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FAQs
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What's the funniest thing you saw in the military?
“Weekend Guard Lifts” were bread and butter for the weekend warriors assigned to my C-130 Air National Guard squadron in the 1980’s. These operations generally involved a Friday evening departure, two overnights and a return on Sunday (always after 12 noon so everyone would collect another period of per diem).Most of our missions involved support to other Army and Air Guard units so therefor we generally overnighted at civilian airports but, as much as we tried to avoid mingling with our active duty counterparts, sometimes it couldn’t be avoided and this particular weekend we were billeted at a real active duty US Air Force base.The first of our two airplanes was already parked and bedded down when the second arrived, and on board was the chief of the loadmaster section. While securing his aircraft he examined the neighboring airplane to check the work of his newest loadmaster and noticed that the newbie had failed to padlock the crew entrance door latch handle.As an object lesson to his new airman, our chief popped the door on the offending airplane, removed the padlock and, after re-closing the door left a note tucked in the handle that read:”SOMETHING IS MISSING FROM YOUR AIRPLANE!” Signed - “THE PHANTOM”, (followed by a smiley face).As per usual, everyone debarked to the service clubs for drinks and dinner before retiring to the Q’s.However…..Sometime in the night a young sky cop making his rounds on the flight line happened upon our parked aircraft and the note attached to the entrance door. This discovery then set in motion something akin to a ‘Broken Arrow’; clandestine sabotage of a US Air Force asset on a military installation, an administrative screamer that got bumped immediately to the highest levels and set in motion an stupendous bureaucratic shit storm.The next morning as we sauntered out to the flight line we saw our airplanes surrounded by everything from crash rescue to EOD as well as all levels of base safety, security forces and command. “That’s weird,” someone was heard to say, “I wonder what that’s all about?”Now, you ask, why is that funny?It’s always funny when one of the cadre screws up: it takes the pressure off us line dogs!It’s particularly funny when someone other than yourself gets caught doing something you yourself might have considered doing!And it’s absolutely hilarious to witness how, in the military, people can suddenly and permanent be stuck with nicknames like, for instance, THE PHANTOM!
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What is the history of Kashmir?
Note: This is a work of love. All errors and omissions are regretted. I will keep improving this with time - please feel free to suggest edits and changes if any.When Shahenshah Jahangir (Shehzada Salim of Mughal-e-Azam fame), the 4th Mughal Emperor of India was asked on his death bed about his one cherished desire, he reportedly had said, and I quote:Kashmir, only Kashmir[1].A lot of people have suffered and died for Kashmir and a whole lot more, because of it.Today, for an average Pakistani, Kashmir is an unfinished dream of Jinnah. For an average Indian, Kashmir is an inalienable part of the Indian Union. For many westerners, Kashmir is the most dangerous place in the world, and for a Kashmiri - it is home.The K word, as it is known in the South Asian diplomatic circles, is the favorite whipping horse of the keyboard warriors on both sides of the Radcliffe line (Me too, guilty as charged). A newer entrant to this online war of righteousness are the Kashmiris themselves.Most of us, firing ridicule, allegations and taunts at each other, only have a partial perspective of the history of Kashmir - which we obviously experience through a colored prism of our own nationality, religion and at times political preferences.————————————-The 7 Wrongs of Kashmir.The short history of Kashmir’s tragedy is as follows - Really, really long time ago, a bunch of folks settle down in the beautiful valley of Kashmir. It is a nice place, and they grow in number. They are ruled by a series of kings for 4444 years, becoming a centre for both Hinduism and Buddhism. Kashmiris spread Buddhism in Tibet, Afghanistan, Parts of ancient China and Shaivism in Southern India.Then, Islam arrives in Kashmir, initially in the form of refugees from Swat and Sufi Mystics from Central Asia - The Sufis co-germinate with the Kashmiri Shaivism to give birth to the Rishi order and Kashmiriyat - Kashmir signNowes the peak of its political power during the Karkota Dynasty.After the fall of the Karkota and Lohar dynasty - the local folks see 3 rounds of religious persecution and forced conversion from Hinduism to Islam - especially under Sikandar Butshikan (Shah Mir Dynasty), Aurangzeb Alamgir (Mughal Dynasty) and Abdul Khan (Durrani Dynasty), which turn Kashmir into a Muslim majority area by around 1400 AD.Then the same local folks, who had converted to Islam because of persecution - are now persecuted again for 2 more rounds, this time for being Muslims - First by the Sikh Rulers, and then by the Dogra Kings.After the Dogras, India and Pakistan take over and we see the 6th round of persecution in Kashmir - this time the culprits are Kashmiris themselves. Those who had converted to Islam and were now in majority - persecute those who hadn’t converted like them - the unique triad of oppression is finally complete.What’s going on right now is the 7th round of persecution which is the most secular so far, since Kashmiris of every religious identity feels victimised this time - There are fingers pointed everywhere and the jury is still out.In the timeless words of The Shakespeare of Urdu, Agha Hashar Kashmiri:Ek dhundlā sā tasavvur hai ki dil bhī thā yahāñ[2],Ab to siine meñ faqat ik Tiis sī paatā huuñ maiñ.Loose Translation:Where the heart used to beat, I faintly remember,Now dwells a pain, a yearn and some nostalgia.We are all guilty of justifying one wrong with another. We have all been oppressed - we’ve all been oppressors.And thus, without further ado, for all us oppressors out here, here’s presenting the detailed timeline, of the History of Kashmir. Use it - Abuse it - Do what you like :)The dates and facts are sourced from Professor P N Dhar, Kalhana, son of Canpaka, the author of Rajatarangini and his Firang Translator, Sir Mark Aurel Stein. I have also quoted media resources from both India, Pakistan, Britain and United Nations, and tried my best to remain neutral. For those, who may wonder, what the heck are Mahabharata characters doing here - well, just because some people star in an epic does not mean they aren’t historic characters :)CHAPTER 1: The beginning and the start of an end.—————————————The first 4444 years3120–16 BC: Gonanda I, cousin of Jarasandha, king of Magadh rules over Kashmir. His reign lasts for 17 years and is assassinated by Balabhadra, the brother of Krishna.3103 BC: Damodara Dynasty, consisting of Damodara I, his wife, Yashovanti and Son Damodara II rule over Kashmir for 80 years. Damodara I is killed by Krishna. Damodara II is assassinated by Parikshit, grandson of Arjuna of Mahabharat fame and the ruler of Hastinapur. Damodara II’s Prime Minister Harnadeva, a relative of Parikshit, takes over as the King of Kashmir.3083 BC: King Harnadeva starts the Pandava dynasty which rules over Kashmir for the next 1331 years.1752 BC: A reign of 8 successive and mostly unrelated rulers over Kashmir, which lasts for a total of 305 years. The Kings of Kashmir during this time are, Luv, Kush, Khagendra, Surendra, Godhara, Suvarna, Janaka, and finally Sachinara, who was Shakuni’s (of Mahabharat fame) great great grandson.1448 BC: Asoka or Dharmasoka of the Gonanda Dynasty takes over. He rules over Kashmir for 48 years. Asoka builds the grand city of Srinagar with ninety-six lakhs of houses, around the present day Dal Lake. The Gonanda dynasty rules till 272 BC, for a total of 1176 years and has a total of 35 kings. The last Gonanda king is Andha Yudhistira, who’s famous for having very small eyes.0500 BC: Kashmir was ruled by the monarchy of excellent horsemen, the Kambojas. Their capital was the city of Rajapura, which later became Rajouri. The same people, went on to create the Kamboja-Pala dynasty of Bengal in 10th and 11th century. They though aren’t mentioned in Rajatarangini Volumes and there is a debate among historians about the exact date and duration of their rule.0376 BC: The Shankaracharya temple of Srinagar is repaired by Gonanda King, Gopaditya. Point to note, Pandit Anand Kaul, the original temple was built by a Kashmiri Sovereign Sandiman, who reigned between 2629 to 2564 BC (cannot be verified). The temple was rechristened to its present name only after Shankaracharya visited around 9th Century AD. Also to note here, Sikandar Butshikan left this temple unharmed during his reign.0326 BC: King Abhisara, the sovereign of Poonch, Rajauri and Nowshera comes in contact of Alexander the Great during these times as per the Greek historians.0304 BC: Kashmir becomes a part of the Mauryan Empire under the Gonanda Kings, who accept the sovereignty of Chandragupta. Buddhism is introduced into the valley in a big way during this period. He is clearly a Junior sovereign to the Gonanda Kings.0272 BC: The Pratapaditya Dynasty takes over Kashmir. Rules till 80 BC, or 192 years. The Dynasty starts with King Pratapaditya, who is a relative of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (The father of the Vikram Samvat calendar in India), and ends with King Sandhimati.0080 BC: Over the next 207 years, Kashmir is ruled by 10 Kings, starting from Meghavahana and ending with Lakshmana in 127–131 AD.0001 AD: Kashmir has by now become one of the most important centres of Hinduism and Buddhism with countless stupas, mathas and temples built around the valley.0127 AD: Kashmir is conquered by Kanishka I, and becomes a part of the Kushan Dynasty empire. A staunch Buddhist, Kanishka holds the 4th Buddhist council of his empire in Kashmir. It was during this very council, that Buddhism was divided into two sects, the Hinayana and the Mahayana.0400 AD: Around this time, Kashmiri Buddhist Missionaries started spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There was a regular stream of Tibetan and Chinese pilgrims during this time, visiting Kashmir. Buddhist Monk Kumārajīva, who influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing, during this period, and translated the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra among others, was also of Kashmiri Origin.0520 AD: Around this time, Kashmir was ruled by Mihirakula, a central asian conqueror for a short period, before getting defeated by Yashodharman in Malwa.0570 AD: Muḥammad ibn `Abdullāh, Prophet of Islam (PBUH) is born in Mecca in present day Saudi Arabia[3].———————When Kashmiris Rules over UP & Bihar0625 AD: The Karkota Empire of Kashmir was established by King Durlabhvardhana. The Empire ruled over Kashmir for 260 years and captured part of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Punjab, becoming the first Kashmiri Kingdom to have influence beyond the Himalayas. They had their capital in modern day Paraspore (Parihaspur) in Kashmir and were the financiers of the spectacular Martanda Surya Temple.0724 AD: Lalitaditya Muktapida, the most powerful Kashmiri sovereign ever, started his 36 year long and prosperous reign. His was a time, when most of modern day UP, Uttarakhand and Bihar, paid taxes to a Kashmiri King. Just to give you an idea of his badassery, here is the map of his empire:0875 AD: The author of Shiva Sutra, Vasugupta was born. He went on to become one of the most influential Indian poets of Sanskrit. His book, laid the foundation of the monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.0850 AD: Shaivism Tradition or Trika School of Sanatana Dharma is born in Kashmir around this time, thanks to the teachings of Vasugupta. Trika refers to the 3 goddesses Parā, Parāparā and Aparā.0950 AD: Abhinavagupta was born in Kashmir, He was a famous philosopher, mystic, aesthetician, musician, poet, dramatist, theologian, and logician of Trika and Kaula, who renewed the Teachings of Vasugupta, his teachings influenced the Shaivism in Southern India. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir during this period.0997 AD: Kashmir was ruled by Queen Didda - who had her maternal ancestry in the Hindu Shahi of Kabul, Afghanistan. She was the daughter of Simharāja, a smaller Lohara King. She married to the then king of Kashmir, Kshemgupta, and ruled after the death of the King since her son was very young to rule.1003 AD: Kashmir came into the hands of the Lohara Dynasty, which ruled over Kashmir for 317 years. The capital of the dynasty was in Loharkot Fort, which was unsuccessfully attacked twice by the Mahmood of Ghaznawi. The Last Ruler of this dynasty was King Suhadeva.————————————Introduction to Sufism.1310 AD: Estimated year when sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah of Iran entered Kashmir along with a few of his disciples. He had an impressive charisma and knowledge and was respected by Kashmiris of all faiths. He built a monastery in Kashmir.1313 AD: Shah Mir, an Irani Sunni Muslim refugee came to the Kashmir Valley from Swat, along with his family. He was one of the first muslims to set foot in the valley. He was tactful, able and was welcomed by the then King Suhadev of Kashmir, who later appointed him as one of his ministers.Shah Mir would go on to start the first muslim dynasty, that ruled over Kashmir for 20 generations and 222 years.CHAPTER 2: The first round of Kashmiri oppression.—————————————-The Refugee King.1320 AD: A Ladakhi Buddhist Prince, Rinchen took the throne of Kashmir and Mystic Shaivite Yogini Poet, Lalleshwari or Lal Aarifa, or Lal Ded was born. She became the primary source of influence for Nund Rishi, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali - The Patron Saint of Kashmir.Rinchen unsuccessfully revolted against his uncle, the Sovereign of Ladakh, and had to flee to Kashmir. He was made a minister in the court of Raja Suhadeva, which also had Shah Mir, as a minister. Raja Suhadeva was later defeated by the Mongols and his Commander-in-Chief, Ramchandra took over the reigns, making Rinchen his chief administrator - Rinchen assassinated Ramchandra and became the king himself.Rinchen married slain Ramchandra’s widowed daughter, Kota Rani, made Shah Mir as his chief advisor. Rinchen wanted to convert to Hinduism, but was denied. He later converted to Islam along with 10,000 of his men (first major conversion in Kashmir) on the direction of Irani sufi mystic, Hazrat Bulbul Shah, also known as the Bulbul-e-Kashmir. Rinchen adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah.He built the first ever Mosque in Kashmir, on the ruins of a Buddhist temple (the Bud Masjid).1323 AD: Richen or Sultan Sadruddin Shah, succumbed to injuries during an attack by rebels. Kota Rani, his wife, decided to marry, Udayanadeva, the brother of Suhadeva. Though Udayanadeva became the King, it was Kota Rani who actually wielded the real power. She was known to be intelligent, shrewd, brave and a real badass.She built a canal to save Srinagar from frequent flooding, which is still functional and still bears her name - Kute Kol.During her (proxy) reign, Kashmir was attacked by a Mongol Army led by Achalla. While the attack made King Udayanadeva flee to Tibet, Kota Rani faced the attackers head on and killed Achalla, making the other attackers run away.She was finally dethroned, by her trusted lieutenant Shah Mir who organised an internal uprising against her. When she found herself helpless with Shah Mir offering a proposal of marriage, she stabbed herself to death in modern day Sambhal in Kashmir, clearing the path of the Shah Mir Dynasty which ruled Kashmir for 222 years.1334 AD: Approximate year, when sufi mystic, Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani or Shah Hamdan entered Kashmir. Born in modern day Iran, he is attributed to have played a major role in the spread of Islam in Kashmir. He was one of the major influencers of Shaivite Mystic Lal Ded or Lalleshwari, who was just 6 years younger to him.—————222 years of the Shah Mir Dynasty & the rise of Islam1339 AD: Shah Mir, a descendant of persian immigrants of the Swat valley, and the Chief Advisor to the King Richen (Sultan Sadruddin Shah), took over the throne after the king succumbed to his injuries while fighting Mongols. He tried marrying Kota Rani, but she committed a suicide. Shah Mir thus became the first muslim ruler of Kashmir, starting the Shah Mir Dynasty. He ruled for 3 years and 5 months.1377 AD: Nund Rishi or Sheikh Noor ud-Din Wali, the founder of the Rishi Order of Kashmiri sufi tradition was born in present day Kulgam district. According to the legend, on the 3rd day of his birth, Yogini Lalleshwari or Lal Ded, had suckled him milk, opening his fast since birth.He is known as the Patron Saint of Kashmir and the father of Kashmiriyat. He psignNowed communal harmony, non-violence, vegetarianism and tolerance to the people.In 1995, his final resting place, Charar-e-Sharif, was gutted in a fire started by Mast Gul , a terrorist trying to escape[4]from the security forces. The whole town and the shrine was re-built with the help of a grant by the government of India.1389 AD: Sikandar Shah Mir better known as Sikandar Butshikan[5] became the 6th Sultan of Kashmir. His reign of 24 years saw a blood soaked effort to convert the majority population of Kashmir, from Hinduism to Islam. By his order, many old Hindu and Buddhist temples were desecrated and burnt, Hindus were prohibited from praying, putting a tilak, sounding a temple bell, blowing of conch shell, celebrating festivals and even cremating their dead. A heavy Jizya tax was imposed on non muslims and they were treated as second class citizens. A large number of Hindus were forcibly converted during his reign. Many were forced to leave their homes and flee. The grand Martand Surya Temple was desecrated on his orders.By the end of his rule - Kashmir became a Muslim Majority state for the first time in History.—————————-The reign of Bud Shah, the wise1418 AD: The Bud Shah or Zain-ul-Abidin started his reign as the 8th Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty in Kashmir. Though he was a muslim ruler, he abolished the Jizya tax on the Hindu Majority of Kashmir, and banned cow slaughter. He was a scholar of Persian, Tibetan and Sanskrit, and ordered the translation of Mahabharata into Persian for the first time.He tried to call the Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley. He also invited artists and craftsmen from modern day Iran to train the locals in the art of Carpet Making, and Wood Carving among other things.1557 AD: Sultan Habib Shah, the 20th and final Sultan of the Shah Mir Dynasty, took over the throne.—————————————The Mughal Affair1586 AD: Mughal rule started in Kashmir with Akbar’s conquest of the Kashmir Valley. Zille Ilahi visited Kashmir himself in 1589. The Mughals were in love with Kashmir. They built many gardens and monuments across the valley.1658 AD: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to power and took a special interest in Kashmir. The Jizya Tax, Persecution of Hindus and Mass conversions to Islam restarted. This became, what was later known as the 2nd Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits went to Guru Teg Bahadur for help. For more details, please read this: The story of Aurangzeb Alamgir and the Kashmiri Pandits.1698 AD: Aurangzeb found out about a rich Kashmiri trader by the name Nur-ud-Din Eshai, who had bought a relic (a strand of hair) belonging to prophet Muhammad from an ancestor, living in Bijapur. He ordered the seizing of the relic - which was sent to Ajmer Dargah, while Nur-ud-Din Eshai, was sent to the prison. By the time he came around to a realisation, that he had made a mistake, Noor-ud-Din had died in the prison.1700 AD: A repentant Aurangzeb arranged for the Body of Nur-ud-Din Eshai to be sent to Srinagar, along with the relic of Prophet Mohammad. Nur-Ud-Din’s daughter, Inayat Begam, became the first custodian of the relic, which was kept in a large and beautiful shrine on the banks of the Dal Lake - The Shrine came to be known as Hazratbal.This holy shrine, a few hundred years later, in 1963–67, saw the first ever Anti India demonstration in Kashmir. More details, later in the timeline.Extra: I would like to recommend a visit to Hazaratbal for everyone who goes to Srinagar, this place is beyond words.1753 AD: The Afghan Durranis started their rule over Kashmir when Abdul Khan Isk Aquasi, a general in Ahmed Shah Abdali’s army conquered Kashmir. This started the 3rd round of oppression against the Hindus in Kashmir, where, this time, many were turned into slaves by the Afghan rulers. The Durrani’s rule in Kashmir lasted for 69 years when they were routed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.CHAPTER 3: The second round of Kashmiri oppression.——————————The 75 lakhs of Gulab Singh Dogra1792 AD: Gulab Singh Dogra, an awesome fighter and the founder of the Dogra Dynasty was born.1819 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh started his rule over Kashmir. The Sikhs removed the oppressive Jizya Tax. Imposed death sentence for cow slaughter. Closed down the Jama Masjid in Srinagar and banned the Azaan in all mosques.1820 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave away the fief of Jammu to Kishore Singh Dogra, the father of 28 year old Gulab Singh Dogra in appreciation of Gulab’s fighting skills.1820 AD: Adding further to the family jewels, Gulab Singh Dogra captured Rajouri and Kishtwar into his fief as well. Gulab Singh also helped capture Ladakh and Baltistan for the Lahore Gaddi.1832 AD: Kashmir faced the first recorded famine in its history. The Taxed were halved, and loans were offered to farmers. Kashmir soon bounced back, becoming the 2nd largest source of revenues for the Lahore Gaddi.1839 AD: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died and the Lahore Gaddi became weaker.1842 AD: After a brief war between the Sikh forces of the Lahore Gaddi and the Chinese, both sign a treaty in September which gave away Aksai Chin to China, while the Sikhs retained Ladakh. This treaty was later inherited by the British and the status quo remained maintained till the Independence of India.1843 AD: One of the most famous Kashmiri Sufi Poets of the Qadiriyya silsila, Shams Faqir was born.1845 AD: The First Anglo Sikh War Started - Let’s just say, the Dogras, abstained from giving their 100% this time.1846 AD: Britishers defeated the Sikhs, demanded a repatriation of Rs. 1.5 Crores from the Sikh rulers, with an additional sum of Rs 60 Lakhs payable immediately, as reparations for the cost of the war. The Lahore Gaddi, paid Rs. 50 Lakhs in cash and ceded the territories of Hazara and Kashmir for a sum of 1 crore. The British further sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra, the Raja of Jammu, for a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs as per the Treaty of Amritsar. This is how the Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir came together for the first time with Gulab Singh Dogra becoming the Raja of Jammu & Kashmir.1857 AD: During the first war of Indian Independence, Raja Gulab Singh Dogra chose to side with the British and gave refuge to many britishers fleeing the rebels. He also provided troops to quell the Indian rebellion. Soon, Gulab Singh was succeeded to the Dogra throne by his son, Ranbir Singh Dogra who added the Hunza valley, Gilgit and Nagar to the Kingdom.1890 AD: The Kashmiris, who had converted from Hinduism to Islam for the fear of persecution, became persecuted for their religion again under the Dogra Kings. They faced heavy taxation and discrimination, leading to many deciding to leave Kashmir, and settle in Punjab.1907 AD: Swami Lakshman Joo or Lal Sahib, a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism or Trika was born in Srinagar.1925 AD: Raja Hari Singh Dogra, the grandson of Raja Ranbir Singh Dogra, and the alumni of Mayo College Ajmer, ascended to the throne of Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory and banned child marriages. He was friends with Kashmiri Leader Sheikh Abdullah and disliked Jawahar Lal, another Kashmiri, leading the Congress Party of India.1931 AD: A mass movement starts against the new Maharaja. The state forces nip the bud very quickly and with brute force.1934 AD: A set of reforms are introduced in response to the mass movement - Elections are held for a representative body of the Kashmiri People, called the Praja Sabha. Muslim Conference Party (Which is known as the National Conference Party today) won 14 of the 21 seats reserved for Muslims1941 AD: 71,667 Kashmiris join the British Indian Army to fight overseas in World War II. The recruitment exercise of the British Indian Army, has the blessings of the Maharaja.1944 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah visits Kashmir, tried to rally public support for Muslim Conference - a rival of National Conference.1946 AD: Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah), the most popular Kashmiri leader of the time, starts the Quit Kashmir Movement against the Maharaja.13 June 1947 AD: At the Joint Defence Council meeting, Jinnah and Nehru disagree on the accession of princely states, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.11 July 1947 AD: Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares that if Kashmir opted for independence, Pakistan would have friendly relations with it. Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the position.1947 AD: India Gained Independence. Pakistan got independence as well. All princely states were free to either join one of the countries or remain independent. At this point in history, Jammu & Kashmir was a Muslim Majority state, with a Hindu sovereign - Kind of like an opposite of the super rich state of Hyderabad and Junagarh. The Maharaja of Kashmir, looking to remain independent, signs a standstill agreement with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The Signing by Nehru remains pending. Hari Singh is hoping to buy some time.CHAPTER 4: An old bride and her new suitors.—————————The Longest India-Pakistan War, 194715th August 1947: Kashmir Signs the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan, promising not to attack and continue all the previous arrangements and help, till clarity is signNowed about the accession.9 September 1947: 3 weeks after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Pakistan cuts off supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stops trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the agreement hoping to put some pressure on the Raja.1st October 1947: 45 days after signing the Standstill Agreement with Kashmir, Mohammad Ali Jinnah gives a call to the Tribes of Waziristan province, asking them to answer the holy call of liberating a muslim dominated region from the clutches of a non muslim usurper. About 20,000 attackers converge in Abbottabad. They are armed and divided into 10 batches, lead by “on-leave” Army officers from Pakistan.The Tribals wreck havoc in Kashmir. Raja’s forces are of no match. Within a few weeks, they signNow the outskirts of Srinagar. The Raja Panics and writes to Lord Mountbatten, the governor General of India for help. Mountbatten suggests him to sign the instrument of accession before any help could arrive.26 October 1947, “Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO”, signed the instrument of accession, agreeing to accede to the dominion of India.27 October 1947: The Indian army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-e-Kashmir, father of Farooq Abdullah, grandfather of Omar Abdullah) endorses the accession, National Conference Helps Indian Army fight against the Tribal Leaders. Raja Hari Singh appoints Sheikh Abdullah as head of the emergency administration.27 October 1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah orders General Douglas Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declines pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from the Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.1 November 1947: Skirmishes reduce in intensity. Winter is coming. There is a stalemate of sort in the war.20–21 October 1947 : Between 20,000 and 1 lakh Muslims are killed in what is later known as the Jammu Massacres. Lakhs migrate with their kith and kin to Sialkot in Punjab following the massacre. This was avenged sooner on the other side.20 November 1947: Lord Mountbatten suggests to Nehru, that he should go to the newly formed successor to the League of Nations, the UN for an international mediation, since India has a ‘solid and fool-proof’ case. His proposal is discussed in the Indian cabinet. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expresses his displeasure.25 November 1947: Massacre of 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs takes place at a shelter at Mirpur in what is now Azad Kashmir. The day is remembered as the Mirpur day in Indian-administered Jammu.4 December 1947: The British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army sanctions military involvement in the Kashmir war. One million rounds of ammunition and twelve volunteer officers are provided.28 December 1947: Lord Mountbatten writes to Nehru again, to convince him to ceasefire. British Prime Minister Attlee warns Nehru that opening a broader war would jeopardise India's case in the UN.31 December 1947: India officially refers the Kashmir problem to the security council of the United Nations. Alexander Cadogan, the permanent representative of the UN files a report claiming that, “India was entitled to charge Pakistan as aggressor under Article 35 and to take measures for self-defence under Article 51, including "pursuing invaders into Pakistan".15 January 1948: Both India and Pakistan present their case. India argues the case on the basis of legality. Pakistan in her argument accuses India of committing a genocide in Kashmir and capturing Junagarh. Pakistan calls for pulling back of both the Tribal fighters and the Indian forces out of Kashmir.30th January 1948: Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Birla House, Delhi, by an extreme right wing Hindu ideologue. He died before any medical help could signNow him. His death pulled Nehru and Patel together. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.21 April 1948: UN Security Council passes Resolution 47 calling for a three-step process for the resolution of the dispute: Pakistani withdrawal of its nationals, India to reduce its troops to minimum level, and arrangements for a plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan reject this resolution.13 August 1948: UNCIP adopts its first resolution on Kashmir, fine-tuning the April resolution of the Security Council to take into account objections by both India and Pakistan. Pakistan's aggression is indirectly acknowledged by asking for its withdrawal as the first step. The resolution is accepted by India, but effectively rejected by Pakistan. The fighting continues. There are small gains on both sides. Both sides prepare for renewed war efforts, since - Winter is coming.11 September 1948: Jinnah died of TB, in the middle of the road, in oppressive heat, in a broken down ambulance, as Fatima Jinnah tried to discourage the flies bumbling over his head. Official mourning was declared both in India and Pakistan.13 September 1948: Under a swift military intervention, codenamed, Operation Polo, The Indian Army enters the Princely State of Hyderabad.1 November 1948: Zoji La pass is finally captured by India after months of fighting. Ladakh is now secure in Indian hands.15 November 1948: Drass sector is recaptured from the Pakistani forces after weeks of heavy fighting and loss of life on both sides.23 November 1948: Kargil is captured back from the Pakistani forces. This one’s special, because the terrain here is the most difficult and the Indian forces are neither acclimatised for such high altitude, nor do they have winter clothing.1 January 1949: A ceasefire is declared by both India and Pakistan. Indian forces till now had cleared most of the Kashmir valley, and Ladakh while successfully defending Jammu. There is no way for the Indian forces to signNow Gilgit and Baltistan during the winters months. Everyone agrees to wait for the ‘snows’ to melt.5 January 1949: UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution states that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. Both India and Pakistan agree in principle, but disagree with the steps. The biggest question at hand is the so called Azad Kashmir Army, which Pakistan insists, should not be withdrawn from the Kashmir that it controls.It was a stalemate.28 April 1949: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, the 32 year old leader of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri resistance, who was recently declared as the President of Azad Kashmir by Pakistan, was made to sign the Karachi Agreement in secret. This agreement ceded control of Kashmir’s defence, foreign affairs along with a complete control over Gilgit-Baltistan as a Pakistani territory. This agreement only came to light in the 1990s.17 October 1949: The constituent assembly of India passed article 370 of the Indian constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession, viz., defence, foreign affairs and communications.1951 AD: The election to the constituent assembly are announced in Kashmir. This constituent assembly is supposed to work as per Article 370 of the Indian constitution. 75 seats are allocated - 25 of them are left empty for the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.The election is rigged - National Conference wins all 75 seats.1952 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, now the Prime Minister of Kashmir, flips. Declares that he favours independence and not accession to India. The same year, monarchy is officially abolished in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1953 AD: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a leader of the Jan Sangh Party (Which later became BJP), dies in jail. He had been arrested for entering the State of Jammu and Kashmir for agitation against the special status given to the state.Sheikh Abdullah, the Prime Minister of J&K, who had been demanding for independence in public meetings, is also dismissed and put into the prison for Anti-India activities (Kashmir Conspiracy Case). Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed becomes the new Prime Minister of the state, who soon ratifies the accession of Kashmir to India in the state assembly.1954 AD: India and Pakistan create a bilateral commission, to organise the plebiscite in Kashmir within the next 6 months. This commision is broken later, when Pakistan and US sign a Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement - which Nehru sees as anti India.1956 AD: The J&K state assembly, adopts a resolution, declaring Kashmir as an integral part of India. India’s home minister, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant declares to the press during his visit to Kashmir that now, there is no need for a plebiscite in Kashmir.1957 AD: Elections to the first legislative assembly of Kashmir are held. National Conference wins 69 of the 75 seats. 47 seats are won unopposed. Allegations of cheating are levelled up again. No one cares. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed continues as the PM of Kashmir.1959 AD: China Officially annexes Tibet, and declares it an integral part of China. Everyone in India suddenly realise, that Aksai Chin, shown in our maps, as a part of J&K, is not in our sovereign control. China starts building a road to connect Xinjiang in Northwestern China to Tibet. China is now building a road from the same Xinjiang province, to Gwadar in Balochistan under CPEC.1962 AD: Second round of elections are held for the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir state. National Conference wins 68 of the 74 seats.1963 AD: Pakistan signs an agreement with China, giving away the Northern areas, or the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China, JLT.Same year, On 27 December, the Holy Relic from Hazratbal Shrine is stolen around 2 am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping. Around 50,000 locals carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine. This is the first time when anti-India slogans were heard in Kashmir.The relic was recovered on 4 January 1964, but no information about the thieves was disclosed.1964 AD: Sheikh Abdullah is finally released from Prison for good, All Charges against him are dropped. This is an 11 year long - ‘non-continuous’ stint in jail that makes him a beloved of the people - The Sher-e-Kashmir. Article 356 and 357 are amended to change the post of Prime Minister into that of the Chief Minister.1965 AD: The ruling party in Kashmir, National Conference decides to dissolve itself, and merge in the Indian National Congress Party.The same year, an advisor tells Pakistani Dictator, General Aayub Khan, that there is an mass unrest in the Kashmir Valley and if he can send out some ‘help’ he can write him name in Pakistani history in golden letters as Fateh-e-Kashmir.He really likes the idea and orders the execution of Operation Gibraltar. Pakistani Troops enter the Kashmir Valley in Salwar Kameez - are identified by Locals and reported to the army - the ‘brilliant’ idea fails and gets nipped in the bud. This starts the India Pakistan War of 1965.India opens the war front outside Kashmir, entering Lahore and Sialkot. The return of the Indian troops from Lahore is celebrated as a Victory by the Spin doctors of the Pakistani National Narrative as (Youm-e-Difa) a successful day of defence (Obviously, had they not attacked first - there would have been no use of defending later).—————————-The Start of Kashmiri Militancy1966 AD: Both countries sign a ceasefire agreement in Tashkent, mediated by Russia. This is the first time, when Pakistan realises its martial impotency and decides to support guerrilla groups against India. Kashmiri separatists, Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat form a Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called NLF, which later become JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) in the Pakistani held Kashmir. Maqbool Bhat is later arrested while he’s trying to enter Indian Kashmir. Amanullah Khan settles down in London.1971 AD: Pakistan implodes, giving birth to Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani Soldiers surrender. India and Pakistan sign the Shimla agreement - mutually agreeing to make Kashmir a bilateral dispute.1977 AD: 3rd Elections are held to the state assembly. They are considered to be the first free and fair elections in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah and his party wins a Majority.1982 AD: Sheikh Abdullah, the Sher-e-Kashmir, dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah becomes the new Chief Minister of J&K.1984 AD: Indian consul general in Indian consul general in Birmingham, UK Ravindra Mhatre is abducted and murdered by JKLF militants. India executes Maqbool Bhat. Amanullah Khan is asked to leave UK - he returns back to Pakistan. Pakistan’s ISI helps Amanullah start a more violent and radical version of the militant group - JKLF1987 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections take place in 1987. Most commentators agree that these elections were rigged and manipulated by the Central Government to favor candidates which were in line with the government of the day.1989 AD: The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan ends. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia recognise the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan finally has a friendly Afghanistan and the ever elusive strategic depth along with a ready infrastructure to sponsor Jihad in Kashmir.1990 AD: Jagmohan, perhaps one of the most hated Indian in Kashmir valley is appointed as the governor of the state. CM Farooq Abdullah resigns, close to 100 local protesters are killed in firing. Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan is killed by JKLF - the first major Kashmiri Pandit to be assassinated in the valley - What follows is the 7th forced exodus of Kashmiris - this time, orchestrated by the locals - those who had converted persecute those who hadn’t.While the Pandits leave en masse, about 10,000 young Kashmiris cross the LOC and get trained in the militant training camps run in Pakistan. Many come back and wreak havoc in Kashmir.The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act is passed in the Indian Parliament and with the recommendation from the state government, AFSPA is imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.1999 AD: Pakistan’s Chief of Army staff, along with a few flunkies, decide to extract a revenge of Siachen - in the winters, when the Indian troops vacate their posts in Kargil, they are take up by Pakistani soldiers in Salwar Kameez. Their only mistake - they forget to inform the Navy and the Airforce and fail to take a national consensus. They were hoping to bluff all the way to a negotiating table and perhaps maintain a status quo - what India does in response just takes their napkins away.Pakistan tries to bluff initially by calling the belligerents as Mujahideens, refusing to even take back the dead bodies - but later, under intense international pressure, accepts them as their own and is forces to execute a humiliating unilateral ceasefire.2001 AD: In October, the State Assembly in Srinagar is attacked by Militants - 36 are killed. Two months later, the Parliament of India is attacked.2003 AD: The Delhi Lahore Bus Service Resumes.2012 AD: Chief Minister Omar Abdullah declares that AFSPA is here to stay for a bit longer.2014 AD: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative elections take place with a record turn-out.2016 AD: Following the killing of Burhan Muzaffar Wani, an acclaimed terrorist from Hizbul Mujahideen, a wave of protests engulf the valley.While I am adding a new section here right now. I would like to leave you with the following lines:Iswar Allah, tere jahan mein, nafrat kyon hai, jung hai kyon?Jab har dil mein, tu rehta hai, insan ka dil, tang hai kyon?Loose TranslationHey lord of all people, in your world, why is there strife and war?When you beat in every heart, why are these hearts beating apart?Thank you for reading, cheers and peace :)Footnotes[1] Paradise Regained?[2] Read full sher by Agha Hashr Kashmiri[3] Prophet's Birthday[4] 17 yrs later, the mystery of Mast Gul's escape remains[5] Kashmir and It's People
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What are the best lead generation tools?
Ohhh, I am a geek when it is coming to tools.Especially b2b lead generation tools.Here is the list with my favorite 10:1.Linkedin Profile :Your no.1 tool is your LinkedIn profile.Lot of professionals are there, so it’s a no brainer as first choice.Unfortunately lot of people forget to optimize their LinkedIn profile and use it like a landing page.To boost up the number of relevant people who want to connect with you, make the headline talk to your audience and point out who you want to help, what you can help them with, and how you can do it.See my example below:Here is another great LinkedIn headline, which answers all 3 of these questions. The person provides tech services, for the SMB market, by being a virtual CIO. All of the most important questions that any potential client might have are answered in just one headline.Virtual CIO: Providing expert technology services (Information Security, IT Operations, IT Strategy) for the SMB marketNext is your summary, which is where you want to tell your audience more about your USPs.My last point would be to make sure that you get a few testimonials onto your profile from co-workers, partners, and clients.If you want to read more about how to create a more appealing LinkedIn profile, read this INC article full of awesome insights.2. KlentyUsing Klenty’s free account you can get hundreds of LinkedIn prospects in no time and even export them into an Excel file for free.First of all, install Klenty’s Chrome Extension and start an Advanced Search in LinkedIn.On the results page, select the locations (cities) you want to target and click on the “prospect all” button.You’ll import the whole list into Klenty, and then within Klenty, you’ll be able to export it into an Excel file and start finding people’s email addresses so that you can prepare for outsignNowing.If you choose to pay for Klenty, you won’t need to export or use any other email outsignNowing tool, as you can do everything with this tool or connect it with other CRM software.3.LeadFuzeUsing LeadFuze you can buy a list of your prospects, based on your customer avatars, With the LeadFuze offer available from F6S.com, you’ll get 4,500 verified listed emails for $250.If you can’t afford LeadFuze or Klenty, you can do it manually using an email finder.4. Mailshake.com * (Sujan Patel is behind this one)A very cheap solution for outsignNowing customers which will allow you to:Build evergreen campaigns – once you add a contact, a new campaign will start for each individual person with a series of emails.Create follow-up emails based on your configuration (Send X days after Y email is sent).Monitor clicks, replies, and make real-time changes to your email campaigns.Other tool is5. Prospect .ioProspect.io • Sales Automation Platform for modern sales teams, Iulian Boia ( tell us more in commnets about the tool you are working on)6. BuiltWith - Web Technology Profiler , I like this for mass prospectiong. If you want to target a particular technology this is briliant.7. OutgrowNot many people talk about this one, but I really think doing quizzes and calculators can open a whole new opportunity in filtering your leads so you make sure they are the RIGHT B2B leads for you.It integrates with Zapier (another important tool to have)8. Zapier - whithout this you are basicly dead.9. Social Media on Autopilot | SocialBee - Awesome tool for twitter lead gen.10. SpyFu Keyword Research Tools - It has a prospecting function so you find out who is spending money on PPC. Gold if you are selling digital marketing services.Hope it helps.RomeoP.S. Want to know more about B2B Lead Generation? Check out my playbook a comprehensive guide on how to generate and nurture more B2B leads.
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In layman's terms, who is Ludwig Wittgenstein? What are some of the core points of his philosophy?
A long admirer of Wittgenstein’s life arc, these are excerpts from notes taken over several years as highlights of his life.Ludwig's father, Karl Wittgenstein was one of the richest men in the world.On receiving his inheritance, Wittgenstein became one of the wealthiest men in Europe.Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss; the Viennese Wittgenstein was now a citizen of the enlarged Germany and a Jew under its racial laws.He found this intolerable and started to investigate reclassification known as a "Befreiung". The successful negotiations required the personal approval of Hitler.The required Befreiung was granted in August 1939. The unknown amount signed over to the Nazis by the Wittgenstein family, a week or so before the outbreak of war, included amongst many other assets 1.7 tonnes of gold. At 2009 prices, this amount of gold alone would be worth in excess of US$60 million.Wittgenstein sought to give his wealth away.He donated some of it, initially anonymously, to Austrian artists and writers,Eventually, he gave most of the rest to others in his family, explaining that if he gave it to the poor it would disrupt their lives, better to give it to the rich who already knew how to handle it.Educated initially as an aeronautical engineer, Wittgenstein holds a patent on powering a helicopter with a jet tipped rotor.In 1913, he retreated to the relative solitude of the remote village of Skjolden at the end of the Sognefjord in Norway.In 1916, in a howitzer regiment to the Russian front won several medals for bravery,Wittgenstein fought in the Italian front but was captured by the Italians.A prisoner of war at Cassino Wittgenstein wrote Tractatus Logico-PhilosophicusHe wrote a guide to word selection.Worked as a gardener's assistant in a monasteryHe worked with the architect, Paul Engelmann and the two designed a spare modernist houseWittgenstein traveled to Leningrad and Moscow in an attempt to secure employment.From 1936 to 1937, Wittgenstein lived again in NorwayThe visit to Ireland was at the same time a response to the invitation of the then Irish Taoiseach.During World War II he served as a hospital porter in Guy's Hospital in LondonOn his return to Cambridge he was met at the railway station by a crowd of England's greatest intellectuals, John Maynard Keynes wrote: "Well, God has arrived. I met him on the 5.15 train."His last words, reported by the wife of his doctor, in whose home he spent his last days, were: "Tell them I've had a wonderful life".The grave of Ludwig Wittgenstein, at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge 52.217094°N 0.099828°EMy personal interpretation of Wittgenstein’s philosophies:Early phase—It is only meaningful to speak about tangible things that can be observed, measured. Only meditative silence for other things. The Vienna Circle, (a high level group of philosophers and scientists) the well spring for Logical Positivist thought accepted Wittgenstein as one of their foremost spokespersons. He questioned whether they understood his message.Mature phase—People interact by playing the language game. As long as the players in the game have a common understanding as to what their words and constructions mean, their interaction is meaningful.
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How can I get Grammarly Premium for free?
There are so many ways to get Grammarly Premium for free. Some are old and expired, some are new and recently came out. I have found multiple new answers with updated detail in this thread.However, most common methods like ‘the free trial for a new user’, ‘1-week premium by inviting a friend’ etc. doesn't work for me. At the time of answering this question, I am enjoying 1-month Grammarly Premium for free using one of the below-mentioned methods.Previously, I was using a Grammarly free version and I wanted to test the Premium version before buying it. I tried a lot of different methods before getting this 1-month free trial. So, I am going to list some methods that I found working. It may help someone.Method 1: 1-month free Grammarly Premium using Affiliate ProgramGrammarly gives 1-month of Free Premium upgrade for every new affiliate registered to them along with $25 bonus for writing first Grammarly review.Procedure:Create a new Grammarly free account.Apply for Grammarly Affiliate.Wait for 2 – 3 days to get approved for Affiliate.Send your new Grammarly account to Grammarly Affiliate team to provide free 1-month Grammarly upgrade.Within two, three days you will get Grammarly Premium upgrade.If you didn't get approved for the affiliate program, then you can again request them through their facebook, twitter and support forum or you can only ask for a certain day of Grammarly Premium to write a Grammarly review.Method 2: Grammarly Premium Free for Grammarly Business & EDUIf you are a student or an employee, then before looking for Grammarly Premium Free online, ask in your organization if they have Grammarly Business or EDU because many organization has already bought Grammarly Business or EDU volume license.If you are looking to implement Grammarly in your organization, then you can simply contact the Grammarly team asking for a free trial. They have a free trial in a volume license plan.Procedure:Create a new Grammarly account.Contact Grammarly Team through their facebook, twitter and support forum.Ask for Premium free trial to test before buying Grammarly Business or EDU volume license.Creating new Grammarly accountIf you get confused while creating new Grammarly account, here is the simple step by step procedure.Procedure:First, visit Grammarly from any of the link above.Press “Add to Edge It’s free”, “Add to Chrome It’s free” or “Add to Firefox It’s free” button.Now, Install Grammarly browser extension.After that, you will see sign up page to create a new account. Fill all required detail and proceed to next page.Now, Click skip on the next page.Then, Select “Continue to Grammarly It’s Free”Now, Your free account is ready.Note: Grammarly now supports Quora and Medium with Grammarly Chrome extension.Happy writing!
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What happened to TWA Flight 800?
While the missile supposition (it's not even a really well-formed theory) would seem logical to someone whose only source of information was this new "evidence", it really doesn't stand up to scrutiny because:Missiles don't fire themselves - The weapons officer who gave the command and the crew member who fired any such missile are likely still alive. While the officer (if he is still in the US Navy) might be afraid for his naval future, the crewman has probably separated from the service by this time. Any reasonable investigation would have started with those two individuals as they would known that a missile they launched hit a target.The US military keeps secrets very poorly - It is inconceivable that 17 years would have passed and no one in the military has dropped even hints to the major media outlets or online that this crash was not what it seemed to be.Insurance companies - The 800lb gorilla in the room, Tens of millions in claims were paid as a result of this crash. Given insurance companies propensity to avoid paying questionable claims, if they have not raised suspicions that the investigation was somehow "flawed" or fraudulent, then that should tell most people that they believe in the result from the NTSB.The NTSB - This is an agency which is full of trained professionals who take their jobs seriously. Given that the government would likely lose a whistleblower lawsuit if they tried to fire investigators who reported potentially damaging results, why would these men and women falsify their accident results.Foreign governments - Many of the people on board the flight were foreign nationals. If their governments felt that in any manner the results of the investigation concerning te deaths of their citizens wasn't legitimate, why haven't they complained? The US government is a powerful entity. But it has been repeatedly shown that many smaller and weaker nations will stand up to the US for a host of other far less important reasons than something like this.Just as 9/11 conspiracy theorist seize upon a single item and make that match an overarching conspiracy they have invented, the same thing seems to be occurring here. Several minor things (an alleged streak in the sky, minor questions about wiring,etc) are being conflated to make it seem that something is "there" which is not.Flight 800 was a tragedy...but it was a tragedy which has been explained. If it remained a "mystery" I could see the interest. But the only mystery is why conspiracy theorists are coming out of the woodwork now.
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How can I generate more leads?
Wanna get more leads…? If yes, then I would likely suggest,Infodataplace -Best ProviderEmaildatabase Marketing -Cost EffectiveWhat is lead? What is lead generation? Why is it important? How it works?... Well, you can get all the info to develop your business today.What is Lead?A lead is a person who has indicated interest in your company’s product or service.What is Lead Generation?Lead generation refers to the process of generating prospective consumer interest or inquiring into a company’s products or services. In other words, it is the building up of interest in businesses products or services. The lead generation process is achieved when the visitor either signs up for the service or requests more information, usually by entering their contact details on the website. Managing the effectiveness and efficiency of lead generation marketing requires clearly defines objectives, better insight with the sales organization. However, a lead generation campaign is used to create interest around a certain product or service with the aim of maintaining a healthy relationship with your target audience. Once a customer shows an interest in your business in some way, you can then start to target them as a lead.How it works…?Lead generation is a win-win for both the buyer and seller and it can be an easy and cost-effective way to increase your return on investment. When a stranger initiates a relationship with you by showing an organic interest in your business, the transition from stranger to a customer is much more natural. However, generating leads is a fundamental point in an individual’s journey to become an engaging customer. Within the scope of direct marketing strategy, lead generation describes the process of stimulating and capturing interest in a product or service for the purpose of increasing sales. For most businesses, finding target customers and successfully signNowing them is a long and difficult process. With the possibility of lead generation companies, you can generate more leads quickly and effectively.So, the next obvious question for any marketer would be… How do I get Leads? Where it comes from?Based on my research and experience, I have found the successful ways to generate leads, regardless of your industry.Buy a high-quality lead from good B2B Lead Generation Company.Send personalized emails to your customers about the arrival of a new product/serviceMake use of Social Media to find prospects and guide them to take action.Create an attractive call-to-action that takes your visitor to a landing page.Optimize your landing page in such a way that deserves attention.Make sure that you offer value to your visitors.Use blog posts to promote an offer for your product or service.Make your website mobile-friendlyUse Search Engine Optimization (SEO) to maximize the traffic of your website.Create high-quality blog/newsletters that readers actually wanna read.Use Webinars to meet your audience and launch your product in front of them.Use a press release to drive traffic to your website.Set up a referral program to generate more leads.Make sure to generate online reviews to build a trust of your customers and to make them buy your particular product/service.Speak or attend trade shows/events to meet new customers for your product/service.Have a look at your competitors and their unsatisfied customer, the reason behind dissatisfactionHowever, out of these efforts, buying leads is easier and efficient way than organically generating your own list. Hopefully, I think you are feeling more confident about buying leads. Is it so? If yes, now go forth and generate more leads for your business…!Convert your online traffic like never before and start collecting lead in minutes with the best lead generation company…! Get ready…!Hope this helps….Wish you a good luck…!
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Do Japanese people speak English?
Q. Do people in Japan speak English?A. Very few people on the streets of Tokyo speak proficient English. The following articles expound on why. No English in street signs, restaurant menus, subway stations... Reading brochures or official documents routinely contain grammatical errors (Should use English native speaker or truly bilingual speaker to translate.) This even happens at Sony World Headquarters and giant Sega Joypolis.Bilingualism in Japan: Why Most Locals Don't Speak EnglishLess than 10% of Japanese have professional working proficiency in English. This includes all four skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking. However, if we look solely at English speaking ability - the weakest skill of most Japanese - then the percentage of the nation who have business-level conversation fluency is estimated to be less than 5%, with the majority of these likely working in industries such as academia, interpretation, tourism, finance and others that require speaking English.But what about the percentage of people who have basic conversation skills, enough to get by smoothly when travelling and sightseeing in English-speaking countries? Even for this group, it's perceived that less than 20% of Japanese are comfortable using English on a conversational level.The Idiosyncrasies of Japan's English Education SystemJapanese people's low level of English speaking proficiency can be blamed on Japan's foreign language education system. While most Japanese graduate secondary school with at least 6 years of compulsory English education, the primary focus has been preparing students to pass the English exams required to enter university. These exams do not consist of a speaking assessment, so priority has been given to helping students develop reading, writing and listening skills, with speaking taking a back seat. Classes were taught in Japanese through grammar-translation instead of being balanced with an aural-oral approach to encourage students to develop speaking and listening competency. The lack of language teachers who spoke English fluently and the lack of real life opportunities to speak and/or use English outside of a classroom setting are contributory.When Japanese were asked, "Why do you think Japanese people are generally bad at speaking English?", responses included:"We tend to focus on writing rather than speaking, and we only study for tests.""We don't practice conversation.""[It's because of the] passive teaching style. Teachers just lecture. We don't have any opportunity to actually speak or practice conversations in junior and senior high school.""Our teachers don't speak English well ... and students don't really know the benefits of being able to speak English well."Texan in Tokyo on Twitter: "Wakkanai, Japan. Where signs are written in Russian and Japanese, no English.EF EPI 2017 - EF English Proficiency IndexJapan is ranked #37, trending down from #14 in 2011. Her proficiency is lower than average for Asia. It is wedged between China at #36, and Russia at #38.Pronunciation anxiety: Many Japanese people don’t want to speak English unless it’s perfectWith the 26 letters of the alphabet, we can make pretty much any sound present in the majority of languages. But Japanese just doesn’t contain certain sounds present in English, like “th” or “v”, and their “r” is somewhere right between our “r” and “l”, making them sound almost exactly the same to Japanese ears.Since most Japanese people grow up only speaking Japanese, it means that when they start learning English at school, they either have to learn entirely new sounds (difficult) or else try to render English in Japanese sounds (which isn’t accurate). As a result, many Japanese English learners feel a lot of anxiety over the accuracy of their pronunciation. But should that really be holding them back?Japanese syllables generally consist of the vowels a, i, u, e, o, and consonant-vowel compounds such as ka, shi, tsu, etc. Therefore, rendering English into Japanese pronunciation results in extraneous sounds. Take, for example, the anime buzzword “waifu“, from the English word “wife”. In Japanese, this can only be rendered into three syllables: WA, I, and FU. The extra “u” sound at the end sounds odd to native English-speaking ears, but is perfectly natural in Japanese. In fact, our cut-off consonants probably sound pretty weird to them, like we’re only pronouncing half of the letter.Rather than learning English the way a native-speaking child would, through memorising phonics, many Japanese students rely on pronunciation guides which provide that word in a Japanese pronunciation. Known as “Katakana English”, rendering English into Japanese script actually impedes learning, and is an almost impossible habit to break. Sometimes, however, it’s just too difficult for an ear untrained to English to discern a word without the “crutch” of a Japanese pronunciation. Just the other day, I was talking to a Japanese friend about RocketNews24, and I lazily pronounced it “Rocket News”. After a puzzled silence, I tried “Roketto Nyuusu” and was finally met with a smile of recognition.As we’ve previously lamented, much of the English education in Japanese schools revolves around standardised test-taking and memorising written grammar over learning pronunciation. So it’s probably not much of a surprise that Japanese people who learn English as a second language tend to have a Japanese accent to some degree. But is this really a Japan-specific thing? Personally, I’ve known many people from a variety of countries who speak excellent English as their second language, yet still retain a distinctive accent. It doesn’t mean that their English is any less accurate.So why is it that Japanese people are so paranoid about their accent?Paradoxically, Japanese English learners can sometimes feel more comfortable speaking English with other English speakers rather than in front of their fellow Japanese. The other day I went to a nail salon in Tokyo, and was assigned a nail technician who had recently returned from a working holiday in the U.S. She was so nervous about the prospect of speaking English to me in front of her Japanese colleagues she was practically trembling, but once the novelty wore off and the others stopped paying attention, she relaxed. “I don’t mind speaking English with English-speaking people,” she explained, “But I can’t do it in front of other Japanese people.”Recently, a TV interview in English with New York Yankees’ pitcher Masahiro Tanaka caught the attention of Japanese netizens because they didn’t feel his English was accurate enough. “He said ‘My name is';” complained one Japanese commenter, “nobody actually says that in English, it sounds old-fashioned!” Others, thankfully, were quick to respond with comments along the lines of “Who cares? It’s still English!” and another commenter stated: “Now I know why Japanese people are so scared to be seen speaking English in front of other Japanese people. It seems native English speakers are more understanding! What’s that about?”It may be too late now for many Japanese English speakers to go back and undo years of standardised tests and “Katakana English” lessons, but it seems that the more immediate issue is overcoming that pronunciation anxiety and just relaxing into it. Of course, there’s nothing wrong with being a perfectionist, but it’s important not to sweat the small stuff. And as far as problems rank, having a bit of an accent when you speak really isn’t such a big deal after all, is it?Sources: Togetter, Japan Times, Naver MatomeRead more stories from RocketNews24. -- Things Japanese people believe about British vs. American English -- Why the Japanese Are Bad at Foreign Languages -- Hello Kitty isn’t a cat!? We called Sanrio to find out.© Japan Todaylittlebear Apr. 21, 2016To the Author Evie Lund,While I think yes what you have written is mostly accurate. It's not the actual reason. The actual reason is time. Japanese get only half the required time in their school education to learn English. To learn English and speak it statistically its proven that a person needs approx. 1500/hrs of study. Unfortunately, Japanese just don't have the support of their education system to give them the hours that are required. They are being falsely led to believe they can do it, and that it can be done in half the time than is needed. We haven't even begun to talk about how culture affects language and fact that while one group something "A" way the other does something "B" way in their language affecting the language used. Japanese on the other hand is one of four languages that require more than 2000 hrs of study to speak and use. It is one of the hardest.reesesgirl101 Apr. 29, 2016Hey little bear, Maybe they are being falsely led. You bring up an interesting point. I believe there may be some persistent students that may start to watch movies, read books in English, read the Japanese-English dictionary. Everyone has the potential to signNow their goal, even if they are limited by financial barriers at school, social norms,etc. Fredrick Douglas a completely different person and in a different situation did not let adversity consume him and eventually got very far. So, basically with enough drive, passion, and persistence these Japanese students can get far in life. Time and money are the two concepts we must learn to handle, but they don't limit us. We are all limitless. I would love to hear more of your insights on the Japanese culture and it's people.The worst translation mistake in history - Pangeanic TranslationsThe National Security Agency in the US declassified a document which points to what is likely to be the worst translation mistake in history. It is very likely that the sad fate of Hiroshima has been the result of a huge error in Japanese into English translation.In July 1945, allied countries meeting in Potsdam submitted a harshly -worded declaration of surrender terms. This ultimatum demanded the unconditional surrender of Japan. Any negative answer from Japan would invite “prompt and utter destruction.”Newspaper reporters pressed Prime Minister Kantero Suzuki in Tokyo to say something about Japan’s decision. No formal decision had been signNowed and therefore Suzuki, falling back on the politician’s old standby answer to reporters, replied he “refrained from comments at the moment.” Mokusatsu was the key word to express his idea, a word that can be interpreted in several different ways but that is derived from the Japanese term for “silence”.As can be seen from the dictionary entry, the word can have other quite different meanings from those intended by Suzuki but the Japanese to English translation conveyed just one meaning.Media agencies and translators interpreted the word “treat with silent contempt” or “take into account” (to ignore), as the categorical rejection by the Prime Minister. The Americans understood that there would never be a diplomatic end to the war and were naturally annoyed by what they considered the arrogant tone used in the Japanese translation of the Prime Minister’s response. International news agencies reported to the world that in the eyes of the Japanese government the ultimatum was “not worthy of comment.”Mokusatsu, a word that we could very well translate as “no comment” nowadays, or “let me withhold comments for now” was translated as “let’s ignore it”.The atomic bomb was launched on Hiroshima 10 days later. A translation error that killed more than 70,000 people instantaneously and some 100,000 as a result of the destruction and radiation. Whoever it was who decided to translate mokusatsu by the one meaning and didn’t add a note that the word might also mean nothing stronger than “to withhold comment” did a horrible disservice to the people who read his translation, people who knew no Japanese, people who would probably never see the original Japanese text and who would never know that there was an ambiguous word used.What’s wrong with Japanese to English translation? (arlinelyons.com)Translation Error in Japan's ConstitutionList of countries by English-speaking population - WikipediaMapped: The world by English-speaking populationUs Brits aren't exactly renowned for our willingness to parler français during our trips across the Channel. It's an inexact science, but while a 2014 report suggested that 54 per cent of Europeans claim to speak at least one other language, that figure falls to just 38 per cent for UK residents.Of course we've got an excuse. The rest of the world speaks English. Indeed, as the map below shows, it is spoken by more than half the population in 45 countries beyond the UK, including The Philippines, Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Singapore, Austria, Finland, Malaysia, Belgium and Greece.45 countries where at least half of the population speak EnglishBarbadosIrelandMarshall IslandsNew ZealandJamaicaAustraliaNauruUnited StatesSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesDominicaPhilippinesPalauDenmarkGrenadaGuyanaNetherlandsSwedenNorwayMaltaTrinidad and TobagoThe BahamasSurinameCanadaIsraelVanuatuSierra LeoneLiberiaBelizeSingaporeAntigua and BarbudaSaint Kitts and NevisAustriaCyprusGermanyFinlandGhanaMalaysiaSwitzerlandBelgiumSloveniaMicronesiaLuxembourgNigeriaGreeceEstoniaAccording to David Crystal's book English as a Global Language, more than a third of residents in Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Croatia, Nepal, Latvia and Italy speak it, so you should also get by in those countries without dusting off your phrasebook (what's Nepali for "two beers, please"?)."My hovercraft is full of eels": Beware of Hungarian phrasebooks CREDIT: ALAMYBut where will you really struggle? China, for one. Around 10 million people - in a total population of 1.3 billion - speak English. That's fewer than one in 100.Don't venture too far in China without a phrasebookIt's a suprise to see that fewer than 3 per cent of folk in The Gambia, where English is an offical langauge and tourism a major industry, speak it, according to Crystal.Colombia, Brazil, Russia, Argentina and Chile are also places where it pays to brush up on the local lingo. Figures are not available for numerous other countries, including Peru, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Vietnam and Indonesia.13 countries where fewer than 10 per cent of the population speak EnglishChinaThe GambiaMalawiColombiaSwazilandBrazilRussiaArgentinaAlgeriaUgandaYemenChileTanzaniaTop 10 English-speaking countries in the worldWhat percent of the Japanese people living in Japan speak English fluently? (Quora)Do Japanese people speak English? (Quora)
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Who are the permanent allies of India?
We will be in trouble if we think that any country on earth will be a permanent ally. There is no such thing in politics, especially International relations. Every country has its priorities, and is driven by its domestic policies and needs.For India, it is best not to expect any country to be permanent allies even if it is Israel (because they have a genuine reason to be an Indian ally).Modi in Japan, with Shinjo Abe - image: Indian ExpressIf we must rely on a country, here are some countries with which India has been working very closely in the past and should continue doing so in future....
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