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What are the top 10 structural design skills, as an engineering graduate that I can start developing in my free time?
Top on my list is Drawing. Here is my list.1)Drawing. Plans, elevations, end views, sectional views. You must be able to sketch them crudely but accurately using pencil and paper, and also be a skilled user of Autocad (or equivalent) to draw in a professional manner. You must be able to read drawings and put your finger on mistakes. Drawing is the language of Engineers. . It is an international language with no ambiguity whatsoever and no amount of words and sentences in any language in the world can convey what a simple sketch can convey.Master this. The rules are simple and after some practice you will be comfortable with them.2) Basic Strength of materials and theory of structures. Instead of stress on how to calculate them, in various structural arrangements and for various loadings, be sure you understand them. Computers and software will calculate them for you but never be in a situation where you are helplessly forced to believe what the computer prints out. You must be able to look critically at the results and put your finger on anything that looks 'fishy' and check and correct it.3)A flair for numbers and simple math. Learn short cuts to arithmetic computations. Commit to memory some useful formulae and values. Know the properties of common materials like concrete and steel and memorise their E values, densities, unit weights and be able to reel off from memory, the MI, Z, and area values of the most commonly used rolled steel shapes, like I sections, channels, angles and round bars.4)Master (and completely 'digest')the code provisions. IS 800 for steel design and IS 456 for concrete and IS 875 the loading code for both steel and concrete design. Read the entire code from cover to cover and commit to memory as many provisions as you can and at least be aware that such and such provisions exist in the code for a particular situation and know how to zero in directly to that relevant specification instead searching for it.5)Know how to use a 3D modeling package. I recommend Tekla structures. Master it if possible and learn to automate the generation of drawings.6)Master a spreadsheet package. I recommend Excel. Know how to use the built in functions, go through all the menus and sub menus. Learn to write Macros. Learn VBA and have the ability to develop customized applications. Excel is truly a "brahmaastra" if you know how to use it.8)Learn and master any one high level programming language. Don't depend on software developers to develop applications for you. They will never learn your subject well enough to give you the best software solution for you. It is much simpler for you to have basic software development skills, and, combined with your domain knowledge in your area of specialization the resulting application will be much better.9)Welcome every single opportunity to visit a construction site and Observe (not just see) what is happening there. Understand the problems at site, the sequences, techniques and the construction equipment used. If you get an opportunity to be posted temporarily, at a project site, welcome it. In the long run it will make you a better and more well rounded engineer. 10) If you are involved in steel construction try to visit a fabrication shop and see how they do the job from the fabrication drawings. It would be a great idea to have a year or two of experience in a structural steel detailing office and understand how a detailed fabrication drawing is made from the design drawings.I could go on but I will limit myself to 10 only. You need at least 5 years to get to some acceptable level and it normally takes 10 years of professional experience to be considered good in this profession.All the best to you in your career.GV
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What questions are asked in the ISRO interview for a mechanical engineer?
Result : Selected, All India Rank - 4 (ISRO 2018)I want to give not only a very detailed experience but also some tips from my side. I have tried to write in such a way that you feel as if you are in interview hall. Because of all this you might feel this interview experience is a bit long but it's only for people very serious about ISRO. Going through the full experience will definitely give you a competitive edge. My contact informations including my whatsapp number is given at the end. Feel free to approach me. Now let's begin. It was 17th August 2018, 8:00 am ISRO guest house, Chennai. This year there was no interview center at Bangalore, only Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai and all who had written test centers at Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, Andhra Pradesh and maybe Orissa had their interview center at Chennai. I was wearing a white shirt, a black pair of trousers, black belt, black pair of shoes with plain black socks and a plain and sober grey tie. Please put on a tie, this is what candidates don't understand, ISRO is almost like a private firm. Here looks, appearance, proper dressing sense and smartness matters, that is why in interview panel there are members from HR present. Without tie, it is not formal, your top button is not closed and your collars are not properly upright. First 10 minutes are deciding for any interview and for first 10 seconds all they are going to observe is your appearance. Candidates who do not take care of these tiny details will say tomorrow that their luck was bad. Its not about luck, it's about taking care of the tiniest details. My name was first on the list on that day so I signNowed 15 min before the time mentioned in call letter (7:45am).I expected 8:00 to be time for start of verification of documents just like in case of BARC, but ISRO people are not playing around, they do not have classic government job mentality of working 9 to 5 and 5 days a week. So they actually started the interviews 10-15 minutes before 8:00 as few students arrived as early as 7:00 and completed the document verification before me so even though my name was first on the list, 6-7 candidates got interviewed before me (Actually, I liked it... I didn't wanted to be the first but also I didn't wanted to wait for 4-5 hours). So sometime before 10 a.m. I was asked to get into the interview room. Even for me who has already cleared BARC last year, who has already spent days and nights among biggest scientists of this country for the past one year, it was a cereal moment when I slightly opened the door and saw the world on the other side. I got the first glimpse of INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION. That moment I'll never forget for the rest of my life. I know a lot of you folks are confused, if I already was in BARC then why did I go for ISRO? Right? See it has something to do with passion. I know exactly what I want, I know exactly which field of engineering fascinates me. It is aerospace engineering and rocket science. This was never possible in BARC and that is why even after failing twice in ISRO written test(May 2017 & Dec 2017) I went for ICRB exam the third time and this time I made it happen. @ the door Me: May I come in sir? I3: yes please (from now on interviewer 1=I1, interviewer 2=I2 and so on) I went and stood near the only chair on my side. It was a gigantic hall. A completely different setup than BARC interview panel. There was a giant rectangular table between me and all the interviewers, there was atleast 7 feet distance between me and the closest interviewer (12 o'clock),so they had a mic for every person attached to the table. There were around 10 interviewers out of which one was a lady but I think including her, two were from HR, because they were monitoring the way I speak and the way I present. I teach a lot about how to be confident, how to have good speaking skills and body posture on youtube so I had a good idea of how to present myself (so those two were continuously impressed and were smiling). I2: Ashish Ramj... Ranjo... Rajm... Me: Sir, Ashish Ranjan. I2: Ok Ashish, please sit down. I sat down (I had my documents left outside), I only had a pen in my right pant pocket which I had borrowed from a very humble fellow candidate because just in the rarest occasion of you need to wright or sign something you should not be in a position where you do not have a pen. Unfortunately this thought did not came to my mind when I left for interview center but fortunately I found a good person who had an extra pen. I2 : Ok Ashish please introduce yourself. Me : Sir, my full name is Ashish Ranjan (exactly like I introduce myself in my unacademy introduction videos but fortunately I leashed myself from saying the next line I say in my videos, "I cleared BARC 2017....", that would have raised a lot of unnecessary questions and I wanted most of the questions from technical side so that I can show my skills in engineering and not my background because I knew that's what the majority of the marking out of 100 is going to be for) I was born and raised in Ranchi, Jharkhand. From there I did my schooling. In 10th standard I got a CGPA of 9.2 and in 12th I had a percentage of 75.5 percent. Till then I did not had much direction in my life but when I started my btech in Sikkim Manipal Institute of technology something changed. I found engineering very interesting, I started to spend more and more time in learning more about engineering, by the end of 4 years I had a CGPA of 9.57 and a bronze medal from my university (by now they are so interested in my story of how an average student became a topper and so impressed by my high CGPA that it slipped their mind that I hid one very important fact.... I never mentioned which year I passed out or which year I joined b.tech. I was 2016 passout, I didn't wanted to mention that I worked at BARC but then I had a more than 2 years gap and that wouldn't have looked good). Throughout my btech, I never wasted time, I was hungry for knowledge so I utilised all my semester breaks to do internships. By the end of 4 years I had done around 5 internships and also I did classes on some designing softwares.(All along I was making eye contact with each of the interviewer, the "light house effect" and the "spot light effect" which I talk about in my videos, because no interviewer should feel left out, this is something that I learned by giving 8-10 viva sessions in my days at BARC training school. You must understand that interviewers are also humans at the end of the day and wherever there are humans there are emotions and remember this: "humans take decisions emotionally and justify them by logic" so I wanted to make every interviewer feel good because I knew everyone had some percentage of my marks that would get me in. Now I took a look at them and tried to find by their expression if they wanted to know more. Everyone looked interested. I knew if they were bored they would have interrupted me. So I continued with my hobbies) I am also a lot into public speaking so I like to enhance my communication skills and I like to work on it everyday (at this point of time making spotlight eye contact with HR lady. She smiled) and I'm also into sports (making spotlight eye contact with the male HR) like track and field. Male HR: What sports?(with a smile) Me: sir track and field like 100m race, 400m race. He looked at me like he wanted to know more, everyone is looking at me to know more. I knew I had them. Now it's time to play my ace. That's when I dropped the nuke.... Me: I also have been a lot into martial arts. I am a black belt in shotokan karate(with a smile) Done! Now everyone has my attention. Male HR : (smiling) That is great Ashish. Female HR: (smiling) we would have never guessed that. Me : (smiling) I know mam. Remember it is very important to smile. Do not act like a scared student over there, act like a confident and friendly future colleague, because that's who they are looking to hire. I2: Ok Ashish what are your favourite subjects? Me: Sir my favourite subjects are Fluid Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Machine design... also I'm comfortable with Theory of machine and material science....and also heat transfer. (I knew that in ISRO interview there is one member from each subject, even theory of machine, material science and manufacturing. So I wanted to involve as much interviewers as possible.There is a probability that there will be 2 difficult (abstract) question out of 10, 8 questions will be easy textbook type. So if everyone is saying 4 favourite subjects and getting 2 difficult questions, you can say 6 favourite subject and get 3 difficult questions. Probability increased as now there is a higher chance that atleast 1 will be from one of your stronger subjects and you'll be able to answer it and that would definitely impress them. Plus on top of that you are getting double the number of easy questions, so for more number of time you'll be playing on your front foot. If you are not able to answer questions from one subject but show smartness and confidence, other interviewer might think let me test him/her with my subject, maybe he/she is good at that. But all of it will work only if you spent time working on all subject for a month. It is a difficult path but it is the only sure shot path to ISRO and the only way to deal with the uncertainty that is associated with every step of ISRO. What all of these will do definitely is that it will make your interview last longer (my interview lasted for over half an hour, which is very unusual for ISRO as most of the isro interviews go upto maximum of 20 minutes). Now what longer interview does is that it reduces the luck factor as longer you are infront of them more is the chances of you being able to show your skill in engineering. Female HR: (giggling) lot of favourite subjects. Me:(with a smile) I like mechanical engineering. (rehearsed line to show them I am an all-rounder and comfortable with inter-disciplinary tasks which is what all core companies want) Till now everything was rehearsed, I rehearsed that I would say these things 5-10 times infront mirror as I knew these two questions they would definitely ask. I knew from this point onwards rest of the interview is all about engineering skills and improvising, but doing this first step perfectly ensures that now they are looking forward to hire you, now all you have to do is not make a blunder. I2: Ok Ashish, please go to the board. I saw a 6ft. by 4 ft. white board behind me with a chair left of me on which two marker pens and an Eraser/duster was kept. As far as what I remember about the surrounding, the lighting of the room was not very bright, not as bright as it could have been, but above the board there was a white light which was making that area very bright. All this was increasing the feel in me that this is it... I worked for it for one and a half year and now I'm here, I'm in control and time to show them what I've got. I took care of how I stand, made sure that I'm standing up straight... Chest out, back straight but just enough to make it look natural. These are things that I practiced infront of mirror few days before the interview and also something that I've always been attentive about. I2: Draw two vertical lines. I did. I2: draw two horizontal lines in between them. I did I2:make vertical lines as fixed supports.and upper horizontal line is steel, lower horizontal line is aluminium bar. Tell me the stresses in them if temperature is increased from 20 C to 100 C Me: (writing all the information he was giving me on board, I wrote delta T=80 C) Sir due to increase in temperature this bar will try to elongate but the rigid support will not let it so there will be compressive reactions applied by the supports so there will be compressive stress. (while writing on board) sir, thermal stain epsilon =delta T*alpha so thermal stress will be alpha *deltaT*E, E being the Young's modules. I2: so what is the value? Which of them will have higher stress? Me: Sir that depends on the values of Young's modulus and thermal expansion coefficient. I2: what are the values? Me: sir Young's modulus of Aluminium is 69Gpa( this number was easiest to remember for obvious reasons ;) ) for mild steel it is 200 GPa. I don't remember the exact values of thermal expansion coefficients for these materials but I know that it's of the order of 10^(-6) and for steel it is around 10.I don't remember for aluminium. I2: take it 3 times the thermal coefficient of steel and take Young's modulus of aluminium as 70 and that for steel as 210. Me: Ok sir now we can compare. Let's first find for aluminium. (writing on board and speaking simultaneously) so stress in aluminium is alphaA*80*210=3*alphaS*80*70=16800*alphaS(on the side I did the calculation very quickly, I wrote 21*8 and directly wrote the answer as 16800 within fraction of seconds) I3: Why did you Wright 21?what is 8? Me: Sir 7*3=21. I2: what is 8? Me: sir I have taken 8 from 80....I'm just doing the calculation. I4: Oh.. Final answer likh dia isne. They were surprised that I did this calculation so fast, they forgot that this is nothing compared to the proficiency in hand and mental calculation we need to clear written exam. HR male : (smiling) Ha ha sahi kr raha hai. You continue. Me: so now the stress in steel bar. Stress =alphaS*80*210=16800alphaS I was a little confused seeing that the value is same. Me:Ok sir so what we have is that Young's modulus of steel is three times...(was interrupted) I2:Which one has more stress? Me: Sir, stresses will be equal. I2: OK. (looking at I3, indicating him to ask his question) I3: Ok, do you know what keys are. Me: Sir, keys are mechanical elements used to have constant velocity rati... (my voice fading) {It was a very easy topic for me because it is the second chapter I teach on unacademy in my course of machine design but for some reason I got tongue tied but I pulled my self back, I gave myself time to breathe and think but at the same time made sure that interviewers don't have to wait, so I started to draw a shaft-hub assembly on board} Me:(while drawing) So if I have a shaft and over it we have a hub like a gear or a bearing then if we add a key then both shaft and hub will have same angular velocity, there will be positive drive which means there will be no slip. I3: How do you design a key? Me: A rotating shaft transmits torque to hub through key. Key will have tangential force. So we consider what we call a "sunk key", that means it is inserted within groves in both shaft and hub (drawing and explaining simultaneously) then let us consider a rectangular key of length l, width b and height t(I drew a fresh isometric view of key alone). Now we can design it by both crushing and shearing. So designing it by crushing first, let us say that sigmaC is the crushing strength of the material then crushing area will be this (showing on diagram) i.e. l*t/2. So cruising strength will be sigmaC*l*t/2,this is the maximum tangential load the key can take based on crushing, if we multiply it with radius of shaft, we will get the maximum torque it can take, if we again multiply it with angular velocity we can find out the maximum power it can transmit. {for this 2-3 minutes, I forgot about the rest of the world, I completely got into my teaching mode, nobody questioned anything, they were all just nodding and smiling, it was an easy question but it doesn't matter what the question is, it matters how well you explain it. I've said this before in my BARC preparation videos, these are top scientists of this country you are dealing with, for them everything is easy like ABCD, for them design of key is easy and so is finite element method, so explain any question you get to the fullest} I3:Ok ok(looked very satisfied) {But I didn't stop, I thought let's finish it perfectly, 18 months of preparation, 6 years of struggle, I'm not taking any chances, I'll present my 100%} Me: We can also design it based on shear, so for that the tangential force will be same but shear area now will be(showing it on diagram) b*l, so we have to know the shear strength of the material and we can again find the maximum tangential load and subsequently maximum torque in similar manner. I3:ok ok. I4:have you studied engineering drawing? {this is the thing about ISRO, they can ask questions even from subjects you didn't mention as favourite subject. I mentioned 6 subjects but still they went for 7th. What they didn't knew is that I was prepared for 11 subjects. I had already prepared engineering drawing along with all of production, refrigeration and air conditioning, engineering mechanics and obviously thermodynamics, in the last 2 months. You see the contrast in BARC & ISRO interviews? In BARC you say 5 subjects and you prepare for 4 according to my strategy that I shared on youtube. In ISRO on the other hand, you say 5-6 subjects and prepare for 11-12 subjects.} Me: Yes sir. I4:Why do we need engineering drawing? Me: Whatever a designer designs, engineering drawing is used to convey it to the manufacturer. I4: Suppose you have to produce this glass (there was a glass on my side of the table) how will you do it? What will be the engineering drawing? Show us on board. Me:Sir should I draw the projections? top view, front view etc.? I4: Yes. Me: (Drawing and explaining) I am going to use Indian standard. In India we use 3rd angl..sorry 1st angle projection so I'm going to draw according to it. I4: What? Me: Sir, we use first angle projection in India. Male HR: Is it so? (with a big smile on his face) Me: Yes sir, Indian companies use first angle projection and American companies use third angle projection. (they looked satisfied so I turned back to the board and continued drawing and explaining) So according to first angle projection, top view will be below front view and right view will be on left hand side of front view. So the front view will be like this (drawing a rectangular shape with its lower edge touching the horizontal plane. I also drew the hidden lines to show that glass has some thickness and that it is a hollow cylinder, drew projection lines towards left hand side plane to draw right view but stopped knowing that it will be same as front view and I didn't want to waste their time as I knew what they wanted to see are the front view and top view) Some Interviewer from back: It would be same right? (talking about the right view) Me: (without turning) yes sir.(continued drawing, drew two concentric circles using projections of front view and stopped). I4: So how will you show concentricity? Me: Like this sir(I drew two mutually perpendicular center lines, those with alternate long and short lines) I5: So how will you show a concentricity tolerance of let us say //some value I do not remember // microns? Me: (thinking for a second) sir it looks like this (drew two small concentric circles. 2 years ago when I was an intern at TATA Cummins, my guide forced me to go through geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, but it was impossible to remember all that now) I do not remember completely, I studied this a long time ago in Geometric dimensioning and Tolerancing (I later found out that the symbol I drew was actually correct, its just that it was a bit incomplete) I4:Ok ok(looked satisfied) {Till now it was perfect and I knew that if you are giving perfect answers to normal questions, they are going to get into more advanced and abstract questions because now they would like to push your limits. Honestly the easy questions lasted longer than I expected. By now I knew I had done more than enough to get in, the interview is over, I am selected, if they continue, it will be only be because they want to have a little fun} I1:You said material science right? Me: Yes sir. I1: In what way do we classify materials? Me: (A little confused about where to start? as this question has infinite number of answers) Sir, we can classify materials as ductile and brittle. I1: and? Me: (Thinking for a second or two) and we also classify it as isotropic and orthotropic. I1: and? Me: There are lot of ways to classify Materia... I1: have you heard of metallic and non metallic materials? Me: yes sir, metallic materials have free electrons in it where as non metallic materials has no free electrons. I1: Can you give me some examples of both? Me: Sir examples of non-metallic materials are plastic, polymers, ceramics. I1: and non metallic? Me: Steel, copper, aluminium etc. (such a silly question, I think by the end of me answering, he also realised it 7 so he said along with me) I1: Cooper, steel etc right? Me: yes sir, copper steel, aluminium etc. I1: can you draw the stress strain curve of mild steel, cast iron and aluminium? Me: yes sir. (turning towards the board and going to the left most part of it) so first I'll draw for mild steel. I1: No no.. In same graph. Me: ok sir (drew x and y axis at center of the board) on x axis we will have stress...Engineering stress (I didn't wanted to play that game of I'll say stress then you'll ask which stress then I'll say engineering stress then you'll ask what is other kind, what is it.... And so on... Because this interview had already gone way longer than I expected. At that point I just wanted to show all the excellence I have. By directly writing engineering stress, I had answered all those 6-8 questions perfectly in fraction of a second in their head, thus my impression improved and their time saved. It's a win win trick you play only when you know you are already on positive side because now they are confident about your skill in engineering, now they won't even ask... They'll just assume that you know it. That is the difference between 9/10 and 10/10. If you are 9/10 people will think there's something else you might not know and if you are 10/10 people will think you know everything. So I continued drawing, without wasting any time I drew three curves. I1: Now where will concrete lie? Me: (I drew a line near cast iron but with a larger slope) I1: will it be stronger than cast iron? Me : No sir, it will depend on young's modulus. Slope of this line is young's modulus. I1: so is it stronger than cast iron? Me: No sir(drawing a line with lesser slope) all I am saying is that concrete is brittle so it will have similar curve... There will be no yielding. I1: So where will it lie? Me: Sir it depends on young's modulus of concrete,I don't remember the value. I1: OK. I6: you said heat transfer right? Me: yes sir. I6: draw a pipe? Me: (drew two parallel lines) I6: no the other side. Me: front view? I6: yes. Me: (drew two concentric circles) I6: there is hot fluid passing. Tell me the modes of heat transfer. Me: convection-conduction-convection. I6: Now put an insulation. Me: (I did) I6: Now tell me the modes of heat transfer. Me: convection-conduction-conduction-convection I6: Now remove the insulation. Now this pipe is buried underground. Soil is maintained at 25 C. Tell me the modes of heat transfer. Me: convection-conduction-conduction I6: No, that pipe wall is maintained at 75 C. Me: There will be conduction taking place as soil is solid. There is no chance of convection. Since the temperature difference is large there might be considerable radiation. (this was an abstract question, these questions have no answers, you have to show your thinking capacity here, that's it) I7: Ok coming to fluid mechanics. (At this time I was surprised by the time they are investing on me) Me: yes sir. I7: have you seen air balloon? Why does it fly? Me: it is because of the buoyancy effect. The weight of the air it displaces is more than the its own weight. I7: So it will keep on going up into the outer space? ( A long time ago I had heard this question when I was still undergraduate, I knew it will stop at a particular height but never gave it a thought on why it will stop) Me: No sir it will stop at a particular height (with full confidence... hoping he doesn't ask why) I7: Why? Me:(thinking for a second, pretending that I'm gathering my words) Sir as we keep on going to higher altitudes the air becomes thinner and thus we have lower density, thus at some point weight of fluid displaced will equate to weight of balloon and it stops. I7: so have you seen that we use heat source placed at the bottom of balloon? Me: yes sir. I7: Why do we use it? Me: To heat the air. Hotter air will have lesser density. I7: That hole is made very small. Why? Why can't we have a larger hole? Me: Sir, so that we don't have to heat a lot lot of air. I7: No we are heating the same amount of air anyways. Me: (paused for few seconds, thinking) Sir I'll have to think about it. I7: Why can't we have it like a parachute? Me: (thinking) I7: why cant we have a big hole? Me: (Drew a semi sphere, convex upwards) like this? I7: Yes, exactly. Me: (Thinking. Somehow I knew I was taking more time than what they have, but they were unexpectedly giving me time to think and kept giving me hints, this was because of the strong base I created and also they were considerate about the fact that I have been standing and explaining for the last 30-40 minutes, I must have gotten tired) It will be difficult to manufacture (just didn't wanted to be dumb so I said something. This is very important, if I stood dumb for 10 more seconds, interview would have ended right there and what's worse? It would have ended at a bad note. So I said something so that they might think that I am trying) I7: We don't care about manufacturing cost. Have you studied about stability of a body? {Now that's all I needed} Me: Yes sir, ok I get it. For stability of submerged body of center of buoyancy should be above center of gravity of the body. I7:why? Me: If we tilt the body in any direction, there will be a restoring couple (showed it with diagram). So this principle is used here. I7:How? Me: Making a spherical shape must ensure the balloon to have G below B. I7:(looking for more) Me:(thinking for a second and then I finally got it, I got the answer. A submerged body can only be unstable if it has a differential density. What a smaller fire hole does is that it decreases the region directly in contact with the fire, i.e. it reduces the volume with sudden drop of density. Thus it helps in maintaining a relatively more uniform density so that the balloon remains stable in case of winds and bad weather. All these were running in my head. I forgot that I was in interview room, I just found the question amazing and was thrilled that I was able to get to the answer. That's when I exclaimed at a voice louder than any they had heard by me in the last 45 min...It was like a 'Eureka!' ) YES (took the marker pen and turned to the board) If I have balloon in the shape of a sphere (Drew a strong circle quickly, as soon as I did this, they knew that I've got it) I7: Ok Ashish you can go. Me:(nodded, kept the pen on chair) thankyou everyone (I exited from the door) I checked the time, it was way past 10:30. A guy (another candidate) followed me, he asked "what are they asking?" I said it all depends on your subjects. He said "your interview lasted very long". I asked, "how long?". "much more than half an hour" he said. I replied "it didn't feel like it, I have to go upstairs to return this pen". I returned the pen and went out thinking time to get some highlights in my hair. The interview lasted crazy long when compared to how long ISRO interviews usually last (10-20 minutes). I didn't see time before getting in but with my experience in previous interviews and taking a look at how much time they spent only on introduction and then the fact that they asked questions from SIX subjects that too lengthy ones, I think it was easily close to an hour. I was very confident I'm getting selected just like the day I was when BARC 2017 interview was over. One thing I'm sure of is that you cannot fool yourself, after the interview you either know you got selected or you know you didn't. There's nothing in between and that day I knew that I did it. Being in BARC for 1 year made me realise one thing... that I'm not a scientist.... I do not shine the brightest when it comes to Engineering. Where I excel is in making a full proof strategy for beating one of the most difficult competitions. That's how I cracked BARC and that's how I cracked ISRO and I want the world to know that anyone can do it if they have a proper strategy, dedication and a little bit of craziness. If you went through my full interview experience then obviously you are very serious about this job. Find more of my guidance videos on my Youtube channel : Torq4712 Feel free to approach me at : Instagram, twitter, unacademy at : ashish_torq Gmail: torque4712@gmail.com Whatsapp: 7042830765 (please don't call without messaging first) All I want to do is help my juniors. I want to bring the most authentic knowledge to all interested aspirants for free. This path is tough and I appreciate everyone who has the courage to travel it. All the best.
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What is the best way to increase conversions on my blog?
The inactivity of your visitors might be the reason of not placing enough calls-to-action on your blog. You know, people sometimes need some extra pushing to do something. You might want to place a sidebar with a sign like "Sharing is caring!", or something compelling. Also, I've seen some pages, who are trying to get more likes by offering something in exchange. For example Tweepi offers an extended page limit if you tweet about their services. In a similar way, you could offer some "gated content," something of value that is only available for those who like, comment or share. Or, another great way would be to launch a contest, name something (a coupon, free study, anything interesting for your audience) as a prize, and you'd be drawing the winner out of the people who shared your stuff. Easy and effective I think :)In order to present these to your audience your might just use the sidebar I offered in the first place, or try the use of exit intent popups, in which case you could target the visitors who are trying to leave your site. Everybody loves free, and they love winning something for free even more, so they might even give their e-mail addresses and sign up to your newsletter. A perfect solution for this would be OptiMonk, which is extremely easy to set up, offers great built in templates and a 14 day free trial period, so you've got basically nothing to lose.Hope I could help here, good luck with converting :)
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What should I expect at the ISRO interview for the post of Scientist/Engineer SC (Mechanical)?
My Interview for ISRO held at NRSC, Hyderabad on 13-Dec-2016. I was asked to report at 8 a.m. morning and my interview begin at around 12 noon. It went for about 25 min and panel members were throwing questions. There were 7 members in panels including one at center (probably director) and 5 out of 7 asked me question and 2 did’nt. The interview was not that much stressful and also not that much supportive.I entered the room and wished Good morning to all the members.Director: You are passed out in 2016 from B.C.E.T Gurdaspur.Me: Yes sirDirector: where is this college?Me: Punjab, Near Pathankot.Director: Is it a government college or private college?Me: Govt. college…. Punjab Govt.Director: What are you doing then after graduating?Me: Pursuing M.Tech from IIT Bombay.Director: Which stream?Me: Aerospace Propulsion.Director: Okay we will ask you about your B.Tech first and then come to your M.Tech later.Me: Okay sir.Director: So you have done two projects in your B.tech.Me: one project I did as an academic project at my college and other I did at DRDL, Hyderabad when I was a Trainee there.Director: First tell me about your Project at DRDL.ME: This project ‘Experimental simulation of flame holding in air-breathing engines’ was particularly to simulate the combustion within the air-breathing engines particularly ramjets and to study about various kind of flames around us, there mechanism of formation, lifting criteria, blow off, flash back. Further CFD analysis was done so as to compare with the experimental results for the simulation.Director: So you did CFD analysis.Me: yes sirDirector: This project is computational or experimental.Me: BothDirector: ok, then which solver you used for the CFD analysis.Me: FluentDirector: How you did it. Please explain on board.I the draw the complete domain and the I draw the flame holder and told him about cavity and mesh generation and the told him about the Boundary conditions at inlet and exit and the told him about the materials used.Director: you did it assuming laminar or turbulent flow?Me: laminar flow using k-e model.Director: How?Me: Sorry sir, Turbulent flow using k-e model.Director: You should tell this clearly. Is this reacting or non-reacting flow?Me: Non-reacting. simple air is considered.Flow past the flame holder.Director: Now draw the velocity profile after the v-gutter and above the mean line.I was trying but I was unable to draw and I told him about the velocity-vector in the re-circulation zone.Director : That is ok but you have not drawn the velocity profile yet.Me: That I don’t know.Director: Okay then.Another panel member started to ask me the question.Member 1 : what was your other project?Me: Paddy Grains threshing machine.Then I draw the complete mechanism on the board.Member 2 : Did it worked?Me: Yes we fabricated it.Member 2: What were the design parameters?Me: I designed it considering the bending strength of the shaft.Member 2 gave me a case that if certain amount of force is applied to the pedal then how much will signNow to thresh the paddy. I gave him the complete explanation that how to do it and was satisfied with my answer.Member 3 : If I consider the pedal as a beam can you draw the FBD.I tried it assuming the beam but when I fixed the both ends, he said it is wrong.Member 3 : How can you assume both the end of pedal to be fixed. Its wrong.Member 4: What do you know about air-breathing engines?Me: Those engines which takes the air from atmosphere for combustion are air-breathing engines.Member 4 : ISRO did some recent activity on air-breathing engines. Do you know?Me: Yes sir, they tested a scramjet at speed of Mach 6.Member 4 : what is the difference between Ramjet and a scramjet engine?Me: In Ramjet, the air is diffused to subsonic speed before entering the combustion chamber and then further expanded through nozzle while in scramjet the air remains supersonic throughout.Member 4: Which fuel is used?Me: Hydrocarbon fuel and Hydrogen fuel both can be used.Member 4: Which is better ? Hydrogen or Kerosene.Me: Hydrogen, because it has more specific impulse.Member 4 : Why hydrogen has more specific impulse?Me: Because the atomization and mixing in air stream is much faster for H2 rather than kerosene.Director: The answer that is correct but since you are doing M.Tech we were expecting something more from you. You must have done a course on Propulsion in 1st semester.Me: yesDirector: Then you should know.Member 4 : What is problem with hydrogen? Do you know?Me: we need to liquefy it to store other wise it will take huge volume.Member 4 : What is the temperature to liquefy hydrogen?Me: That is something…….Then Member 4 mummer something with director and they started laughing.Member 4 : Do you know how the combustion happens in the scramjet?I started it by drawing the intake of scramjet and told them that there is an oblique shock due to which the flow turns by some amount without being slowed down. Member 4 pointed out the mistake that the tip or the cowl can be rounded in scramjet and started laughing. I corrected it.Member 5 : You have done some course on CNC Machines.Me: Yes what sir?Member 5 : Have you done that course or not or some one else has done?Me: Yes Sir.Member 5 : How many axes are there in the machine?Me: There are machine with 4-axes, 5-axes, 6-axes.Member 5: On which you worked how many were there?Me: 4-axesMember 5 : Single point cutting tool moves in which direction? Horizontal or vertical.I tried to explain all the axes by drawing on the board.Member 5: No need to draw just give me verbal answer.Me: X-directionMember 5 : ‘X’ okay.Director: Okay now come to flame holder and if this is used in scramjet then what will happen.Me: Since the flow in the scramjet will supersonic throughout thus there will be some detached oblique shocks ahead of v-gutter and characteristics of this oblique shock can be found out using theta-beta curve.Director: Okay thankyouI hope this will help you for your preparation.
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What is a good color scheme for representing multiple data series on a scatter plot?
This answer to 'What is a good color scheme for representing multiple data sets on a scatter plot?' shows examples ofIneffective versus effective scatter plots.How Small multiple - Wikipedia helps represent multiple data sets on a scatter plot.Effective color use (symbolisms, intensity, size) to convey quantitative information when displaying scientific data.Edward Tufte - Wikipedia espouses and vividly demonstrates in his collector-quality books the precepts for excellent data presentation. Today his influence is so pervasive, in the form of Sparkline - Wikipedia and small multiples for example, that many of the best approaches to visually display data, in the New York Times or in Oliver Uberti's work for the National Geographic for example, borrow heavily from him, as does this answer.Ineffective versus Effective Scatter PlotAccording to Tufte, effective visual data display focuses on the ratio of data : non-data ink and minimizes non-data ink (aka chart junk) as much as possible. See a compelling example of a scatter plot below from his book, 'The Visual Display of Quantitative Information' (apologies, both figures photographed by arguably the world's worst photographer, yours truly).As this example shows, when design transparency is accorded the importance it inherently deserves, information rather than its presentation is maximized.Small MultiplesIn his book, 'Envisioning Information' (3), Tufte defined small multiples as (4),"Illustrations of postage-stamp size are indexed by category or a label, sequenced over time like the frames of a movie, or ordered by a quantitative variable not used in the single image itself."Small multiples, i.e., series of similar graphs, helpMake large data sets coherent by breaking down the data into more easily digestible 'small bites’.The reader/audience quickly shift from figuring how the figure works to digesting the information it conveys.Draw the eyes to compare between data sets and make the trends/patterns pop out.Engender simultaneous engagement with the data at different levels, both as broad overview and in fine grain.ColorBoth aesthetics and need to accurately convey quantitative information should guide the choice of color in data visualization. In practical terms, this meansUsage should be consistent, i.e., same color used throughout the data series or paper to convey the same attribute.Universally accepted color symbolisms can be leveraged to one's advantage. For example, in traffic systems, green, amber/yellow/orange and red have stereotypical meanings. These can be easily extrapolated to convey similar meaning about biological data, for example, green to convey stimulation/response increase and red to convey inhibition/response reduction.Black, white and shades of gray can be used to convey quantitative differences between groups within a data set. For example, rather than use the entire rainbow hue for a dose-response series, choosing white for zero/No Rx and black for maximum dose with shades of increasing gray for doses between zero and maximum would reduce unnecessary noise and communicate information within the data series far more effectively.Keep color-blindness in mind when choosing colors in figures. One suggestion is to replace red with magenta in multi-color plots to accommodate those with red-green colorblindness for example (see other tips in 5).Color combined with size to convey quantitative information embodies the adage, 'less is more'. Symbol sizes can thus be used to accurately convey quantitative differences, i.e., effect size (see an example below from 6).Color intensity can be used to convey quantitative information (see a beautiful example below from 7).See below (8) scatter plots that use both small multiples and color to try to display a substantial amount of data while trying to adhere to Tufte's precepts about good visual data display. Things I'd do differently today:Use either different colors alone or symbols alone, not together (overkill).Use a less harsh, less obtrusive approach to indicate the average.Make the axes and tick marks thinner (less obtrusive).IMO, scientists interested in improving their data visualization skills would benefit from attending Tufte's one-day courses (9), typically held in the DC area and in California. US academic institutions such as the NIH usually sign off on such educational expenses or at least they used to, and course attendance used to come with the bonus of getting all his books for free.Bibliography1. Tufte, Edward R. "The visual display of quantitative information." 1983.2. Kelley, Stanley, Richard E. Ayres, and William G. Bowen. "Registration and Voting: Putting First Things First1." American Political Science Review 61.2 (1967): 359-379.3. Tufte, Edward R. "Envisioning Information." 1990.4. Small Multiples - InfoVis:Wiki5. https://www.nature.com/articles/...6. How to Make Bubble Charts7. Yoo, Ha-Na, Jin-Won Lee, and Jeong-Chil Yoo. "Asymmetry of eye color in the common cuckoo." Scientific Reports 7.1 (2017): 7612. https://www.nature.com/articles/...8. Kamala, Tirumalai, and Navreet K. Nanda. "Protective response to Leishmania major in BALB/c mice requires antigen processing in the absence of DM." The Journal of Immunology 182.8 (2009): 4882-4890. http://www.jimmunol.org/content/...9. Edward Tufte: Courses
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What has the Modi government achieved since coming to power?
I have been living in Gujarat right from my birth. So, I will tell you what he has done as CM. I don't know what he will do as PM so I won't comment on that.Security: the most effective aspect of his tenure as CM was security. He made the state as safe as bucket. He gave full freedom to cops to deal with law breakers. Others have said it I will say it again, "women in Gujarat roam freely 2 am at night without fear." He made it possible. Gujarat police has the latest "insas" pistol at their disposal while some of the other states are offering desi tamanchaas to their policemen.Electricity: Gujarat was the first state to have 100% 3-phase electricity in the country. (It is really 100%. Even the farthest village gets 24 hrs electricity there. While our capital Delhi gets a few hours of power shortages once in a while.)Roads: I have travelled in Delhi, Mumbai, UP and other 7 states. I can tell you very few roads have the quality of the highways in Gujarat. Leaving apart a few areas of Mumbai and Delhi, the conditions of the roads is very average.Manufacturing freedom: It is very easy to start manufacturing in Gujarat. Companies have lined up to start their manufacturing units. It has created jobs, infrastructure, economic revenue etc. Very few people know that Japanese PM has been personal friend of Modi for last 6 years. (He follows only 3 people on twitter, one of them is Modi). Ratan Tata got all the clearances for Nano project in one week, which might take about 6 months in some other state.108 ambulance service: I know it is central government project and it has very little to do with state governments. But, he has applied that scheme so strictly that he made this sceme his own. He pays personal attention to this service and it has benifitted everyone in the state.Spreading "Gujarati asmeeta": The most important thing, Gujarat was a rich state a long time before Modi came into picture. But, no one used to take gujjus seriously and there was no political representation of Gujaratis in central politics after the demise of Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel and Morarji Desai. He made Gujaratis proud of themselves and their culture and he spread Gujarati asmeeta (Gujarati pride) all over India.
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Who are the permanent allies of India?
We will be in trouble if we think that any country on earth will be a permanent ally. There is no such thing in politics, especially International relations. Every country has its priorities, and is driven by its domestic policies and needs.For India, it is best not to expect any country to be permanent allies even if it is Israel (because they have a genuine reason to be an Indian ally).Modi in Japan, with Shinjo Abe - image: Indian ExpressIf we must rely on a country, here are some countries with which India has been working very closely in the past and should continue doing so in future....
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What is an IIM interview like? If you have had an IIM interview, what is your profile, i.e. academic record, CAT percentile, etc
How was your IIM interview experience? IIM Calcutta Interview: The Blood BathProfile: B. Tech. , Final Year, Electronics and Communication, Delhi Technological University (DCE).10th/12th/Grad: 89%, 88.8%, 63%, CAT: 99.84 PercentileThis is an almost word-to-word account of the experience. It's darn long because the interview was, well, darn long. But it's worth a read.This was by far the most helpless I've ever been in any interview. The interviewers were the most decent looking savages I've ever encountered. It was a true rapid-fire where I was cut after almost every sentence.There are three panelists, all males. Professor of Ec...
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