrawal from the Human Rights Council won’t much affect US diplomacy around the world.The US has a consistent, century-long history of conservative domestic politicians rejecting both multilateral diplomacy and refusing to sign or ratify international treaties. This has always shaped the US’ stance on the world stage.The Human Rights Council is responsible for promoting & protecting the human rights of all people all over the
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How likely is it to see change happening inside the Chinese political system?
“Don’t ask, don't tell”.I am not trying to be disrespectful to a certain group of people, but that actually sums the answer of this question quite well.Above is a regulation which was released 4 December 2012, soon after Xi was elected. It’s called “the eight regulation of the 18th central committee about improving work style and closely connecting with people”.Improving the investigation and research, must avoid formalism. The delegation should be reduced to the minimum, and the reception should be simplified.Simplifying conference activities, improving the conference style, increasing the efficiency. Having short meetings, and short speeches. Must avoid speeches with no real content.Simplifying the briefing files. Improving the writing style. Any file without real content, or being not necessary should all be cancelled.regulating visiting activities, strictly control the number of delegations, and take means of transportation strictly by the regulations.Improving security works, less traffic control, no sealing roads and places under normal circumstances.Improving news report. The report of conferences and activities which the comrades of central committee participate must be determined the needs of work, value of news, social effect, then decided whether to report. The quantity of the news, number of words, and length must be further decreased.regulate article publishing. Unless the CCP central committee otherwise arranged, individual person (in the government) should not publishing books, speech offprints, no congratulation letters, phone calls, no inscription.Must strictly apply thrifty. Equipped housing and cars must follow the related regulations.(I know my translation sucks. But it’s really hard to translate the official words of Chinese government. Sometimes I even have difficulty to read them in Chinese.)There are 2 direct effect which I personally felt after the announcing of “eight regulations”:1, The annual gala of my first company was cancelled.In China, companies would usually have a gala before Chinese new year, along with the annual meeting. It’s both a celebration and a face thing to the managers.During the galas, each department would have to contribute a performance, dancing, singing, magic, talk shows, etc.I remember doing singing performance for about 10 times, and suddenly the administration manager thought that one line of the lyrics in my part was not auspicious and should be changed.It was after we went to a studio to record. We planned to play the edited record instead of actually singing during the gala, only to have the best performance for the managers to enjoy.I was kinda mentally crushed at the time, because that BS plus the daily work was frustrating, plus I always oppose such fake activities.Good thing before my second recording, the “eight regulations” were announced. Because I was in a state owned company, the management team rapidly called off the gala, and they dared not to have another one in the following year.Another thing was just weeks ago. I was asked to take several guest of my new company for a dinner. I cannot say the exact titles of the guests, but one of them is the vice president of a group which its total assets is more than 50 billion EUR.In 2PM, my manager called me to his office and told me: “the dinner should be controlled with 100RMB each person. If the invoice/bill is more than 130RMB, I won’t sign it”.100RMB is about, ……say no more than 15 USD. Would you imagine a business dinner with average cost of no more than 15 USD? Especially when an official of the local government participates.It was a tough task, but I still managed to pull it off.I found a restaurant which serves local cuisine at the river side. The price of the dishes were reasonable, and we got a separate room. (I found the above photo online since I didn't take any) With about 12 people, I ordered a full table of dishes which costed around 1000 RMB. Everyone was satisfying.OFC, the price didn’t include alcohol, which wasn't much neither. I recall having 2 bottles of regular French wine, which by my estimation costed 300 RMB each.Even one of our casual dinners costs more than that.But you wouldn’t know any of the above, since they are really not something which the news in your country want to cover.On one hand, it’s politically wrong to praise the Communist Party of China.On the other hand, it’s not likely the journalists would interview employees of state-owned companies for such topics, nor we’d accept such interviews.Ever since Xi, 55 high officials got arrested under anti-corruption activity, including 12 from the central government and party, 2 from the military, 5 from central enterprises, others from 19 provinces.The central government inspection team in Chongqing alone found more than 120 corrupted government and party officers.The report tunnels of any corruption and inappropriate governmental activities also increased. Right now, the online inspection become more and more popular, and something just happened days ago:A lady driving a Porsche 718 was making a U turn, and got blocked by a man.One thinks that she could just make the turn if that man didn’t deliberately block her way.Another one thinks that he was just driving forward and she shouldn’t make the U turn on the crossing.There was soon a quarrel. Then she stepped out her car and went for a physical fighting with the man. She slapped him once, and got slapped back while trying to make another one.The whole thing got recorded and uploaded to the internet. Soon they found out more video clips from this lady with explosive temper, which were posted both by her and others.In other videos, she was yelling at a car and claiming that she could erase her traffic violation record by simply a phone call. She also said that she always run the red light in Yubei district.Soon enough, people found out that her husband is the chief of Shichuan police station in Yubei district. Later on the revealer was discovered to be her former BFF. Since her business is rock and sand transportation, which is traditionally the business of criminal syndicates or whom with police relationship, this whole thing went viral.Now the city government knows this, the city chief police knows this, the district government knows this. The secretary of CCP branch was furious about this, and demand the city police to investigate whether the chief of police station got anything to do with all of these. If there is indeed corruption, he and she will surely be prosecuted.CCP has moral standard to regulate its members, especially the members with higher ranks in the government. Such appearance is usually not OK, but not punishable.But dressing like a gangster while also acting like one is not tolerable for CCP. (Please be noticed that all above photos about her come from online sources, which some of them were posted by herself.)(Also, I understand that privacy is a much more serious issue in the west, but this is China and we have a different understanding about privacy. At least not everyone agrees that these are private.)CCP has been reforming the political system of China for a long time, maybe after it was established. The most recent major reformation began after Xi, and it could be earlier but got interrupted by the Tiananmen Square Incident.But as I said, such info are not qualified as news in the west due to different reasons.
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How do i add an electronic signature to a word document?
When a client enters information (such as a password) into the online form on , the information is encrypted so the client cannot see it. An authorized representative for the client, called a "Doe Representative," must enter the information into the "Signature" field to complete the signature.
How to make an electronic signature from a scan?
The only place I found information about this was in the State University's "Electronic Security (CEC) Course". It is not a prerequisite, so the only thing you need to do is read the entire class description and then just start working on getting the software, which is freely released, on your phone. If you are a student with an iPhone, just scroll to Chapter 3 and start doing stuff. There are a lot of cool apps for this.
Why is it a big deal to have an "electronic signature" on my files?
In the world of digital signatures, it is the most important thing.
For an image, you do this by signing it with an image signature.
What is an image signature?
You can imagine your document as a digital signature, but it's made by signing an image with an image.
This method is used by the federal government when they print out documents and when they scan documents to keep them in digital form. In general, any digital information, from your passport to a document in the state DMV, is an image signature.
So, let's say that I have a document I scanned that says "The State of New York Department of Transportation" and I want people to know that it is an actual document that contains my name, my signature, and my image. How do I do this?
You can use an image signature on your scanned document.
If you don't have an image to use, you can use "Digital signature" to use the same image. You just need to sign off using your name, your signature, and the image on your document.
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How do i do an electronic signature using a device connected to my compter?
If the answer is yes, you'll have to first know how to use a computer, and then learn to type. If you're a webmaster, your computer should be able to do an electronic signature. If not, contact your local office of commerce (your state's tax department), your local sheriff (your local law enforcement agency), or the federal government ( the IRS).
If you can't find the answers to these questions on your own, ask someone else with technical knowledge. Ask if they know what you're looking for. If they don't have answers, ask again.
You may want to read about some of the most common problems with a digital signature.
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